L'oiseau turul. Du totem des anciens Magyars aux héritages controversés de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Discussions about Turul bírd after the political changes in Hungary.
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Discussions about Turul bírd after the political changes in Hungary.
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The study presents Hungary after the signature of the Peace Treaty of Trianon, the question of reparation. The author uses French archival sources to present the rivalities between France and Great Britain in the question of the investissments in Hungary.
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The study presents the plans of integration in the interwar period for Rumania. In the meantime we know the attitude of the Great Powers in Central Europe.
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The present paper deals with the Czechoslovak-Yugoslavian connections in Brno between the two world wars. The pre-war tradition of these connections extended into the following period thanks to an academic society ‘Jugoslavija’, established by Yugoslavian students. The most signifcant contribution to the development of mutual relationships, however, was made by the branch of the Czechoslovak-South Slavic League, a national association where a number of important people such as Vincenc Hlavinka or Vladimir Fikulka worked. In Brno the League was focused on the aid to Yugoslavian students and it dealt with the issues such as the position of Yugoslavian minority in Italy or of the Croatians in Southern Moravia. An important role was played by cultural relationships, especially as regards theatre. In addition, there were many other areas of cooperation: agriculture, tourism, translations, lectures, teaching the Serbo-Croatian language, etc. The aim of the paper is to describe activities of the Brno branch of the Czechoslovak-South Slavic League and to highlight its signifcant role in the lives of people living in Brno between the two world wars as well as its leading position within the national body.The Czechoslovak-Yugoslavian inter-war relationships in Brno reflected the contemporary trends in Czechoslovakia. The mutual relations followed in the traditions established in the past, whether it was the period of the 19th century or the fnancial investments in Balkan, the development of Sokol [Falcon] or the era of the Balkan Wars in the 20th century. The paper deals with the period rightly called “the golden age of associational life”. A rich associational life also took place in Brno. Within the Czechoslovak-Yugoslavian connections in this city, a major role was played by an academic society “Jugoslavija” and especially by the Czechoslovak-South Slavic League – a national association with its own branches, one of them also in Brno.People, who were active in such an association, had different motivations. They could have been motivated by the affnity to national tradition or by sympathy for one of the Yugoslavian nations, but there may also have been personal motives, such as family relationships, war memories or other personal interests. Last but not least, there was also an interest in the Adriatic and a vision of easy travel to the sea. A key role in the organization and operation of these societies was played by the engagement and activity of a few dozens of enthusiasts. These were individuals who managed to attract the attention of their neighbours, overwhelmingly educated citizens of cities. The membership in these associations was explicitly a matter of urban middle class.The Czechoslovak-South Slavic League with its branches enjoyed the offcial support of the state, especially of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Education. Thus it had close relations with the establishment and as such it was a bearer and co-creator of the offcial image of the South Slavs and Yugoslavia. It was aimed at the propagation of the contacts between the state nations and their states.These matters more or less applied to each branch of the League, including that in Brno. Varied activities, from the student support, translation activities, through lecturing and cultural or other events of various kinds, up to the mutual attending of important events were also held in all cities where the League was active. Specifc for the Brno-Yugoslavian relations were the support for Moravian Croatians, ample activities in the area of stagecraft and the efforts for the expansion of the branch, which did not occur in other cities of inter-war Czechoslovakia.
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The District School Council in Tarnów began its work on 1 July 1921. School Inspectors Jan Szumski, Jan Lubowiecki, Leon Grabowiecki, Stefan Mucha and Franciszek Tomaszkiewicz were its subsequent chairmen. The duties of subinspectors were carried out by Leon Staranka and Henryk Zahaczewski.School inspectors were the first instance authority in the school district. Their duties included supervising the elementary education and managing it by forming the school network, watching over the children to make them carry out their school duties, and appointing temporary teachers. They were not only responsible for the standard of teaching but for the level of education as well. They also supervised private elementary schools. As part of their supervising activities the inspectors visited schools; they also controlled and discussed a variety of questions connected with didactic and educational work of the schools. The aim of the visits was to check the standard of work and of functioning of elementary schools. During the visits the inspectors were supposed to pay attention to: carrying out the school's statute tasks, the proper way of teaching the curricula and educating the pupils, and observance of the law regulations.Apart from the questions connected with didactics and education, also problems connected with organization of work, a proper order in the schools, school documents and the pupils' attendance were subject to the inspectors' attention. These were the questions that the inspectors assessed when their visits to schools had a different form. In order to examine a particular problem, eg. that of attendance, inspectors carried out the so-called inspections.School inspectors also very often undertook activities aimed at perfecting the teachers' skills. They organized meetings, conferences and courses. They participated in the qualifying exams for teachers. School inspectors were responsible for organization, state and efficiency of additional training for public schools headmasters and teachers.School inspectors' work in the district was, on the whole, favorably viewed by teachers. Knowing the school realities they were able to offer help suitable for the needs and the real conditions obtaining in schools. When analyzing the reports of the teaching staff conferences it can be noticed that the inspectors were able to point to both the good sides of the work of schools and teachers, and to their mistakes. Putting forward recommendations they accurately pointed to the origin of the committed mistakes and the ways they could be mended.Local school councils played an important role in the school circles. Most councils carried out their duties in the way that was favorable for the school. Apart from matters that were important for the functioning of the schools, local school councils often made decisions about seemingly trivial problems.The headmasters played an important role in theirs schools. They headed the elementary schools and represented them. The headmaster's fundamental task was contributing, as far as he could, to general education. In that period, which was so difficult for education, a decided majority of headmasters in the district showed managing skills, knowledge of both their work and methods to do it, and the ability to establish contacts with the parents and the local circles. It was owing to them that schools could work normally to a certain degree, even though they were teaching and educating children often in extremely bad material conditions. The headmasters had to show especially much patience when fixing problems connected with the material basis. The difficult economic situation of the parents and of the local authorities caused that schools were often considered to be unnecessary.The managing staff of most schools in the district showed organizing skills, a profound knowledge, both methodic and factual as well as knowledge of the law regulations and a lot of pedagogical tact.
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The article is concerned with the interesting problem connected with the social relations in Poland in the years 1918-1939, and that is the question of the ideological image of the Polish intelligentsia of that epoch. Polish teachers of that time may be considered the nation's intellectual elite. The teachers' main trade union, the Polish Teachers' Association, came into various conflicts with the Church hierarchy. This resulted to a large degree from the positivist (scientistic) formation of the then elite. Scientism, defined as having a peculiar “faith in the science”, in the opinion of many people did not agree with the “fideist” attitude. The peak of that conflict fell on 1937, when the Board of Directors of the Association was suspended by the state authorities as it was suspected of Communist influences.However, the research conducted by the author shows that the greater part of the PTA activists were not willing to accept the Communist ideology; on the contrary, they assumed a hostile attitude towards it. On the other hand, the anticlerical position they took in many cases was connected with leftist social views and with the already mentioned positivist intellectual formation. Another important thesis the author of the article tries to prove is the fact of the intelligentsia's gradual departure from the antireligious, scientistic attitude (especially in the 1930's), and ever more frequent submission to the Church's pastoral influences.
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When Bosnia and Herzegovina entered the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes there were three teachers' schools: The regular female school in Sarajevo and School for boys in Mostar and Derventa .. In the year 1926. more schools have been opened: Male teachers school in Sarajevo and Krajiska teachers school in Banja Luka. During that same year, the school for teachers in Derventa was closed. Apart from government schools, in Bosnia and Herzegovina also operated Roman Catholic women's school at the bureau of st. Joseph in Sarajevo. These schools operated under regulations that were adopted during the Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina and were in force until 1929. In schools for teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina there has always been enough candidates for enrollment. Such a phenomenon was caused by a number of factors, among which we should accentuate rather widespread network of civic schools whose students, as well as students of the (lower) high schools decided to follow this vocation. In addition, students of these schools who came from small towns received accommodation sooner in boarding schools then students of other schools, but also the scholarships of educational-cultural societies. Parents of students, especially those poorer, decided to enroll their children in schools for teachers because they believed that it will also help them get employment much sooner.
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Review of: KASPEROVÁ, Dana: Výchova a vzdělávání průmyslového člověka v kontextu vývoje firmy Baťa v meziválečném Zlíne. Liberec: Technická univerzita, 2014. 162 s. ISBN 978-80-7494-176-4 by: Blanka Kudláčová
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The study examines the introduction of the 20th-century opera production to the Slovak National Theatre Opera in 1920 – 1938. It comes to a finding that it constituted a quantitatively significant part, especially in Karel Nedbal’s era (1928 – 1938). However, a qualitative analysis reveals that only some of the produced titles were successfully time-tested and included into the key opera repertoire, today referred to as the 20th-century opera classics. These included Leoš Janáček and Richard Strauss’s operas and the profile opuses of the 20th-century opera avant-garde (for example, Sergei Prokofiev’s The Love for Three Oranges, or Dmitri Shostakovich’s Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk). On the other hand, the Slovak National Theatre ignored the classic opuses of Impressionism (Debussy, Ravel, Falla), Neoclassicism (Stravinsky, Hindemith), or the Second Viennese School (Schönberg, Berg) and their successors. It, however, produced several titles which are nowadays regarded as historical artefacts of the period, which had no further stage life. The study also considers rarely produced or no longer produced plays by Czech and Slovak authors and opuses which fulfilled rather extra-artistic (social) roles in their times (for example, works by authors from allied countries), that means productions which have been more or less overlooked by researchers so far.
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Flying staff education in the “Eaglet School” in Dęblin began in 1925. In the result of WWII. most experiences from our pre-war aviation didactic, considering losses of lecturers and pilots as well as observers-instructors, have been forgotten. Plans, programs, school books and instructions were destroyed. In the article a part of research results, conducted on the subject in the Laboratory of War Art History and Aviation Didactic of the Air Force Academy in Dęblin, have been presented.
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This is a review of Dragoş Sdrobişţ book, Limitele meritocraţieiîntr-o societate agrară. Şomaj intelectual şi radicalizare politică atineretului în România interbelică,Polirom, Iaşi, 2015, 261 p.
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Victor Deleu holds an important place amongst the personalities in the hall of fame from Sălaj. Our study relies on the period between Victor Deleu’s entering into office as mayor of Cluj, namely between June 10th, 1932 and November 18th, 1933, after this date he was replaced by members of the new liberal government. As mayor of one of Transylvania’s largest towns, he developed significant urban planning projects during a harsh time, which came to overlap with the Great Depression. Nevertheless, Victor Deleu had found the necessary means and ways to make himself useful to the citizens that had elected him, implementing a series of economic and socio-cultural initiatives, all of which having been enthusiastically welcomed by the town’s population.Starting with his first day in office, he visited the town’s properties and institutions. It took him only two months to bring clarity to the town’s finances, to clean up the town by turning the community pool and its park into real recreational spaces for the citizens. Together with his team, he developed an ambitious town planning project, which, amongst other, included the streets’ alignment, erecting new buildings and modernizing the communication means. The harsh economic crisis years, which led to the population’s impoverishment, urged the administration to implement new urgent measures in the field of social assistance for children, old people, poor people and jobless ones. Victor Deleu implemented means of helping the jobless, but he also decided to move the almshouse from an improper space to a modernized former farmhouse. He opened public kitchens, where poor children were offered bread and milk, and he also helped develop summer camps for disadvantaged children and a guidance institution for young people’s spiritual guidance. In order to invigorate the town’s commercial and industrial landscape, Victor Deleu organized sample exhibits and markets to draw as many visitors as possible, from inside and outside the country.
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The management of pastures belonging to Carei during the interwar period is best portrait by the relationship between the Administration and the town. This relationship is emphasized by the social importance the pastoral economy has imprinted on the local community. The installment of the Romanian regime after the Great Union, the public local administrative reform and the agrarian reform in 1921 have re-written and energized the work agenda of the mayors of Carei, a multiethnic and multicultural town, without harming in any way their continuous preoccupation for assuring the necessary pasture areas. By means of the present paper, I wish to awake interest towards this important matter in the history of towns that has been researched in a less pertinent manner, namely the history of the urban pastoral economy.
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This article investigates the way local authorities have distributed foodstuff to the population in the 1950s. Using research on quality of life conducted prior and immediately after World War II, I am comparing official projections on everyday standards with the nutrition practices of urban employees. On the one hand, I am highlighting the reaction of local administrations towards emerging of marginal practices - theft or „blat” – as a result of chronic difficulties in obtaining food through legal ways. On the other hand, I am illustrating the way bureaucratic asperities had emerged as a result of the conflicting provisions of the planned economy opened up the way towards a higher decisional visibility of the local producers. This research is based on archival materials and press articles.
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The author discusses the activity of the theater Bajka active in Vilnius in 1937–1941; personalities who created this theater are presented; the repertoire and its development are analysed, based on the change of the pilot situation; the reasons for the closure of the theater are discussed; the creative potential of this theatre is emphasized, since it enabled to create an unusual artistic phenomenon in extremely dire financial circumstances; a hypothesis is presented as well that during its top creative period Bajka was one of the best Polish theaters that had ever operated in Vilnius.
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The article is devoted to the nuances of perception of Ethiopia and Ethiopians by the outstanding representative of the Russian intelligentsia — the academician N. I. Vavilov who visited the African country in 1927 with a scientific expedition.
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One of the most important Lithuanian interwar theater events, “Šarūnas” directed by Andrius Oleka-Žilinskas, was produced at this very time – at the turning point of the third and fourth decades when Lithuanian culture experienced the necessity to renew its artistic language. However, the renewal of stage language inspired by “Šarūnas” evoked a strong opposition of the Lithuanian theater society. Modern theater direction principles and language used in plays such as “Šarūnas” were misunderstood and incorrectly interpreted by the Lithuanian audience that cherished literature theatre traditions, and resulted in miscommunication. Though the broad concept of nationality was formed in the Lithuanian culture of that time, it did not function in the field of theater perception. Plays were accused of disdaining the native land and having dangerous soviet influences, whereas productions like “Šarūnas” were just a modern reflection of nationality, expressing both the vitality of the primitive concept of national theater and the Lithuanian interwar culture’s fear of Russia, which was partly related to the theatrical immaturity of the Lithuanian society of that time.
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