Veikti šauliškai: sportas ir karinis parengimas tarpukariu Lietuvoje

Author(s): Vytautas Jokubauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2015

The article analyses the influence of sports on the military training of the Riflemen in interwar Lithuania by highlighting the idea of significance of athletics and the practical activities of the Riflemen. It points out the intensity and type of the Riflemen’s main sporting activity as well as their achievements; statistical data are provided in a comparative context. It also reveals the influence of other – Czech and Finnish – paramilitary movements on the Riflemen’s sports whose activities were in the focus of attention of the Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union and were used as model examples in the Lithuanian periodic military press. The article addresses the aspects of the image of falcon (Czech sokol) and the associations with the Czech organization.

1931 m. gruodžio 31 d. visuomeninių organizacijų surašymas: tautinių mažumų atstovavimo skerspjūvis

Author(s): Vitalijus Gailius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2015

Based on the data from the census of Lithuanian public organizations of 31 December 1931 and additional statistical sources, such as the population census of 1923 as well as various volumes of Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania, the article addresses the problems of organizations of ethnic minorities. The paper discusses the common characteristics and provides an in-depth analysis of the factors that could decide a different involvement of ethnic minorities in public organizations in different counties. It also presents the dynamics of the organizational network.

Justo Paleckio vieši protestai 1938 m. kovo mėnesį

Author(s): Mindaugas Tamošaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2015

The publication of sources focuses on the public protests of Justas Paleckis, a prominent Lithuanian journalist, Peasant Populist, young-generation leader and the head of future pro-Soviet People’s Government, in March 1938 after Poland delivered its ultimatum to Lithuania. The first part of the publication presents a short review of Lithuanian-Polish relations in the context of the loss of Vilnius Region in the period 1920-1938; the second part provides a more in-depth discussion on the type of Justas Paleckis’ public protests, their relevance and the specificity of the documents published for the first time. The published documents enable a more complete image of activities of Justas Paleckis as a personality of controversial evaluations in the period before the occupation.

Lietuviškos mokyklos Vilniuje 1920–1939 m.

Author(s): Vitalija Stravinskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2015

Based on archival and historiographical materials, the article addresses the development of Lithuanian schools in Vilnius in the period 1920–1939; it reveals their situation in the context of education of other ethnic groups in the city and considers whether the situation of Lithuanian education was in any way exceptional; the article discloses the problems faced by Lithuanian schools in Vilnius.

Laisvamanių kapinės: (ne)tolerancijos išbandymas XX a. 3–4 dešimtmečių Lietuvoje

Author(s): Solveiga Lukminaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2019

The article analyzes freethinker cemeteries established and functioning in Lithuania in the 1920s and 1930s. Te article introduces the Freethinker Ethical Culture Society, which was the initiator of the Free-Tinker Cemetery. It is emphasized that one of the main ways of disseminating the ideas of this community was the need to have a freethinker cemetery. Based on the information available in the sources, the context, causes and circumstances of the establishment of such cemeteries are discussed. Te functioning of freethinker cemeteries and public reactions to them are analyzed. Te article highlights the personalities that contributed the most to the establishment of free cemeteries in Lithuania. Te study reveals that dozens of freethinker cemeteries have been set up in various parts of Lithuania at the initiative of the Freethinker community during the two decades of Lithuanian independence. Te establishment of this type of cemetery was routinely opposed by both the local government and the Catholic community. No fewer problems were encountered after the cemetery was set up – interruptions in funerals and devastation of the cemetery.

Scene de epocă interbelică (VII)

Author(s): Dan Ciachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 07/2019

The article evokes a few Romanian journalists from the twentieth century that spent time in jail as a result of their journalistic activity as well as some women of the interwar media.

Scene de epocă interbelică (V)

Author(s): Dan Ciachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 05/2019

The article evoques several scenes and characters from the interwar period: Elena Lupescu, a wordly character for whom not only bankers or native industrialists throw parties, but also foreign diplomats, Ana Pauker, a communist dissident, sentenced to prison in 1936, Nicolae Titulescu, an international political star, the celebration of the Restoration Day on June 8, various events, many of them from the front page of newspapers, that took place in 1936, the publishing activity of some daily newspapers and so on. All of them are a glimpse of Romanian life.

Scene de epocă interbelică (IV)

Author(s): Dan Ciachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 04/2019

The article evokes scenes from the interwar period. Journalists played an important role in the epoch. For them, attending restaurants was a way to socialize. Major writers could be found in the company of journalists. Also, the Royal House of Romania as well as some representatives of other Royal Houses are the subject of the article. In the interwar period, King Carol II was the headliner of many newspapers. Carol II was subject for the foreign press even as a young man, given his love affairs and successive waivers as hereditary prince. Unlike his predecessors, Carol II was perfectly aware of the impact of the press. Of course, all this appetite to always be present in newspapers suggests his authoritarian intentions, materialized in 1938.

Scene de epocă interbelică (II)

Author(s): Dan Ciachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 02/2019

Several aspects of the interwar period are covered in the article: the journalistic and political activity of Pamfil Şeicaru (who edited the newspaper “Curentul” but also a few associated weekly newspapers and magazines), the Bucharest press on Sardindar Street (which included the main left-wing newspapers), or how the reporters were friends, even if they were part of different sides, even from an ideological point of view.

Scene de epocă interbelică (I)

Author(s): Dan Ciachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2019

The article highlights some aspects of interwar public life, particularly related to the press of that period. The author refers to the first modern newspaper in Romania, “Universul (The Universe)”, founded in 1884 but with a rich activity especially during the interwar period, to the newspaper “Cuvântul (The Word)”, whose director and owner was the philosopher Nae Ionescu, and where intellectuals of the time published their works, as well as the relationship between Nae Ionescu and King Carol II.

Omul şi clepsidra sa

Author(s): Camelia Suruianu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2017

The Christian intellectual is a necessity in the present Romanian society for a balanced dialogue between secular and religious values. Today, we have very few reliable intellectuals who propose a public discourse based on the Christian vision on the world. The formation of such an intellectual class necessarily involves bringing the prestigious figures of the interwar into the public space.

Probleme ale independenței și suveranității României oglindite în presa băcăuană între anii 1934 - 1936

Author(s): Elena Stan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IX/1977

Articolul prezintă modul în care presa băcăuană a reflectat în perioada 1934-1936 problemele legate de independența și suveranitatea României.

A Bund der Landwirte és a Deutsche christlichsoziale Volkspartei az 1918–1938-as években

Author(s): Lukáš Novotný / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2020

During its short existence, Czechoslovakia in the interwar period was characterized by a range of standard political parties, including not only right-wing, centre, and left-wing parties, but also political platforms set up on a national basis. The Bund der Landwirte (BdL) was the strongest civic party defending the interests of the Germans in Czechoslovakia during the entire existence of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The BdL was a leading promoter of German activism. About two and a half years after the war, it became apparent that cooperation was better than pursuing opposition policies against the Czechoslovak government, at least in the economic field. Representatives of the Deutsche christlichsoziale Volkspartei (DCV) also held a dialogue with Czechoslovak politicians, but the party´s departure from the government resulted in its gradual radicalization. The establishment and dominance of the Sudetendeutsche Partei (SdP) in the 1935 elections meant the fall of both activist parties.

Діяльність освітніх закладів у таборі інтернованих вояків Армії УНР Каліш (1921-1924 рр.)

Author(s): Igor Volodymyrovych Sribnyak / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

The article considers the peculiarities of the activities of educational institutions in the camp of interned troops of the Ukrainian People’s Republic Kalisz (Poland) in 1921-1924. Thanks to the assistance of the headquarters of the group of internees, literacy schools were established for illiterate Cossacks; the camp Gymnasium named after T. Shevchenko, thanks to which a significant number of campers were able to prepare for or continue secondary education. To a large extent, the three-year work of the Gymnasium (1921-1923) became possible thanks to significant humanitarian aid, provided by the American Charitable Organization YMCA, the Ukrainian Central Committee, Ukrainian Central Committee and individual philanthropists. The knowledge acquired by the internees facilitated their further adaptation to the new conditions of emigrant existence already on a civilian basis in Poland, as well as the process of their employment in other European countries.

Архіви української політичної еміграції в Польщі

Author(s): Maryna Paliienko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

The article analyzes the composition of the Ukrainian political emigration’s archival collections in the interwar period in Poland, traces the ways of their displacements during the Second World War, and determines its current storage locations and source potential for studying the problems of the political and military history of Ukraine as well as Polish-Ukrainian relations. It is defined that after the defeat of the Ukrainian War of Independence 1917-1921 valuable political and military archives were repatriated to Poland where they were preserved in the emigration centers established by the UNR Government in Tarnow, Сzestochowa and partly in Warsaw. During the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany, the archives of the UNR Directorate were repatriated to Krakow, and eventually, they came into the possession of Soviet security services that resulted in moving the archives to the USSR. As a consequence, these archives were classified for security reasons and stored in archival special fonds. Moreover, valuable documents that describe the activity of the Ukrainian political emigration and Polish-Ukrainian relationship, particularly the relations between Symon Petlura and Josef Pilsudski, can be found in the fonds of Polish institutions, such as Archiwum Akt Nowych, Сentralne Archiwum Wojskowe, National Library of Poland / Biblioteka Narodowa in Warsaw and the National Ossolinski Institute in Wroclaw. In Ukraine, the most considerable segment of the UNR emigration collections is presented nowadays by the fonds of the Central State Archive of Supreme Authorities and Governments of Ukraine in Kyiv. These documents have an important source potential for describing the processes of the Ukrainian state formation, struggles for independence along with detailed research of Polish-Ukrainian relations during the interwar period. The author states the relevance of preparing an electronic registry of Ukrainian emigration archival collections with the characterization of the content of collections, location of their creation, transportation routes, and their current location. It would embrace the research along with including the documents to the scientific narrative.

Trianon – a traumadráma természete

Author(s): Gábor Gyáni / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2-3/2020

LOUIS BARTHOU – ON A DIPLOMATIC MISSION TO SECURE AN “ORIENTAL AGREEMENT” (1934)

Author(s): Marusia Cirstea / Language(s): English Issue: XXI/2020

The article is founded on a number of unpublished documents and it highlights the fact that the French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou had a plan of negotiation for an “Oriental Agreement”, based on the principle of collective security. To accomplish this goal,in 1934 Barthou went on a tour of several countries in Eastern Europe (Poland and Czechoslovakia in April, Romania and Yugoslavia in June). Through these – summit – meetings, Barthou hoped to prepare a rapprochement between The Soviet Union, Poland and the Little Agreement, which, together with the Balkan Agreement, was meant “to constitute a new policy of Central and Oriental Europe, guaranteeing peace in Eastern Europe”.

Mérgezett gyógyszer?

Author(s): Márta Hantos-Varga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2018

The fundamental principle in the Christian theory of state is the permanent practice of common good (bonum commune), which includes the assurance of the goods of the individual. The peaceful and ordered coexistence in a political community (tranquillitas ordinis) is a prerequisite of the real social harmony. Although the search for the consensus value and the culture of the dialogue have their origins in the Christian idea of man and society, this fact as a natural attitude to follow was not perceived until the 1930s, due to historical and psychological reasons as well as the actual model of concept of the Catholic Church. The present study is part of a series, focusing on two proposals of the most provoking form of collaboration idea - i.e. the occasional collaborations between Catholics and Marxists in 1936 and 1937. Since the social problems, and that of the workers in particular, and the response to the dictatorial systems were key elements of Catholic thinking and Vatican politics, the proposals by Social Democrats and the Communists promoted at the time of the French Popular Front government, the Spanish Civil War and the consolidation of totalitarian systems, evoked significant theoretical reflections and contributed to the reform of the Catholic Church; despite the fact that these proposals were refused eventually.

„Egy vak és egy béna, ha összefognak…” A weimari Németország és Magyarország együttműködésének kérdéséhez

Author(s): László Orosz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2019

It is a historical commonplace that after World War I the only country on whose help Hungary could reckon in order to buttress her efforts to modify the Versailles borders was Germany. This, in turn, paved the way for Hungary as an ally and later vassal of Germany to the tragic events of World War II. While the attitude of Berlin to the chief priority of Hungarian politics, the issue of territorial revision, is best explored with regard to the post-1933 period, the preceding Weimar years also offer important lessons. These one and the half decades, however, by no means constitute a uniform period in terms of the cooperation of the two countries. Three subperiods can clearly be distinguished: the first years characterised by mutual mistrust and reservation (1918–1923); the position taken by the Stresemann administration, based on the rejection of Hungarian claims (1923–1929); and, finally, the tactical change of perspective in the later Weimar era (1930–1933). The paper examines these subperiods in turn, briefy surveying the prehistory of German-Hungarian relations before 1918 and Germany’s own trauma (Versailles Peace Treaty, internal and external crisis, consolidation) as well in order to facilitate the interpretation of the historical context.

The Flickering Lighthouse: Rethinking the British Judgement on Trianon

Author(s): Mark Cornwall / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This article reassesses the official British discourse around the Treaty of Trianon between 1919 and 1921. It studies a range of colorful opinions for and against the treaty, why they emerged at particular times, and why some could prevail over others. Especially it focuses on the rationale of those British parliamentarians or officials who spoke out against Trianon as being unjust to Hungary. These leading voices had varied backgrounds and prejudices, but they all had personal knowledge of Hungary either before or after World War I. The article is divided into three time-periods, thereby highlighting the main shifts in British opinion that were often caused by geo-political changes in Hungary itself. While the key British decisions were taken in 1919 at the time of the Paris Peace Conference, the vibrant and public British debate of 1920–21 also had a long-term impact: it sustained Hungarian hopes and illusions about a future revision of Trianon and about potential British sympathy. In fact, despite the strident voices heard during the British debate, the evidence suggests that there was more agreement among the British elite than some historians have suggested. By 1921, both opponents and supporters of Trianon had reached a certain pragmatic consensus; they recognized both the faults and the fairness of the peace settlement, but most now considered there could be no return to greater Hungary.