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Among the many publications on the judiciary and the law may indicate little, in which it was subject matter of the social dimension of law. It leaves out the question of the role of sociological and psychological factors that affect the atmosphere of the courtroom, and the perception of the court – sovereign power by coming to him for justice. Pay attention to the topic of creating these factors by the media, whose voice grew in the interwar period louder and louder. Press releases from the courtroom appear quite often in the pages of the local press in Siedlce, aroused particular interest to readers. They were in fact a direct message from the “theater of life”, showed the true story of a man whose guilt had settled usually triple the jury. The accused was against the prosecutor, and sometimes also in the audience, who entered the trial as a real theater, with a ticket in hand. In the lobby we could hear comments on the matter, judge, prosecutor, defender, and above all, the accused and his family. A deep interest in Siedlce court case list is the fact that people often gathered here waiting for the outcome of late. Press information function in addition to meet the educational role. Journalists quickly noticed widely read topics on the right. For this reason, they uploaded more and more articles that explain the essence of the laws and regulations, knowledge of which they considered necessary in everyday life. Press releases related to the crimes committed. Vivid description of the event were acting on the imagination, which had warned the victim and deter potential criminals by showing them the consequences of breaking the law. Please ensure you fully appreciate the role of the press in shaping public opinion on the law, the drafting and enforcement.
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The theme of following article is presentation of Katyń massacre and Stalinist crimes in polish handbooks for teaching of polish history in high schools. The author showed the way of presentation Stalinist crimes in the early fifties (the period of Stalinism) and years, when knowledge about Katyń massacre and Stalinist crimes were banned - up to present when informations about Katyń forest massacre are in every polish handbooks for teaching history.
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The subject of following article is the role of District of Corps number 2 (DOK II) in Polish defense system in years 1921-1939 (from the end of Polish-Russian war and peaceful organization of polish army) to the beginning of world war II. The article show us the rules of functioning the District of Corps (DOK) and the role of Lubelszczyzna and Wołyń region in polish system of defense. The functioning of this District of Corps was very difficult with reason of diversified administration in this region, different than military administration. Many problems were made by national minorities which lived in described region. The author presents location of army units and its role in defense system. At the end of following article are introduced head commanders of DOK II.
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In the years 1918-1939, trade constituted one of the main branches of economy. More people were employed in trade than in industry. The highest employment rate, however, was recorded in farming and crafts. The condition of the region depended entirely on the economic policy and the situation of the country. The trade plant network was characterized by irregular location. The majority of shops were located in not numerous towns, whereas in rural areas, which were populated by more than 80% of the inhabitants, shops were relatively rare. The sector structure showed superiority of shops, usually small or very small ones, selling foodstuffs. Another group of shops were stores selling clothes, footwear as well as materials. The interwar trade’s distinctive feature was also the nationality of shopkeepers, most of whom were Jewish.
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Jan Riabinin was a prominent figure of cultural and academic life during the interwar period. He was an outstanding archivist and Polish history enthusiast, fond of the history of his hometown-Lublin in particular. As a documentalist, Riabinin won public acclaim and esteem even despite many obstacles such as foreign origin, disability (deafness) or the peculiar character of archive work, which was far from frequenting social and cultural meetings. However, it was Riabinin’s work that spoke for itself. His whole life was devoted to it. He understood perfectly the primary role that an archivist had to play, which was to combine academic and administrative activities as well as make the society aware of its national heritage. According to the contemporary archival terminology, the latter is known as the popularization of archival sources. Taking into account the biography of this emitent archivist and analysing his job-related interests, the author attempts to find out characteristics of archive studies as defined by Jan Riabinin and answer the question whether it is possible to examine Riabinin’s life separately from archive studies.
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Penal battalions functioned in every army. Building on Władimir W. Wiktorowicz memoirs I show how did the Red Army’s penal battalions function. I analyzed the penal battalion soldiers’ deal of their service and faith in their duty.
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The above-mentioned document examines the period when the borders between Poland and its neighbours were not definitely fixed. It discusses mistakes made by the services onthe Polish-Lithuanian border. It describes the way military groups were used on the border: Uhlans, a type of lancer cavalry, were forced to patrol the border as military policemen or border guards, which dissatisfied them as cavalrymen. The same service was performed by front-line units. For cavalry an additional barrier was its esprit de corps and ancient traditions. Serving on the border together with infantry, or even rear-guard troops was a discredit to them. At that time, the only formation properly prepared for the cordon service were staging battalions, consisting of soldiers of rear-guard formations, often more mature, who had been unfit for the front-line service during the Polish-Russian war. In the first years of independence the soldiers performed their service in difficult conditions, often livingin squalor. The document discusses geographical conditions and their influence on securing the border, i.e. they facilitated contraband smuggling. The straits between the lakes werepatrolled by guards, but in winter smugglers could cross the frozen lakes. To protect the cordon area a system of patrols was created, which could be avoided easily, however, as the guardswere responsible only for the places they were patrolling, not the whole cordon area. Then, the document outlines the unstable situation on the shifting borders of the Republic of Poland after regaining independence, and their ineffective protection. On the 100-year anniversary of Polish independence, it should be recalled that it was only in 1923 when Polish borders took on their final form.
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The paper touches upon the theme of how the provincial press in Poland commented on the Polish-Czechoslovakian conflict over Cieszyn Silesia, Spiš and Orava. The timespan covers a few months in 1938 and 1939 - from the time Hitler made his claims towards Czechoslovakia until the moment the state was dismantled. The author has focused on presenting the Polish-Czechoslovakian relations as reported by the press published in Siedlce, a district town located in the centre of pre-war Poland. At that time four periodicals were published there. The analysis of these publications has allowed the author to determine that the editors informed their readers about the situation of the disputed territories on a regular basis. The editors tried to make their message more attractive by posting photos or accounts by special correspondents. They built among its readers a negative image of the Czechoslovakian state, which was presented as an artificial creation where the rights of national minorities were not respected. The incorporation of these lands into Poland was presented as a symbol of historical justice. The press also played an important part in mobilising the local community to act for fellow countrymen from the lands being the object of the Polish-Czechoslovakian dispute. However, it did not recognise the growth of Slovakian independence activities, which were important for the internal affairs of Poland’s southern neighbour.
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The presented text concerns the source material describing the internal security of Galicia, here referred to as Małopolska. The document comes from the collection of the State Archives of Lviv Oblast in Ukraine – the collection of the Provincial Office in Lviv. This is a monthly report of the State Police Headquarters in Małopolska for January 1920.
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After World War I, Weimar Germany did not recognize the western borders of the Second Polish Republic. They did not accept the result of the defeat they suffered. Poland was referred to as the ‘Saisonstaat’, which was synonymous with aggression for the Germans. The Weimar Republic sought to rebuild its military potential and demanded the abolition of all forms of control and revision of the Versailles Treaty. From the moment Poland regained independence, the security of the state was threatened by Germany and Russia. In this situation, the identification of threats was of particular importance. Secret service structures were created under very difficult conditions. In the early 1920s, the intelligence reconnaissance of Germany was not sufficient. The organizational changes and improved methods of operation carried out in the second half of this decade had a positive impact on the effects of work. The head of the Berlin intelligence facility, codenamed ‘In 3’, captain, and later major, Jerzy Sosnowski provided the headquarters of the Second Department of Polish General Staff with valuable information on the expansion of the German armed forces. Also, field offices were actively exploring Germany. Agents played a special role in the activities of the intelligence service. Therefore, the process of their selection, conducting, training and supervision, on which the effects of work depended, deserves attention.
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Since the middle of the 19th century, a period of real progress in the field of public health began, government obligations towards health expanded; quarantine, isolation and other measures were introduced by the international community aimed to ensure in the first place safe trade, but also the health of the population of large Western European cities. The article examines the three new international structures in the field of health created before and after the First World War. The first in time was the Office international d’hygiène publique (OIHP), created in 1907. Shortly before the war in 1913, the International Department of Health (IHD) of the Rockefeller Foundation was founded in the United States, and straight after the war in 1920, the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) appeared. Despite the cooperation at certain points, the relationship between the LNHO and the OIHP was largely marked by rivalry and the reluctance of the OIHP to become part of the League of Nations. In 1920 the Epidemic Commission was founded and its first head became a well known Polish medical scientist Ludwik Rajchman. The authors also pay attention to the first epidemiological actions in Bulgaria, made possible by the activities of the Rockefeller Foundation in South-Eastern Europe.
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In the statement, 22 leading Bulgarian scholars recall the historical facts and point out that in the period before the Second World War: 1. No leading fascist party was created in Bulgaria with the capability of claiming political power. Although certain fascist formations numbered several tens of thousands of members, their election results were deplorable. The only exception was the National Social Movement (NSD), the party of Aleksandar Tsankov. However, the NSD was formed on the basis of the party masses and the structures of a certain fraction of the ruling party during the period 1923-1931 (Democratic Alliance). 2. Fascism never came to power in Bulgaria. Fascist organizations did not participate in the government of the country during the entire period from the 1920s to the autumn of 1944. The regime established after 1934 was not led by a fascist party, it did not emit a fascist leader. Moreover, it was in opposition to the fascist organizations. 3. The regime had no fascist ideology. Strangely enough, the regime did not create a systematized ideology at all. 4. The rule of the country from 1934 to 1944 was authoritarian, but not fascist. For the entire decade of its existence, the political regime remained entirely non-partisan (typologized, according to the criteria introduced by H. Linz as authoritarian).
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The article highlights the youth of a well-known Ukrainian, scientist and economist Bohdan Dmytrovych Hawrylyshyn (1926-2016). Important factors that affected further development of his worldview and personality are traced. Important facts from the life of Bohdan Hawrylyshyn over the researched period are clarified on the basis of the memories left, interviews, and other sources.
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The purpose of this study is to show the martyrdom of rev. Stanisław Streich, murdered on February 27, 1938 in the church of st. Jana Bosko in Luboń in the context of the trial of the murderer – Wawrzyniec Nowak. The fact of a crime committed by a communist against a Catholic priest was widely echoed throughout the pre-war Polish Republic. The press of that time, broadly commenting on the murder, but above all on the stages of individual court hearings, became an extremely valuable source of information. Press articles supported by the memories of eyewitnesses of the murder of the priest, from the very beginning gave a clear message about the martyrdom of the parish priest from Luboń, which, despite many difficulties related to the positioning of post-war Poland in the communist bloc, was in a straight line to start the cause of beatification. The research process in the article was carried out using the analytical-synthetic method, which made it possible to compile and summarize the studied material as a whole and to research the sources in terms of the selected issue included in the topic of the work, draw conclusions and answer the questions posed.
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France in the interwar period was an ally of Poland, and its then socio-political situation and concerning state-church relations attracted the attention of publicists, including Catholic ones, in Poland. Although the Catholic pressof the Second Republic often referred to the still somewhat progressive secular-ization and religious crisis of France, it also drew attention to certain elementsof the renewal of Catholic life in that country. Catholicism permeated sociallife, including professional life, in which Polish emigration played no smallrole. This was a phenomenon parallel in its own way to the de-Christianizationprocesses that had been taking place for a long time in the country on the Loire.
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The University of Bucharest was established in 1864 with three faculties in its structure (Philosophy and Letters, Law and Sciences). Until the end of 19th century another two faculties were integrated: Medicine and Theology. However, other sciences quickly developed to a certain point where their development was hindered by the form of organization, like veterinary medicine and pharmacy. Along with medicine, they were all part of a necessary modernization of the Romanian society and all were starting to build an increase in status and attention from the State through the sustained actions carried by Carol Davila. If medicine got early the needed frame of development for having the possibility to train physicians in various specializations in a faculty from 1869, the cases of both veterinary medicine and pharmacy were in different situations. Professors in this field of studies explained the importance of having these types of education at the level of higher education and then in a new form of organization, in a faculty under the structure of the University of Bucharest. All of these were obtained after decades of reports and other documents generated to highlight the needs of these types of education and also of a modernized society. The first success was that, gradually, veterinary medicine and pharmacy were recognized as being part of higher education. Still, no faculties were organized for them. After World War I passed and its difficult to manage consequences started to affect the society the State was convinced to upgrade these institutions from the status of Superior School to Faculty. Veterinary Medicine was the first to be organized as a faculty under the University of Bucharest, starting from 1921. Then, two years later, Pharmacy undergone the same treatment and became the seventh faculty of the University. Practically, under this structure from 1923, the University of Bucharest functioned until the beginning of communism, in late ՚40s.The establishment of both the veterinary medicine and pharmacy as faculties was a sustained process that had as main driver two personalities and also professional didactical staff, and of course, students demanding the change. For the veterinary medicine, the central role was taken by Constantin Motaș, while for pharmacy important was the personality of Ștefan Minovici. They were regarded as important scientists in their fields of activity and also were capable of following closely the bureaucratic challenge of convincing the State that it is in its interest and also of the society as a whole, to have more and better trained professionals in veterinary medicine and pharmacy. Arguments after arguments and documents after documents were conceived to support this idea and in this study I follow this process, retracing some of its most important milestones, from the situation of Medicine in general in the period of World War I and concluding with the laws which ruled the establishing of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy under the structure of University of Bucharest, in the benefit of the Romanian society and its course towards modernization.
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Without reaching the level of exchanges before the First World War, Germany continued to grace in the 20s the top destinations preferred by Romanian students, after France. The drop in the number of students leaving – which occurred in the first years of the third decade – was due to the post-conflict economic and financial crisis, Germany’s hesitations to grant mass visas to foreigners, and the prejudices within the political and cultural communities of both countries regarding the antagonism during the war. Eager to regain its influential position in Europeanacademia and in apparent competition with France, Germany began taking concrete steps in the mid-20s to resume the contacts and create an international system of exchanges. However, the legislative and systemic changes between Bucharest and Berlin made this process challenging. As late as 1935, bilateral agreements were concluded meant to encourage academic, cultural, and scientific exchanges. On the other hand, Vienna was almost removed from the Romanian’s list of options concerning destinations abroad. The dissolution of the Empire led to the fall of the capital – it obviously began in the early 20s. Whereas in the early inter-war years, the Austrian universities still counted students from the former provinces of the dual monarchy or they were used as a ladder to “climb” to the German ones, in the early 30s, Bucharest no longer recorded Romanian students interested in this country.
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In the 1930s, the Polish-language Orthodox periodicals appeared on the press and the publishing market. Their recipients were the Orthodox believer sliving mainly in the eastern areas of the Second Polish Republic, and their crea-tors were the Orthodox Polish intelligentsia, including the clergy. One of suchmagazines was ‘Przegląd Prawosławny’, published from January to August1939 in Grodno. The editor in charge of the magazine was Fr. LeonidasKasperski, and the publisher is the Orthodox Scientific and Publishing Institute.The analyzed magazine was partly of the local nature, as a lot of space wasdevoted to the life and activities of the Orthodox believers from theNowogródek and Białystok voivodeships. Polish culture, history, language andtraditions were promoted in ‘Przegląd Prawosławny’. They wrote about theaffairs of the contemporary Church in Poland and around the world, as well asabout its dignitaries. The life and activities of the Orthodox Polish patriots from the past eras were described.
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