Tālais ceļš augšup pret straumi

Author(s): Alise Tīfentāle / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 27/2023

Review of: KATRĪNA TEIVĀNE, Laikmets un fotogrāfija: Roberts Johansons, Rīga: Neputns, 2022. 366 lpp., il. ISBN 9789934601422 The book review examines the monograph "Laikmets un fotogrāfija: Roberts Johansons" (Riga: Neputns, 2023) by Katrīna Teivāne, dealing with a noted figure in the history of Latvian photography. Roberts Johansons' (1877-1959) prolific and diverse career began in tsarist Russia, developed in the independent Latvia and ended in the USSR, contributing much to the development of the field in Latvia.

Kolekcionēšanas sociālās vēstures kaleidoskops

Author(s): Kristiāna Ābele / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 27/2023

Review of: PĒTERIS BANKOVSKIS, Palimpsests. Ieskats kolekcionārisma vēsturē, Latvijā Rīga: Neputns, 2020. 496 lpp., 112 il. ISBN 9789934565922 The book review evaluates the publication "Palimpsests: Ieskats kolekcionārisma vēsturē Latvijā" (Riga: Neputns, 2020) by art critic Pēteris Bankovskis who has provided insights into art collecting in Latvia since the 19th century to the present.

Росица Лельова. На духовния фронт от Илинден до Балканската война. Българската екзархия и екзархийските институции в Македония 1903 – 1912. София, 2021, 288 с. ISBN 978-619-245-197-3.

Author(s): Aleksandar Grebenarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Eredmények és kudarcok a gazdatisztek jogállásukért és érdekképviseletük szabályozásáért folytatott küzdelmében a 20. század elejéig

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

This study examines certain elements of the institutional structure surrounding farm stewards in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially the ones affecting their struggles for representation. I’m presenting the arguments and conflicts of interest in the farm stewards’ fight for recognition in their own press, within their associations and in national conventions. The divide between trained, or certified stewards and the untrained, practical stewards slowly deepened ever since the middle of the 19th century and turned into an actual split in the group in the final decades of the century. The certified stewards aimed to achieve autonomy and market monopoly, citing their education and similarities to other, already recognised intellectual professions, which in their opinion placed them above their peers without formal training. This essay presents how the struggle for recognition was not only visible in the operation of these institutions but are recognisable in the statistical and normative sources of the era as well. At last, but not least, I’m examining the contents and conception of Article XXVII of 1900, which codified the legal status of farm stewards, using sources from the parliamentary committees preparing the article, and its debate in the House of Representatives. In this segment I’m also presenting how formal and certified education became the basis of market monopoly and recognition by the state in the case of farm stewards.

MOBILIZING THE MUSLIMS: OTTOMAN-GERMAN PROPAGANDA IN WORLD WAR I

Author(s): Ceren Uçan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

On 2 August 1914, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire agreed on an alliance, and the Ottoman Empire officially entered into World War I on 29 October 1914 as one of the Central Powers. In November, jihad was proclaimed by the Ottoman Sultan. The Ottoman and German governments published pamphlets, leaflets, and newspapers to mobilize Muslims in India, Egypt, and other dependencies of the Allies. They aimed to incite mutiny among native populations in their armies, foster Pan-Islamism, or create pro-German sentiments. While some of the propaganda materials invited Muslims to holy war, others used the Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire as a bridge to reach the Muslims. This article examines German and Ottoman propaganda to mobilize Muslims against the Allies.

Ocjene i prikazi

Author(s): Grozdana Cvitan,Jozo Džambo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 59/2023

Reviews of: 1. Miljenko Domijan: Armenia sacra (Hodočašće sakralnoj arhitekturi), ArTresor naklada, Zagreb, 2021. 2. Amira Žmirić, Karikaturen über Bosnien-Herzegowina in deutschen und österreichischen satirischen Blättern 1878 bis 1908. [Karikature o Bosni i Hercegovini u njemačkim i austrijskim satiričkim listovima 1878. do 1908.] Band I + II. (Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Bd. 48) Bielefeld: wbv media, Athena 2021, 148 + 167 str. ISBN: 978-3-7639-6714-8

Uloga Vatroslava Cihlara u štrajku učenika bakarske Nautičke škole 1912. godine

Author(s): Andrea Roknić Bežanić,Matea Plišić / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 1/2023

In this paper, the author examines the actions and involvement of Vatroslav Cihlar, who was a student at the Nautical School in Bakar during the student strike in 1912. The paper especially wants to look at his role in the struggle against the politics of the ban of the time Slavko Cuvaj. The student strike is placed in a historical context, and the events related to those events at the local level, its course and the consequences felt by the participants, the students, and therein Vatroslav Cihlar until it finished, are analysed with an insight at preserved archival and periodical materials.

Reflections on the Bulgarian Ilinden 1903: 120 years later

Author(s): Georgi N. Georgiev / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 was an uprising of the Macedonian and Thracian Bulgarians in the European vilayets of the Ottoman Empire, supported by the free Bulgarians living in the Principality of Bulgaria. This fact, which is the shortest possible definition of the uprising, has been simultaneously and universally recognized– first of all, by the Ottoman authorities themselves, and together with them – by the jealous and hostile to the Bulgarian national cause Balkan neighbours, as well as by ‘big’ and ‘small’ countries, by international observers of different origins. The questioning of the Bulgarian character of the uprising started to gain momentum much later, with the blurring power of politics and geopolitics which intervened to create misconceptions. This way they turned over time until today into an artificially maintained problem in interstate relations. The Bulgarian Ilinden of 1903 and the revolutionary struggle in Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace in general prepared the Balkan War of 1912. The Macedonian-Adrianople liberation movement provided the Bulgarian national state with the historic chance to solve the all-Bulgarian question inherited from the Revival period: a task with which, unfortunately, the Bulgarian political elite failed to cope.

Ехо от Април 1876: черешовата артилерия в Илинденско-Преображенското въстание

Author(s): Slavi Slavov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

In the spring of 1876, during the April Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, the Bulgarians used homemade wooden artillery: the so-called cherry cannons. Its real effect was insignificant, but it had a certain moral impact: it raised the fighting spirit of the insurgents. Nearly thirty years later – during the Ilinden Preobrazhenie Uprising – the Bulgarians again used the same type of cannons. If in 1876 wooden cannons were an extremely outdated technology that was almost without analogue, at least in Europe, then at the beginning of the 20thcentury their manufacture and attempts to use them appeared to be an absolute, hard-to-explain anachronism. The main explanation for the use of this ‘artillery’ by Ilinden-insurgents was the fact that they were inspired by the same ideals, by the same urge for freedom, as their oppressed countrymen of nearly three decades ago.

Илинденско-Преображенското въстание в публикациите на тогавашния полски печат (по материали от вестник „Сzas“)

Author(s): Jaroslav Rubaha / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Among the newspapers that shaped the level of knowledge of Poles in Galicia, the daily Czas newspaper played an important role. This also concerned the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, to which the paper devoted much attention, informing its readers objectively and extensively about the events taking place in the Balkans. The article deals with the journalistic coverage of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising and the preparations therefor, as provided by the Polish Cracow-based daily newspaper Czas in 1903, placed on the background of the intricate geopolitical developments of that time. The articles meticulously refers to all the publications made by Czas on these issues.

Австрийски планове за умиротворяване на Балканите преди и след Мюрцщегската спогодба

Author(s): Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The situation of the three Macedonian vilayets has been traced conscientiously by Austro-Hungarian authorities at the turn of the century according to the consular reports of the HHStA and the series of reports published in Diplomatische Aktenstücke in 1906. These included observations on schooling, ethnic and religious situations prior to the outbreak of the Ilinden revolt. These documents testify that Austria-Hungary wanted to exploit the growing unrest for its own political purposes by initiating a reform plan that would give the right for Vienna to interfere into the internal affairs of Ottoman Turkey, maintaining its integrity under the aegis of a humanitarian intervention together with Russia. This is highlighted by the fact that several versions of ethnic maps and conscription of schools did exist at the turn of the century in the Austrian consular agencies with often contradictory or manipulated contents, depending on the actual political relations towards the Ottomans and Bulgaria. The worsening economic situation in Macedonia was also detected by the local Austro-Hungarian authorities,and this, together with the increasing observations on political and “everyday” violence and migration gave a good pretext to intervene together with Russia, as the Ottoman reform plans in 1902 were considered unsatisfactory both by the Powers and the Bulgarians. Knowing the Austro-Russian endeavour to intervene, and considering the plans of the Powers unsatisfactory, the IMARO acted prematurely fearing of a modest agreement between Ottomans and the Powers over Macedonia.

Пътеписните бележки на проф. Йордан Иванов от първото му пътуване из Македония през 1906 – 1908 г.

Author(s): Georgi Minczew / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The Archiv of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences contains several notebooks and a typewritten text in which the famous Bulgarian scholar, Prof. Yordan Ivanov, described his impressions of his first trip to Macedonia, when he was collecting materials for his future book Bulgarian Antiquities around Macedonia. These notes have not been published until now. They obviously served Y. Ivanov in the preparation of his monograph, but at the same time they differ from its scientific style. The notes also contain factual material, but it is secondary to the personal impressions of the author’s encounters with ordinary people, to his reflections on the political situation in the Ottoman Empire after the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, to poetic descriptions of nature landmarks, etc. The said manuscript materials from the archive constitute a special kind of scholarly travelogue, an artistic description of unknown but also familiar lands. In 1906, the Bulgarian scholar visited the ‘unknown’ Macedonia for the first time; but she was at the same time ‘familiar’: known from stories about the family history of Y. Ivanov, whose roots were from the Kratovo district. Attached to the article is the transcript of the first notebook, describing Prof. Y. Ivanov’s impressions from his trip from Vrancha to Thessalonica and Athos in October 1906 – January 1907.

Women in Romanian Politics between Desideratum and Historical Reality

Author(s): Mihaela Bărbieru / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The recognition of electoral rights and the participation of women in political life did not generate a fair representation of them in elected political positions. Beyond discussions or polemics, the need for women’s involvement in politics cannot be ignored, and representation must manifest itself as the basic principle upon which any genuine democracy develops. Through this study, we propose an analysis of women’s participation in political life from the perspective of the reality that Romanian society has faced since the first manifestations of emancipation and winning electoral rights for women until now, when they are still underrepresented in elected political offices.

Müzakereden Muahedeye: Türkiye ile İsviçre İlişkileri Bağlamında Türkiye’deki İsviçreli Göçmenlerin Durumu (1918-1965)

Author(s): Çiğdem Dumanlı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

The issue of migration and migrants has been institutionalized since the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire established commercial, political, economic and social interaction and communication not only with Muslims but also with non-Muslims, both through the people living in the Ottoman lands and the people living in the border countries and has introduced various regulations on these over the decades. At the end of the First World War and during the construction process of Republican Turkey, policy about migration and migrants was brought to the agenda during the Lausanne Conference yet. The delegation participating in the conference held discussions on this issue in Lausanne. In these negotiations, there are also Swiss officials, who were not actually involved in the conference. Discussions about the Swiss, who are represented since the Ottoman Era in smaller numbers than citizens of other European countries, has started during this conference, and the subsequent process was determined by the foreign policy principles of the Ankara government after Lausanne. Switzerland appears to have adopted at a later stage the new process that includes the recognition of Ankara as the capital, the new government's full independence in the international arena and that is based on the understanding of fundamental and official treaty texts than Germany and Austria. Trade and Residence agreements for Turkish citizens going to Switzerland or Swiss citizens coming from Switzerland lasted for a long time because of this reason but signed on its reciprocity merits between the two countries ultimately.

Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Tartışmalı Bir Bürokrat: Sururizâde Ali Nazif Bey (1865-1935)

Author(s): Ozan Can Akpinar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2023

Born in 1865 in Antalya, Sururizâde Ali Nazif Sururi was a bureaucrat who received a decent education, specialized in law and literature, and authored numerous works. He started his civil service career in the Vice Secretarial of the Royal Court after completing his internship, and in 1901 he was appointed as a member of the Council of State, which would bring him bureaucratic fame. However, he was excluded from the Council during the Second Constitutional Era due to his work as a sleuth and his loyalty to Abdülhamid II and was even exiled in later years on the grounds that he was an opponent of the Constitutional Monarchy. During the Armistice period, he was among the founding members of the Assocciation of the Friends of England in Turkey. Despite having such a past, in the following years, since he published works that supported the values advocated by the Republican administration, nothing was against him after the proclamation of the Republic; on the contrary, they tried to benefit from his state experience. Accordingly, in this study, the life and intellectual world of Sururizâde Ali Nazif Sururi, whose life story is full of controversy, is analyzed within the atmosphere of the era.

Montenegrin-Bulgarian relations before and during the First Balkan War

Author(s): Aleksandar Stamatović / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

This paper deals with Montenegrin-Bulgarian relations before the First Balkan War that Montenegro and Bulgaria waged against Turkey together with their allies Serbia and Greece. Montenegrin-Bulgarian relations went from 1878 to 1912, mainly became better and better. These two states had no territorial or global conceptual conflicts of interest. Both were aware that they would have to go to war with Turkey to liberate the Balkans from five centuries of Ottoman occupation. This concept had an emotional character. Unlike the relations between the two countries, both were Slavic, so it was insisted on that detail, which was promoted by the mutual protector and ally Russia. The unfolding of events at the end of the First Balkan War, and immediately after it, as well as the fact that Montenegro was ethnically closer to Serbia than Bulgaria, committed it to go to war against Bulgaria in 1913, although Montenegro did not benefit from that war.

The Stance of the Great European Powers on the Creation of Albania and the Question of Scutari in 1913

Author(s): Saša Knežević,Boris Vukićević / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

The paper explores how the international policy addressed the Albanian question during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. The paper sheds light on the dynamics of relations between the Powers just before the onset of the World War I and points to the course a small country’s ambitions were dealt with under the European Concert, the last stand of whose was the Scutari crisis of 1912/13. It discusses one of the major debates during the Balkan Wars, the fate of Scutari. In order to present the impact of the European Powers’ diplomacy and its modus operandi, the article brings in light the unpublished British historical records from the Public Record Office, published diplomatic documents, the contemporary press that covered these events and relevant books and articles on the matter. The article proves that, despite being part of different alliances, the Great Powers were not eager to clash in regard to interests of a small Balkan country, and that all military efforts of Montenegro were, from the very beginning, futile and diplomatically groundless.

NOVÉ SLOVINSKÉ ARCHIVNÍ PUBLIKACE

Author(s): Jan Krlín / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2019

Review of: Sonja Anžič: Péče o chudé v Kraňsku. Sociální politika v Kraňsku od poloviny 18. století do roku 1918; Srbská pravoslavná církev ve Slovinsku v meziválečném období; Podoba lublaňských hostinců na přelomu 19.–20. století; Kazenski proces proti Črtomiru Nagodetu in soobtoženim. Epilog. Ljubljana 2017.; Vodnik po arhivskem gradivu k I. svetovne vojne 1. del

Thomas and Charlotte Garrigue Masaryk: Their unique relationship in support of better social conditions and legal rights for women

Author(s): Helena Lustová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The article deals with a specific topic of Czechoslovak women’s movement in the Dual Monarchy and early Czechoslovakia in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It introduces the social and political situation of that time in connection to Czech women, the activities of Czechoslovak women in political, public, social and educational area. The core of the article is the personality and actions of Thomas and Charlotte Garrigue Masaryk, two exceptional people who helped widely to support the Czechoslovak women’s movement. Their relationship, way of life, character and morals are presented as the unique way of fighting against gender inequality in society.

L’art, l’artiste et la presse: les armes de la propagande et de l’idéologie communiste en Roumanie. L’exposition Flacăra, 1948

Author(s): Alexandra Clara Ianc / Language(s): French Issue: 3-4/2023

After the proclamation of the Romanian People’s Republic in December 1947, a new direction in art developed. The Flacăra exhibition marks the beginning of Soviet-style socialist realism, which gradually takes hold of the Romanian art scene. The press played an essential role in the establishment of realism and exercised a particular form of control. The Communist Party realised that art and the press could be a powerful tool to convey the Marxist-Leninist ideology. The article analyses the press discourse on the works presented in Flacăra.