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Feminine characters appear in ample hypostasis, especially since we refer to the innovative period of interwar literature. The present paper aims to highlight the way in which, in the name of a strong passion, a woman is willing to abandon herself, to give up any dignity and to become the marionette of the irrepressible intellectual man who is self-condemning to lucidity.
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The Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920 represents an important event in the context of establishing Poland’s borders after regaining independence at the end of the First World War. The article contains information on the causes that led to the outbreak of this war (the defense of the reborn Polish state against the Bolshevik Revolution as well as the establishment of the Eastern border), and on its consequences and meanings. The confrontation between Marshal J. Pilsudski’s socialist group and the nationalist group, represented by R. Dmowski, attests to the internal and international difficulties Poland faced after 1918. The re-establishment of the borders and the internal institutional system entailed the regulation of the relationship between the Polish and the national minorities on the territory of the former Polish Republic (Belarusians, Ukrainians, Jews, Lithuanians, Germans, etc.). The Polish-Bolshevik war brought to light once again the spirit of sacrifice, heroism and honor, the essential features of the Polish soul as manifested throughout history.
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Based on a variety of documentary and statistical sources, the present study looks at progress of interwar Bessarabian education and literacy, science and literature, theatrical and religious life, press and broadcasting. As can be seen from the analysis carried out, the efforts of the administrative authorities in the interwar period have generally pursued a broader and more effective integration and synchronization of the national spiritual life with the European and universal one, and the progresses attested in those years were definitely superior to those until 1918.
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The aim of the present contribution is to analyse an unofficial literary contest, organised in 1925 by the Bucharest based cultural magazine “Ideea Europeană” [European Idea]. Without completely ignoring the literary quality of the writings involved, I aim to take a quick look into the changes brought upon by the Great War and the Great Union in the structure of the book trade industry and book market of 1920s Romania. In order to do so, I shall briefly present both the contest as well as the publishing houses asked to compete for the favours of an elusive public. The main thesis is that the 1916-1919 events brought deep, mostly positive, changes in the book trade.
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After the First World War, the date of March 27 – standing for the unification of Bessarabia and Romania – was gradually integrated in the holidays with a national connotation. Such celebrations demonstrate the importance of the past – the recent past, in this case – in interwar Romania. This was actually an adjustment of the “official memory” – indicated/constructed by state authorities – to the new geopolitical realities of Romania. Hence, in this text, my aim is to analyse how Romanian authorities became involved in the celebrations for the unification of Bessarabia and Romania in the first interwar decade. I focus on the manifestations organized on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Union. Another objective of this paper is to appraise from a sequential perspective – using the Romanian press of the time – the way the main political parties in Romania became involved in the celebrations for the unification of Bessarabia and Romania, in an attempt to legitimize their actions and to gain political capital.
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Theatre institutions rely not only on their public, but also on their significance as a cultural institution in an urban setting. Therefore, theatre historians should not only focus on the history of performances, but also on the extended cultural environment and its direct connections. Institutions like cultural centers, alternative performance spaces or educational contexts redefine the local value of the theatre. The paper focuses on the German theatre in Sibiu/Hermannstadt (Romania) from the point of view of three interactions with its environment in the years 1912-1921.
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In this paper the author researchers the organization, activity and liquidation of the Vinkovci – Brčko Vicinal Railway Stock Company from 1886 when the company was established to 1940 when its liquidation was brought to an end. The headquarters of the stock company during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was in Budapest and in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia, it transferred to Belgrade. The stock company’s railway line Vinkovci- Gunja was open for traffic in 1886 and Gunja – Brčko in 1894. The mentioned private railway line was exploited i.e. administrated by the state. Based on the agreement from 7 February 1931 the state bought off the railway lines of the Stock Company of the Vinkovci – Brčko Vicinal Railway and hence there was no reason for its existence. In accordance with the decision of its assembly in 1932 the liquidation of the company began and it ended in 1940.
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Kulturna istorija radničkog pokreta u Bosanskoj krajini, između dva rata, nije dovoljno obrađivana. Po osnivanju i djelatnosti Radničkog kul- turno-sportskog društva »Pelagić« u Banjaluci imamo nešto više sačuvanih izvora i memoarske građe, što nam omogućuje da pokušamo dati objektivniju sliku o radu i ulozi ovoga Društva u revolucionarnoj akciji koju je vodio proletarijat i progresivne snage u jednom vrlo kratkom i burnom vremenu uoči drugog svjetskog rata.
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Некоторое обшее обозрение народното хозниства Боснии и Герцеговинн перед Второи мировои вокнои в деиствителБности болћше говорит о прошлом, чем о сутествуклцем ero состоннии. И менБше всего откривает какиелибо перспективн. Народное хозлиство Боснин и Герцеговинн накануне ВтороА мировои воинн носило на себе лркуто печатБ обшего исторического развитил.
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The workers’ touristic association »The Friends of Nature« was founded in Sarajevo, 1905. The initiative for the foundation came from the workers of the foreign born. The association »Friends of Nature« in Sarajevo, which was growing together with the development of the trade union movement in Bosnia and Hercegovina, initially had the aim to train the workers to spend their free time in mountains and forests and, at the same time, to get them learn something from natural sciences, geography, geology and biology. In the course of the First World War the Association made a break in its activity for the time being. After the war, the association »The Friends of Nature« gradually renewed its activity and since 1927 it extended its activity throughout Yugoslavia. The seat of the Central Direction was in Sarajevo. Before the election of the Central Direction, and later on, both in the Central Direction and in other bodies of the Association, the majority of the members were the members of the Socialistic Party.
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From 1929- when king Alexander proclaimed a dictatorship, on which occasion he, among other things, prescribed the work of the Independent Trade Unions and right up to 1934, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia houndered unsuccessfully in its attempt to find the most suitable form of actions for the Communist Party.
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The programme of the Communist International 1928 comprises the focal , point of this work. In the author’s view this programme represents the summit of the theoretic activities of the Comintern in which the Communist International, as an institution most clearly came into its own, the latter having very marked theoretical ambitions. For the' sake of objectivity of proof special attention is given to exposing the material contained in the programe. The programme of the Communist Internatipnal did not originate outside the courses of the theoretical and practical activities of the communist movement of that time, and above all outside the courses of the SKP(b). In 1928, however, when the programme of the Communist International was produced, Stalin's group in the CK SKP(b) steadily increased its hold but not so as to completely dominate the other groups and the work of the other groups was still felt.
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Povodom 40-godišnjice smrti Đura Đakovića (25. IV 1929), organizacionog sekretara Centralnog komiteta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije, saopšta- vamo nekoliko napisa objavljenih u sovjetskoj štampi i literaturi poslije njegovog ubistva. Smatramo da će ovi napisi biti interesantni za biografe Đura Đakovića. Priloženi napisi su i bibliografske rijetkosti kod nas.
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The paper discusses a rather unusual change of leadership that took place at the Petru Maior Student Center of Cluj between 26 April and 1 May 1923, in the absence of any statutory elections. The change was related to the student unrest triggered by the anti-Semitic incidents occurred in late November of 1922 in the laboratories of the Medical School, which expanded rapidly, eventually paralyzing all activities at Cluj University and in other similar institutions throughout the country. The student movement quickly acquired a political dimension, largely due to the involvement and activity of Ion I. Moța and Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu.
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U prvim godinama nakon završetka prvog svjetskog rata postojao je svuda u svijetu rudarski pokret, posebno pokret kopača uglja. Ugalj je zbog povećane proizvodnje i lakše tehnološke primjenepetroleja u industriji i saobraćaju, kao d gasa i elektriciteta, počeo da gubi značaj, pa se u svim centrima rudarske proizvodnje javljaju među radnicima socijalni problemi i odgovarajuća gibanja. Politika građanskih vlada prema štrajkašima je dio evropske taktike građanske klase.
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On December 29/30 1920 a proclamation called the »Obznana« was issued. Immediately after the proclamation the ruling middle-class political parties, helped by the police and supported by the reactionary elements gathered round the so-called »National Guards«, practiced the opression on the working-class movement which was growing stronger and stronger. After the proclamation of the »Obznana« the employers rejected the workers’ legislature, amid prolongued the eight hour working day introducing the work by the piece. The country saw the crisis, as the agrarian problem had not been solved consequently. It caused the permanent class struggle between the landowners and the poor peasants. Meanwhile, the Communist Party did not make good use of it. Owing to the undeveloped forms of work in the country the Party did not accept the struggle and in that way it missed to turn it into the struggle against the regime itself.
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In the middle of the thirties the Communist Party of Yugoslavia undertook the new forms of activity with the intention to achieve the more direct connections with all the ranks of the working people, and to bring them to the positions of the progressive and democratic movement, penetrating .into the legal workers’, citizens’, students’, school-boys, women’s and other unions. In socio-political conditions, erevailing at that time, the new orientation of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia found its full confirmation in the practice itself. In this work the author gives the actual activity of the progressive students’ association — The Academics’ Club of Banija Luka — as one of the forms applied by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in its social and political work under the illegal conditions of work.
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The paper focuses on the analysis of the variety of standards of living within the society of interwar Poland. These were determined primarily by individual streams of income and the scope and availability of public services. The standard of living is represented through the analysis of the range of income and remuneration within basic social and professional groups, housing conditions, and the level of schooling. It needs to be added that the image of the standard of living of various social groups is incomplete, with biggest gaps appearing in the study of small trade (merchant activity, craft, cottage industry) and some groups within the peasant population.
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The interwar period was the first and at the same time one of the most significant periods for the Poznań-based Alma Mater. It was a time of creating, organising, shaping, and building its foundations, which, despite the school’s difficult history, have survived until the modern day. These foundations are formed not only by physical facilities, but also by human resources – both students and lecturers or administration workers. This paper is aimed to provide the fullest possible reconstruction of the demographic and social portrait of the professors working at Poznań University in the years 1919-1939, with the analysis encompassing their age at the moment of their employment, territorial and social provenance, cultural capital, and their courses of education.
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The authors of the penal code of 1932 modelled their reaction measures on the best contemporary standards. The system of criminal response was based on a double-track model, in German called zwei Spuren, in Italian – doppio binario, in which, along with penalties, there were also preventive measures. This system grew out of certain political and criminal assumptions of the sociological school, expressed most fully in the works of Franz von Liszt. Return in contemporary law, to the wide use of preventive measures, post and pre-penal, forces us to return to the sources and to critically examine the assumptions of the indicated approach, including the idea of an incorrigible criminal who should be isolated, not in relation to what he did, but because of who he is. Tracing the history of regulations, in particular their practical application should be a lesson for modern lawmakers.
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