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Eesti ja Läti sõjalis-tehniline koostöö aastatel 1919–1940 pioneeriväeosade näitel

Author(s): Igor Kopõtin,Edgars Engīzers / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1/2013

The military cooperation of the Baltic States is and was a relevant issue due to the fact that defending the Baltic region from an external enemy is possible only as a result of the joint strategic and operational effort of the armed forces of at least Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. All Baltic States gained independence in 1918 at similar circumstances but in a slightly different military political situation that proceeded to shape the orientation of their foreign policy in 1920–1940. (Longer version of this abstract is included in the article, starting from p 197.)

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Herezje Jana Gondowicza

Author(s): Anita Jarzyna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2014

The essay is a review of Jan Gondowicz’s most recent book, "Trans-Autentyk. Nie-czyste formy Brunona Schulza" [Trans-Authentic. Bruno Schulz’s Im-pure Forms]. Most of the texts included in the volume focus on Schulz’s graphics and drawings. Gondowicz, a highly unconventional Schulz scholar, believes that they convey the cipher of the writer’s mythology by referring to a secret society from Drogobych, called “Kalleia,” which aimed to revive an ancient cult based on the sacred value of eroticism. This is the central hypothesis to be found in Gondowicz’s masterful essays, informing also his interpretations of some of Schulz’s short stories. Analyzing Schulz’s drawings, Gondowicz discovers in them traces of a crisis of the ineffable and their epiphanic potential, later articulated in fiction.

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Przemiany polskiej wsi w latach 1918–1989

Author(s): Małgorzata Machałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2013

In the prewar period problems of Polish countryside were fragmentation and overpopulation. In spite of the land reform the farms were mainly smaller than 5 hectares and the peasants practiced the extensive farming. Only the part of bigger farms, mainly in Western and Middle Poland, was modern. The Great Depression led to 66% agricultural goods prices drop and it lasted until 1945. The Polish countryside during the World War II suffered enormous material and demographic loss. After the end of the war the radical land reform was introduced, which deepened agricultural fragmentation. Some part of the land remained in government’s possession and were transformed into State Agricultural Farm (Państwowe Gospodarstwo Rolne, PGR). The area of this farms were extended systematically, particularly in the western and northern Poland’s areas. In 1948 the government started to collectivize the countryside.

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Recenzja: Anna Kozłowska-Ryś, Krzysztof Drozdowski, Świat odosobniony. Bydgoska służba penitencjarna w latach 1920–1939, Poznań–Bydgoszcz–Piotrków Trybunalski 2017, ss. 264

Author(s): Jakob Maziarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The reviewed book is a study devoted to history of interwar (1920–1939) prison system in Bydgoszcz. The work is divided into five chapters. They are: 1) The history of penitentiary service in Bydgoszcz in years 1920–1939, 2) Penitentiary agricultural colony no. 3 in Trzeciewnica, 3) Biographical notes of penitentiary workers in Bydgoszcz, 4) Society for the care of prisoners „Patronage” („Patronat”). According to the opinion of the review author the contents of work is correctly and sufficient for this kind of studies. Reviewer is more critical regarding to the structure of work, which is inconsistent and unclear.

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A Century of Cooperation: Polish-Romanian bilateral relations, 1918-2018

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A Century of Cooperation: Polish-Romanian bilateral relations, 1918-2018

Author(s): Karina Marczuk / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2018

Overall, relations between Poland and Romania can be divided into three main stages: the interwar period between the end of World War I and the outbreak of World War II; from the end of World War II to the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the bipolar world order; and from that point to the present. This paper comprises three parts, each devoted to one of the phases listed above. I argue that Polish-Romanian cooperation has been primarily restricted to the economic sphere, with cultural and political relations following. It is significant that during the period analysed the two states have concluded numerous bilateral agreements, treaties and conventions, of which many are still in force. Examining them reveals what areas of bilateral relations have been predominant, and it is on such primary sources that the research presented here is based.

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Leon Volovici, Nacjonalizm i „kwestia żydowska” w Rumunii lat trzydziestych XX wieku

Author(s): Bartłomiej Rusin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2018

Review of: Leon Volovici, "Nacjonalizm i „kwestia żydowska” w Rumunii lat trzydziestych XX wieku" tłum. Kazimierz Jurczak, Kraków–Budapeszt: Austeria, 2016, 394 s.; by: Bartłomiej Rusin

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„Pomagajcie polskim dzieciom”. Humanitarna mobilizacja amerykańskiej opinii publicznej po I wojnie światowej

Author(s): Sylwia Kuźma-Markowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2018

Starting from the early 1919, American humanitarian organizations began arriving in Poland, like in other states of Central Eastern Europe, with material and food assistance to societies devastated by the military conflict and epidemics of infectious diseases. American associations, with the largest and most important American Relief Administration in the lead, focused mainly on nourishing children, mobilizing American public opinion to raise money for this purpose, and presenting the situation of malnourished young children from this part of Europe as a grave social problem.

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Narodowe formacje wojskowe w Rosji bolszewickiej i Związku Sowieckim w latach 1918–1943 i ich rola w polityce ekspansji imperium

Author(s): Krzysztof Jasiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

National military units appeared in Bolshevik Russia already during the so–called October Revolution and predominantly the period known as the “Civil War” or the “Struggle against the Counter–Revolution”. It is highly probable that upon this stage in the history of Bolshevik Russia the existence of such armies was supposed to bolster the self–esteem of the vanquished nations and their elites and to preserve the mistaken conviction that Red Russia respected their right to self–determination and was devoid of imperial or Russification leanings. These armies, based on voluntary recruitment and during the winter even disbanded, resembled rather a Red militia, not to mention a commonplace gang. Nonetheless, the application of a national rhetoric made it easier to conceal the true Bolshevik targets, i.e. the reconstruction and even the expansion of the former tsarist Empire. It seems worthwhile to draw attention to a certain continuum of the Russian/Soviet or Putinesque line pursued by the Russian state and a strategic scheme planned at least decades ahead, regardless of its provenance. Today, the counterpart of the ”national” armies and governments involves ”independent” separatists and their military and political structures as well as long ago devised models of conduct (elections, plebiscites, rhetoric suitable for a presentation of arguments, etc.). Hence an analysis of former military–political conceptions may well serve contemporary objectives.

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Prikaz: Hungarian-British Diplomacy 1938–1941, The Attempt to Maintain Relations

Author(s): Aleksandar Uzelac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2009

Prikaz/The review of: András D. Bán, Hungarian-British Diplomacy 1938–1941, The Attempt to Maintain Relations, Frank Cass Publishers: London – Portland OR, 2004

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Odnos škofa Jegliča do politika in duhovnika Korošca

Author(s): Janez Juhant / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/1991

On the basis of the diary of biskop A.B. Jeglič and diverse literary sources the author describes the relationship between the supreme church authorities and a leading politician of a Catholic of a Catholic orientation. Bishop Jeglič had respected the political wisdom of Dr. Korošec and his position in the political hierarchy, the conflicting interests pursued by Belgrade and the Vatican, but intimately the bishop resented his chaotic clerical status. Brielfly, the author also describes the relationship between Korošec and the successor of Jeglič bishop Rozman. The two bishops considered Korošec to be a most reliable mediator between the church on the one, and the court as well as state authorities, on the other hand, even though the relationship may often have been very tense, especially when the concordat had been signed.

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Katastrofi zm poetycki. Próba stabilizacji pojęcia i „ciągi dalsze”

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Katastrofi zm poetycki. Próba stabilizacji pojęcia i „ciągi dalsze”

Author(s): Andrzej Niewiadomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

Catastrophism is a concept often used in Polish historical-literary discourse, but the frequency of the occurrence of this term does not go hand in hand with its precision. The article is an attempt to disambiguate it (following the concept of Edward Balcerzan) as a term meaning strictly poetic convention rather than a ‘view’ or ‘world-view attitude.’ The paper is also an attempt to determine the time frame of catastrophism in modern Polish poetry with culmination between 1930 and 1943, ordering its variations due to: the type and extent of catastrophic ‘fantasies,’ the consequences of the catastrophe, and temporal construction. This ordered phenomenon presents itself as an important part of modern Polish poetry, which, together with other aesthetics, marks the moment of the solstice in the middle of the 20th century. A separate issue is the problem of the presence of poetic catastrophe in post-war poetry up to the present times. Researchers using the term ‘poetic catastrophe’ in relation to contemporary poetic phenomena treat it very freely. The confrontation of works considered by them as catastrophic with the convention of catastrophic poetics indicates that there are free connections rather than a simple continuation of the pattern. Such references can be found in the late works of Czeslaw Milosz and Jerzy Zagorski, in the works of Tadeusz Rozewicz, Zbigniew Herbert, Rafal Wojaczek, poets of Nowa Fala, Bronislaw Maj, Jan Polkowski, and Marcin Swietlicki. The poems of the latter question the sense of using the catastrophic convention in the face of mental changes taking place in the post-modern world.

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Recenzija: I processi di Mosca (1936-1938)

Author(s): Janez Peršič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1974

The review of: I procesi di Mosca (1936-1938), pripravil Pier Luigi Contessi. Bologna, il Mulino 1970

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O Slovencih v Avstriji ob anšlusu

Author(s): Alenka Nedog,Tone Zorn / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1973

V Arhivu Jugoslavije so se v fondu Narodne skupščine med gradivom kabineta ministra brez portfelja in narodnega poslanca dr. Mihe Kreka ohranili zanimivi, dokumenti, ki osvetljujejo položaj med Slovenci na Koroškem ob priključitvi Avstrije k Nemčiji marca 1938. Glede na to, da obstaja zelo malo arhivskih virov za zgodovino Slovencev na Koroškem v obdobju med dvema vojnama, ker so avstrijski arhivi za to razdobje zaprti, objavljamo nekaj dokumentov, ki so spričo aktualnosti koroškega vprašanja zanimivi ne le za zgodovinarje, temveč tudi za družbenopolitične delavce, ki se ukvarjajo s tem vprašanjem. Razen dveh letakov so dokumenti klerikalnega izvora. Tajništvo Jugoslovanske radikalne zajednice (JRZ) v Ljubljani je pošiljalo dr. Kreku, enemu izmed prvakov slovenskega dela JRZ, razna poročila in obvestila, da jih je posredoval notranjemu ministru in klerikalnemu voditelju dr. Antonu Korošcu ali pa tudi predsedniku vlade dr. Milanu Stojadinoviču. [...]

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Nacionalno vprašanje v Jugoslaviji v teoriji in politiki KPJ – KPS

Author(s): Janko Pleterski / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1967

L’auteur étudie l’origine d’un concept qui considère la Yougoslavie comme un Etat nationalement unifié, ce qui est caractéristique de la phase de début dans l’ activité du Parti communiste yougoslave. Mais il fait en même temps remarquer, entre autres que les communistes appartenant à divers peuples yougoslaves, rentrés de l’Union soviétique au début de 1920, concevaient la Yougoslavie comme un pays composé de plusieurs peuples et avaient mis à leur programme la lutte pour une Yougoslavie socialiste et fédérale. Us avaient discuté ce point de leur programme, avant le Congrès constitutif du Parti communiste yougoslave, avec la direction du Parti social-démocrate serbe qui fit prévaloir le thème de l’unité nationale de la Yougoslavie.

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IZMEĐU SCENSKOG GLAMURA I JAVNOG NADZORA - STRANI ARTISTI U KRALJEVINI JUGOSLAVIJI 1920-1941.

Author(s): Ljubomir Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2001

In the period between the two world wars foreign artists in Yugoslavia represented the false glamour of the stage, pretentious artistic names, and open erotic charm on the one side, and miserable wages and the moral disapproval of society on the other side. The public longed for entertainment but was at the same time apprehensive of the criminal activities, which it was generally held, too frequently accompanied the world of night shows. There was also an obvious hostility to the increasing number of foreign newcomers in the ranks of the domestic artists. It is not surprising that in such an atmosphere the authorities, and artists’ associations, felt it necessary to keep a close watch on artists, some of whom did occasionally resort to illegal means to boost their incomes. Over a thousand foreign artists appeared in various Yugoslav stage shows between 1935 and 1941. Local theaters that engaged foreign artists existed in practically every part of the country, with the exception of Kosovo and Metohia and Montenegro.

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POLITIČKE I BEZBEDNOSNE PRILIKE NA KOSOVU I METOHIJI U PRVOJ POLOVINI 1920. GODINE

Author(s): Ljubodrag D. Dimić,Đorđe Borozan / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1+2/1999

The author’s analysis, based on ample archival sources, of events and processes taking place in Kosovo and Metohija in the first half of 1920 points to the existence of specific political and security conditions, created by the resistance of the Albanian population. The civil and military authorities of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes endeavored to suppress anarchy, prevent internal rebellion and the spreading of Italian and Albanian propaganda promulgating the formation of Greater Albania, and to aid the rebuilding of the Albanian state within the borders which had been internationally recognized in 1913. In anticipation of the Paris Peace Conference final decision regarding the solution of the Albanian question, Yugoslav civil and military authorities tried to prevent anarchy in the districts and municipalities of Prizren, Zvečan, Kosovo, and Metohija. Despite these efforts the situation remained unstable as a result of the authorities’ inability to persuade members of the Albanian population to consider themselves Yugoslav citizens, thus forming the basis for the precarious political and security conditions in Kosovo, Metohija, western Macedonia, and the peripheral areas of Montenegro in 1920.

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BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U RASPRAVAMA О DRŽAVNOM UREĐENJU KRALJEVINE (SHS) JUGOSLAVIJE 1918 - 1941. GODINE

Author(s): Mira Radojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/1994

According to many contemporaries and latter-day historians, the most serious inner problem facing the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was the question of state reform. The issue of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a particularly controversial topic in these debates. The position of this province was directly subject to an agreement between the Serbs and Croatians, since the political inclinations of the Bosnian-Herzegovian Muslims could not have greater impact in the national status-quo of the first Yugoslav state. In their demands for a reform based on national principles and the creation of federal units, the Croatian political representatives offered several suggestions concerning Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of their proposals was that a greater part of the province should be given an autonomous or equal status in regard to the other federal units. The second suggestion was to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina between the Serbian and Croatian units and according to the third, founded on the idea of a dual Yugoslav state, the border would be on the Drina, while Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole would become a part of the Croatian region. The majority of the Serbian political parties were against these solutions. Fearing a demarcation between the Serbs and the Croatians, the Democratic party proposed that Bosnia and Herzegovina with south Dalmatia become a fourth unit-the Serbian Croatian and Slovenian units being the other three. A part of the Serbian independent intellectuals supported this proposal. However, the Democrats themselves abandoned this proposal when Banovina Hrvatska was formed since it included 13 Bosnian-Herzegovian districts. From that time all Serbian political parties and organizations defended the view that Bosnia and Herzegovina was a Serbian province inhabited, towards the end of 1939, according to the Ministry Council statistics, by 1.226.991 (44.6%) orthodox Serbs, 858.140 (31.2%) Muslims, 595.974 (21.7%) catholic Croatians, 4.358 (0.1%) catholic Slovenians and 63.720 (2.3%) inhabitants of other nationalities and adherents of other religions. Contrarily, Croatian politicians demanded a further division of Bosnia and Herzegovina or the autonomy of the remaining part of this province. In this way the Croatians gave the impression of supporting the claims to independence of the Bosnian-Herzegovian Muslims.

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О NACIONALIZMU I SEPARATIZMU U RADNIČKOJ KLASI JUGOSLAVIJE 1918. - 1929.

Author(s): Toma Milenković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1+2/1993

U nas je do skoro nezvanični, »naučni» stav bio da je buržoazija nosilac nacionalizma i separatizma, a da radnička klasa ne podleže tim porocima, samo se oni ponekad kao zaraza prenesu sa buržoazije na neke njene manje delove i pojedince. Та oštra podela i demonizovanje jedne idealizovanje druge strane, nema realnog pokrića u našoj nedavnoj prošlosti. Ograničeni vremenom i prostorom, zadržaćemo se samo па nekoliko primera koji potvrđuju iznesenu tezu, uz napomenu da je nemoguće precizno ustanoviti koliki broj radnika sledi nacionaliste i separatiste u svojim redovima i da se nećemo baviti sa KPJ.

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ЈУЛКА CHLAPEC ЂОРЂЕВИЋ – „ЖЕНСКО ПИТАЊЕ“ ИЗМЕЂУ ДВА СВЕТСКА РАТА

Author(s): Marina Raguš / Language(s): Serbian Issue: Sp. Iss/2012

Julka Chlapec Djordjević (1882–1969), born in Novi Sad, married with Czech husband, belongs to the so-called second wave of feminists who are of the Novi Sad origin. On the foundations of the first wave of feminism in the then Vojvodina, which focused on the public visibility, i.e. the right to work and participate in public life, as well as on the accessibility of higher education for this gender group, “the second wave” of feminist authors situated, who set their interest on the emancipation of women in the area of private and family life, and, consequently, on the political rights and liberties of women introducing international experience in this domain into the local environment.

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Modern and Folk Sports in Central Asia under Lenin and Stalin: Uzbekistan from 1925 to 1952

Author(s): Sevket Hylton Akyildiz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Soviet physical culture was a soft power tool used to create healthy and patriotic citizen-soldiers and help modernise the urban Soviet Union: one key strand of this was modern sports. Josef Stalin (Communist Party leader from 1925 to 1953) imposed the physical culture and sports culture on society and had it institutionalised. Moreover, except for policy revisions, the institutions of his sports model continued until the mid-1980s. This paper will investigate the impact of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (established 1925, hereafter Communist Party) through sport in Uzbekistan Soviet Socialist Republic (hereafter Uzbekistan). Critically reading selected Cold War and contemporary studies, we explore the acculturation and integration role of the Soviet sports culture in multicultural Uzbekistan from 1925 to 1952. In this interdisciplinary paper, we ask: What was the impact of Soviet sports in Uzbekistan? How and why did Lenin and Stalin reposition folk sports in society? The themes examined include the concept of Soviet sports, folk sports, and the development and impact of modern sports culture.

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