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Szegedi Péter: Az első aranykor. A magyar foci 1945-ig. (Kanári könyvek.) Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 2016. 504 oldal.
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Mihail Manoilescu strongly supported the industrialization of Romania during the interwar period. He felt that this was necessary in order to eliminate the developmental differences between Western and Eastern Europe. At that time, in Germany, there were plans for economic integration of the European continent (somewhat like today). These plans were, to a degree, at odds with Manoilescu's ideas about industrialization and the need for autarchy of national economies
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The article highlights the specifics and features of the formation of philosophical and anthropological studies in Soviet Ukraine. The author focuses on the scientific work carried out during the interwar period (1918-1939) and focuses on the work of such Ukrainian thinkers as Mykola Khvylovyi and Volodymyr Yurynets. It`s proved that before to the emergence of the H.Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the restoration of the Faculty of Philosophy of Kyiv State University, the works of Ukrianian philosophers of the 20-30’s focus mainly on the “deological” factor of human being and formation conception “communist person”. Accordingly, Volodymyr Yurynets introduced the concept of “living person”, which opposed the ideologized “class person” as such, which is limited in creativity and intellectual activity. Another thinker — Mykola Khvylovyi introduces in his work the concept of “public man”, which Ukrainian scientist characterizes as an image of a free, European personality. Finally, the author examines the relevance of the introduced concepts by the Ukrainian Soviet thinkers in the context of modern transformations in the understanding of the person.
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The administration policy of the Ministry of the Interior concerning military affairs in the years 1926–1939 was implemented by ministers of the interior and by selected organizational units of the Ministry of the Interior (Independent Military Department, Military Office), and by voivodes (military departments of voivodeship offices) and mayors locally (military units of municipality offices). During the first period of the government of Józef Piłsudski (1926–1930), the management of the Ministry of the Interior focused on organizational improvements in central and territorial bodies, i.e. in the general and territorial local government administration. Their main tasks involved: facilitating the conscription of recruits to the army, paying out military allo- wances, preparing a public administration structure for war mobilization and protection. Military training was supplemented radically by including physical education and by initiating social committees for physical education and physical training. Less attention was devoted to national anti-air and anti-gas defence. In the years 1930–1935, the Ministry of Military Affairs focused on improving current forms and methods of military conscription, military allowances, mobilization and protection, supervision over the cooperation of the general administration with commands of military units during training along with physical education and physical training. Much attention was concurrently devoted to the Republic’s anti-air and anti-gas defence. During the final years before the Second World War (1935–1939), war preparations were the priority. Of importance remained: military conscription, particularly after the announcement of 23 March 1939 about emergency military conscription via a secret system, mobiliza- tion and protection (e.g. immobilizing “undesirable elements in the state”), developing physical education and physical training, extending the structure of the nation’s anti-air and anti-gas defence, which involved the cooperation of the general administration, the local government, social associations, e.g. the League of Anti-air and Anti-gas Defence, the Polish Red Cross and the Association of Fire Brigades.
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The Ukrainian Social Democratic Party (USDP) was founded in 1899. It tried to combine the national idea and Marxism, took an active part in political life in Western Ukraine (until 1939). After the defeat of the Ukrainian revolution and the open transition to pro-communist positions in March 1923, the USDP was banned by the Polish authorities in early 1924. The ideological and organizational reconstruction of the Ukrainian Social Democracy, which was carried out since 1925, was completed in December 1928 by carrying out the Ukrainian Socialist Congress in Lviv. The restored USDP used parliamentary methods for the creation of an independent Ukrainian socialist state, opposed the Ukrainian nationalist underground, and had a relationship with Polish and Jewish socialists. In the 1930’s, the USDP three times participated in the processes of consolidation of the legitimate Ukrainian parties of national-state orientation in Poland, which periodically arose under the influence of a number of internal and external factors. In the pre-war decade, the crisis of democratic forces, the rise of authoritarianism in various forms across Europe negatively affected the public influence of the USDP, as well as Social Democracy in general in the Second Polish Republic.
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The phenomenon of espionage in the context of illegal migrations in the borderlands of the Second Republic of Poland has not been thoroughly examined so far. This article aims to analyse the procedure of crossing the state border illegally and explaining the impact of the phenomenon on the political and economic situation in the borderlands of the Tarnopolskie Voivodeship, specifically in the Poviats of Borszczów, Czortków, Kopyczyńce, Skałat and Zbaraż in the years 1921–1939. This it most probably the first attempt to explain the relationship between the status of the protection of the state bor- der, the Ukrainian and Polish conflict during the existence of the Polish state and the sabotage and intelligence activities of the Soviet authorities in the territories of one of the Eastern voivodeships of the Second Republic of Poland.
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In Câmpulung, the modernization of the street network, as well as of the entire city, was conditioned by both local and regional circumstances. Among these circumstances, the more significant ones are the following: The connections of Câmpulung, developed along the axes Brașov-Pitești-București, Brașov-Târgoviște and Curtea de Argeș-Râmnic. Well before the 19th century, the city had its street network significantly structured by these organically constituted trade routes, especially relevant since the main economic resource of the city originated in commerce and regional goods exchanges. Since its very beginnings, Câmpulung acted as a customs point and hosted an international annual fair which echoed well into contemporary times. In addition, the city was a necessary resting place before or after crossing the mountains on the commercial road through Brașov between Transylvania and the mouths of the Danube. National policies concerning transport and communication networks. New or improved roads were required by newly organized collective transportation services. The expansion of the railway network and the construction of the railway station constituted a major influence in shaping the southern area of the urban street network. The arrival of postal and telecommunication services determined the naming of streets and the numbering of houses. The relocation of the military quarters and of production spaces toward the outskirts of the city. Such major interventions in the socioeconomic fabric of the city generated in turn a renewed perspective on the necessity to improve the urban circulation infrastructure. The balneal and geo-climatic conditions, combined with the city's administrative status as county seat and its proximity to Bucharest. These uniquely intertwined factors acquired for Câmpulung a lasting privileged status in terms of available means of transport and communications, in terms of social standing of its inhabitants and visitors, as well as in terms of its economic potential and administrative capacity. In consequence, the city's successive administrations were expected and were also able to create new streets, to swiftly and decisively apply urban regulations, as well as to consistently pursue urban policies such as aligning houses and streets, setting up commercial venues, paving and embellishing streets, organizing civic squares.The comparative analysis of the 1790–1791 Austrian map with the two published city plans of 1923 and 1926, as well as with the direct experience of the urban territory, have led also to the conclusion that the modernizing process underwent by Câmpulung radically altered its Middle Age street network. This conclusion imposes a great deal of restraint in using these aforementioned plans for emitting or accepting the hypotheses concerning the Middle Age structure of the city, from its genesis onward – while the direct historical documents and the current level of archaeological investigations in the civil urban area are absolutely insufficient.
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In relation to historical images of towns from nowadays Romania, exhibitions catalogues and repertories have been printed, articles about prints, generally, have been written, few in the early part of the 20th century, especially during the interwar period. Most of these works were concerned about artists, parti¬cu¬larly those who worked in the 18th century or in the 19th century and only sometimes were also about the images made by those artists. Artists of earlier centuries were not analyzed in the interwar Romanian historio¬graphy, although images made by them have often been published and the works in which the images were printed were (partly) known. Images of towns can be found inside works that deal with some thematically or geographically narrowed topic of urban history, being only mentioned not truly valorised. There are works that use these images in texts of completely different topic, and, finally, there are views of towns used just to enrich the story.Historians have proved themselves conservative, preferring the political and economical information. When, however, they used images, more often they have reproduced them without commentaries. If, however, images were discussed in the text, they were not involved in a proper analysis, but destined only to illustrate a conclusion which was reached exclusively by using other sources.From the impressive quantity of information about artists, their journeys and views, this study will make reference only to details that have direct connection with representations of towns in present-day Romania (not the one from the interwar period).
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Considered and analyzed the negative statements of the Soviet population of the second half of September 1939 to enter the Soviet troops in Eastern Poland on the materials of the Soviet special services. Such statements are one of the important documentary evidence reflecting the mood in Soviet society at the beginning of World War II.
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In the first half of the 20th century, it was precisely the public libraries and reading rooms that have played an extremely important role in the processes of promoting progressive ideas and educating wide sections of society. Through their work these libraries have contributed to creating preconditions for the entire social and cultural transformation of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s society. Among other things, public libraries have been important actors in the processes of women’s empowerment, emancipation and education, and their reading rooms were often the only public space for sharing experiences and participating in socially beneficial activities. This paper presents activities that took place within the Muslim Public Library in Mostar from 1936 to 1941, enabling women not only to complete analphabetic courses but also to participate in the training and education of other women. Their engagement in the library has led many of them to become members of the anti-fascist resistance movement during the war and actively participate in the processes of post-war reconstruction and the building of a modern society of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Papp Barbara – Sipos Balázs: Modern, diplomás nő a Horthy-korban. Napvilág, Budapest, 2017. 340 oldal, 3500 Ft
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A significant twentieth-century prerequisite for the organization of academic activities of scientists of independent Lithuania was the pedagogical and, to some degree, research infrastructure at the University of Lithuania (since 1930 the Vytautas Magnus University), which in 1922 was established in Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania, as well as other specialized higher education institutions established in later periods. The following institutions were established during the period of Lithuania’s independence before the start of the Second World War: the Agricultural Academy (in 1924), the Conservatoire (in 1933), the Trade Institute of Klaipeda (in 1934), the Klaipeda Pedagogical Institute (in 1935), and the Veterinary Academy (in 1936).
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The purpose of the work is to determine the socio-cultural preconditions for the emergence and development of central provincial libraries as the leading public book collections of provincial cities in the territory of Ukraine in the 1920s, to identify the main features and socio-historical factors of their formation and activity, to study the specifics of functioning, place and importance in building a network of public libraries for the period. The methodology of the research is to apply both general scientific methods of research (description, comparison, analogy, deduction, induction, analysis, etc.), as well as historical (historical-comparative, historical-typological, chronological, etc.). The scientific novelty of the work is to expand ideas about the activities of the central provincial libraries as successors of the leading city book collections. Conclusions. With the establishment of Soviet power, after the nationalization and centralization of library collections, a network of central provincial libraries was established in Ukraine in the period 1919–1925 (some provinces and, accordingly, provincial libraries existed in the USSR until 1929). It is revealed that most of the central provincial libraries inherited the funds of the former city, public and provincial public libraries, some of which arose in the 19th century.
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The aim of the study. The article deals with the question of the complex analysis of the archival documents of the Central State Archive-Museum of Literature and Arts of Ukraine on the activities of the Kharkov cooperative publishing house «Rukh», which was formed in Ukraine during the period 1921- 1933. Methodology of the research. Historical, historical and biographical methods, analysis of archival documents, classification method are used. Scientific novelty is conditioned by poor knowledge of the activities of cooperative and public publishing structures of Ukraine of the twentieth century. The experience of such organizations has still not received adequate scientific coverage and has hardly been introduced into the practice of modern Ukrainian publishing houses.
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Purpose of the article is the analysis of compositional and lexical features of D. Shostakovich “The Bright Stream” ballet in F. Lopukhov and O. Ratmanskyi ballet-masters dance versions. Methodology. The work methodology includes using such culturological methods as general historical, comparative historical, analytical and biographical. Scientific Novelty. The novelty of publication is an objective and unprejudiced analysis (from the position of modern art studies) Soviet era choreographers achievements, comparison their results with modern ballet-masters accomplishments. Conclusions. For the first time “The Bright Stream” was shown in April 1935. Despite the success among the audience, because of allegedly distorted attitude to Soviet reality, the performance was admitted as wrong. The second “live” for D. Shostakovich ballet gave O. Ratmanskyi in 2003. He managed to renew performance without changing libretto and fill it with new comic sounding; in compositional decision expanded mass scenes, used original choreographic pictures, harmoniously combine classic dance moves with physical acrobatic elements.
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The article compares Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian architecture from the 1920s and 1930s from the point of view of publicly commissioned assignments and architectural solutions. Since these three were ‘beginner’ states at the time, the extent to which they had sufficient professionals (i.e. architects) will also be addressed. Attention will also be paid to the emergence of Estonian and Latvian architecture from Baltic German culture and their architects’ continuous orientation towards Germany, while architecture in Lithuania was more heterogeneous.
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Purpose of the article is to preserve and introduce into the scientific and cultural circulation outstanding music sheet of Boris Lyatoshinsky into the Olympic musical space. The methodology of the research - source study, historiographic - in the development of scientific literature and sources to reproduce historical realities; comparative-historical - to track the main stages of development of the competitive movement in Ukraine; biographical - when clarifying the contribution of Ukrainian composers to the development of the Olympic music movement. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the return to the musical circulation of the outstanding musical notes and the theoretical representation of the Olympic movement in the scientific literature. Conclusions. The «Solemn March» of Boris Lyatoshinsky has become a brand of the music Olympic movement and makes it possible to combine different eras - the 30s of the 20th century and modernity and show the continuity of the musical Olympic movement in Ukraine. Further studies of the bookmarks of Ukraine with the aim of preserving and introducing into the scientific and cultural circulation of the national musical heritage are considered a promising direction in the development of art study.
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Purpose of research. The paper analyzes the main artworks of the New York period A. Manevich, which absorbed the principles of Cezanne oeuvre. The research method is based on the application of art-study, biographical and comparative approaches. Application of the interdisciplinary methodology allowed us to reveal existing analogies between the specifics of the painting techniques of A. Manevich 1921-1927 and the formal approaches of P. Cezanne, which dated back to 1880-1890s. The scientific novelty is that the presence of Cezanneism in A. Manevich's practice is considered for the first time in the art history of Ukraine. Conclusions Departure of A. Manevich from his previous impressionistic experience, which intensified after the 1921 emigration to the United States, is an evolutionary-logical process. The development of A. Manevich's creative personality is coherent with the processes of worldview revaluations that took place in the fine art of European modernism during the 1880-1910s. The name of A. Manevich is inextricably linked with the reformist transformations of the Ukrainian Art, which, by overcoming the stereotypes of local provincialism, led the Ukrainian school to a broad international arena.
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