"Kretanje" nepokretne imovine beogradskih Jevreja kao posledica Holokausta

Author(s): Haris Dajc,Maja Vasiljevic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2014

The focus of this research is the process of arianization of the immovable Jewish property in Belgrade and its fate in the post war years. The introduction is focused on the life of Belgrade Jews in the prewar years, first Antisemitic laws and discrimination of Belgrade Jews. In a course of the few months and years once equal citizens lost their jobs and positions. The worst happened after the German occupation in April 1941. the new authorities made lists of all Belgrade Jews and all of their property. After the Holocaust there were less than 15% of Belgrade Jews left with just scratches of their prewar ossessions. The new Yugoslavia did not help much economical situation of its Jewish citizens, the mechanics of keeping as state property the immovable property that was taken as the result of the Holocaust, remained strong and constant in the decades following 1945. The 4 different case studies describe different cases of nationalization of the Jewish property by the Yugoslav state. Outcome in all of the 4 cases was the same and although the old owners were accepted as the Nazi victims their property was still the property of the old Belgrade bourgeoisie. That is the reason why the Holocaust in Belgrade and its consequences were so devastating and one of the answers why once big and prosperous Jewish community of Belgrade could not escape hard post war years.

"Vergangenheitsbewältigung" po česku

Holokaust v českém samizdatu

Author(s): Peter Hallama / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

This is a Czech translation of ‘“Vergangenheitsbewältigung” auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat’, which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237–60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissident literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretation, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning of the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrast, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history – whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat.

(Nie)topika Zagłady w NN „Opowieściach zasłyszanych”

Author(s): Katarzyna Kuczynska-Koschany / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

The article is a twofold attempt: at re‑reading the category of a topos after the Shoah and at interpreting the particular record of the oral history in the context of the liminal metamorphoses the notion of the topoi – crucial in European culture and literature – has undergone. In the first part of the text, the author recapitulates the studies on the aforementioned category – from Aristoteles to the twentieth century scholars (Curtius, Lausberg, Ziomek, Abramowska, Panas); in the second part, she tries to apply it in interpretative practice.

1941 M. KOVO 19 D. LAF ATSIŠAUKIMAS: PROVOKACIJA, FALSIFIKATAS AR TIKRAS DOKUMENTAS?

Author(s): Stanislovas Stasiulis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 38/2016

This article concerns the leaflet of the Lithuanian Activist Front, dated 19 March 1941. The leaflet, titled Dear enslaved brothers! has two different versions. One version has a sentence which calls that “The traitor will be pardoned only provided he proves beyond doubt that he has killed one Jew at least”. Another version of this document does not have the same sentence, but holds a remark that it is a multiplied copy of the document. Archival resources show that the version of this leaflet with the already mentioned sentence was found in the house of anti-Soviet activist Osvaldas Žadvydas during rummaging. The interrogations of the paticipants of the anti-Soviet underground movement in Lithuania show that the leaflet came from Berlin to Lithuania on 23 March 1941. This leaflet was multiplied and circulated in various places of Lithuania. The interrogation of one of the major LAF signalmen Mykolas Naujokaitis underlines that all documentation and leaflets were sent from Berlin to Lithuania by an active Voldemarist and Head of the LAF Commission of Relations with Lithuania Stasys Puodžius. This article underlines that the authorship of the leaflet with the mentioned sentence belongs to the leadership of the LAF Berlin branch and the fraction of Voldemarists.

75. rocznica akcji „Reinhardt”

Author(s): Dariusz Libionka,Jacek Leociak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 13/2017

W nocy z 16 na 17 marca 1942 r. o godzinie 22.00 getto w Lublinie zostało otoczone przez SS i formacje pomocnicze1. Na zaciemnionych ulicach włączono oświetlenie. Przedstawiciele Policji Bezpieczeństwa zakomunikowali zebranym pospiesznie członkom Judenratu decyzję o przesiedleniu większości mieszkańców, wyjąwszy posiadaczy wydanych tydzień wcześniej kart pracy. Mieli oni zostać przeniesieni do wydzielonej części getta. Pozostali mieli podlegać deportacji. Wszelkie próby uchylania się od wywózki miały być karane śmiercią. Z miejsca przystąpiono do realizacji tego planu. Oprawcy wdzierali się do mieszkań, wypędzając zdezorientowanych Żydów na ulice. Zastrzelono kilkadziesiąt osób, a 1500 zapędzono na rampę kolejową.

A „fasizmus áldozata lett”

Author(s): Péter Tibor Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2015

A Border Biography: The Image of the Past in Eva Nahir Panić’s Memories as Presented in Dane Ilić’s Eva

Author(s): Katarzyna Taczynska / Language(s): English / Issue: 41/2018

The primary objective of this text is an analysis of Eva Nahir Panić’s biography (she lived from 1918 to 2015) titled Eva, written by Dane Ilić. The protagonist of this story is a Jewish woman born in Čakovec, who married a Serbian officer, survived the Holocaust, went through the camp for the Cominformists, and finally immigrated to Israel. An interpretative category that creates a framework for reading the text is the term “borderline,” which encompasses two meanings here. The first includes borderline situations (such as the Holocaust and the stay in the Sveti Grgur prison camp) which Nahir Panić had to face in her life and which left an indelible mark on her (the burden of her traumatic experience is passed on to the next generation, in Eva’s daughter, Tijana—signifying a postmemory issue). The second pertains to how she functioned in the borders between cultures which directly influenced her fate. With reference to Ewa Domańska’s concept of the rescue history project executed in Poland, I suggest that the life of Eva Nahir Panić, though undoubtedly filled with painful experiences, ought to be considered not in terms of victimization, but of rebirth and affirmation. Nahir Panić’s life story is a highly personalized narrative, which presents her own identity project, and through it the reader discovers the potential of the community. This may also provide a starting point for reflecting on the history of Yugoslavia.

A Case of Successful Transitional Justice

Fritz Bauer and his Late Recognition in the Federal Republic of Germany

Author(s): Jakub Gortat / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Germany is an example of a country which has been implementing transitional justice for decades and is still active in this field. What is more, contemporary Germans have recently come to terms with their not-so-distant past and their negligence in this area by showing the falsehood, backwardness, and injustice as negative foundations of the young Federal Republic. This article evokes the person of Fritz Bauer, the prosecutor in the state of Hessen. His struggle for human dignity and the memory of his achievements after his death exemplify an accomplished case of transitional justice and the memory of it. During his lifetime he contributed to bringing to trial numerous Nazi criminals, even at the cost of habitual threats and disregard. Forgotten for a few decades, Bauer and his legacy have been recently rediscovered and studied. Eventually, Bauer became a movie character and was finally brought back to the collective memory of Germans. The belated, but a well-deserved wave of popularity of Fritz Bauer in the German culture memory proves that reflections on the transitional justice are still topical and important.

A challenge to collective memory: Yitskhok Rudashevski’s Diary of the Vilna Ghetto

Author(s): Mindaugas Kvietkauskas / Language(s): English / Issue: 42/2018

This article aims to analyse the diary of Yitskhok Rudashevski (1927–1943), the story of its writing and publication and the existing biographical material about the author. It attempts to answer the question of what is or could be the significance of this lieu de mémoire for the current developments in Holocaust memory culture in Lithuania. The adopted definitions of cultural and collective memory and sites of memory are based on the concepts proposed by Jan and Aleida Assmann and Pierre Nora. On the one hand, the diary written by a child in the Vilnius ghetto is of major documentary, moral and aesthetic significance and stimulates individual empathy. On the other hand, the text raises acute issues reflecting a conflict between different memory narratives and interpretations of history. Pro-Soviet sympathies of the author, negative imagery of Lithuanians and certain deheroisation of the ghetto community make the text a “problematic” memory site. These challenges of the diary are interpreted as indicators showing whether contemporary Holocaust narrative in Lithuania is already mature enough to accept the dialogical forms of cultural memory.

A few considerations on strategies of remembrance using the world wide web: fragments of 1944

Author(s): Dan Alexandru Savoaia / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2018

In a world where the position of historians is increasingly more complex to delineate and characterize, the World Wide Web represents a medium where history and histories are being written, restored or interpreted on a daily basis. Faced with the tremendousness of this space and their intrinsic liability to infinite obliviousness, events and places of the past are still waiting to be uncovered. But how can one draw the attention to history and bring the 'voices' of the people into the digital age whilst using community-created content in a coherent manner? Given this framework, it is the aim of my paper to analyze two projects that aspire at engaging people with history: 'Yellow-star house project' and 'A mate from the past. 1944 LIVE'. My analysis is based on the interpretative structure proposed by Suzanna K. Conrad, according to which digital stories have multiple purposes. While referring to the projects' context, audience and message, the current contribution focuses on two aspects, namely outreach-activism and the practice of digital storytelling as a way of archiving history.

A hétköznapi erényekről

Kísérlet a holokauszt idején tanúsított egyedülálló bolgár magatartás magyarázatára

Author(s): Toso Doncsev / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

“Rescuing Jews” in Bulgaria refers to the fact that during World War II in a Bulgaria allied with Nazi Germany there were two occasions when the nearly 50,000 Bulgarian-citizen Jews averted deportation at the last minute ina near-miraculous way. Th e outcome was that Bulgaria became the only European country whose Jewish population was larger at the end of the war than at the beginning. But I need to underscore that the story is limited exclusively to Jews who were Bulgarian citizens, because the other part of this history is of Macedonia, and Trakya (Thrace), in the Aegean Sea. These regions were turned over to Bulgaria administratively but not annexed,and with the aid of the Bulgarian authorities the nearly 12,000 Jews who lacked Bulgarian citizenship were deported in 1943. Since this occurred in an early stage of the Holocaust,hardly anyone survived. Th e Bulgarian historians and the country’s official policy deserve kudos in accepting responsibility for the events in the territories they were occupying militarily, and today, in 2015 they are increasingly sincere in facing up to their actions. Indirectly, this makes the actions of the heroes in “Old Bulgaria,” in other words, present-day Bulgaria, which rescued the Jews, even more praiseworthy.

A hétköznapi erényekről. Kísérlet a holokauszt idején tanúsított egyedülálló bolgár magatartás magyarázatára

Author(s): Toso Doncsev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Hungarian / Publication Year: 2016

“Rescuing Jews” in Bulgaria refers to the fact that during World War II in a Bulgaria allied with Nazi Germany there were two occasions when the nearly 50,000 Bulgarian-citizen Jews averted deportation at the last minute ina near-miraculous way. Th e outcome was that Bulgaria became the only European country whose Jewish population was larger at the end of the war than at the beginning. But I need to underscore that the story is limited exclusively to Jews who were Bulgarian citizens, because the other part of this history is of Macedonia, and Trakya (Thrace), in the Aegean Sea. These regions were turned over to Bulgaria administratively but not annexed,and with the aid of the Bulgarian authorities the nearly 12,000 Jews who lacked Bulgarian citizenship were deported in 1943. Since this occurred in an early stage of the Holocaust,hardly anyone survived. Th e Bulgarian historians and the country’s official policy deserve kudos in accepting responsibility for the events in the territories they were occupying militarily, and today, in 2015 they are increasingly sincere in facing up to their actions. Indirectly, this makes the actions of the heroes in “Old Bulgaria,” in other words, present-day Bulgaria, which rescued the Jews, even more praiseworthy.

A holokauszt a világ emlékezetének gyújtópontjában

Author(s): Aleida Assmann / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2015

A jugoszláviai holokauszt emlékezete Szerbiában – irodalmi és tudományos igényű könyvek tükrében

Author(s): György Szerbhorváth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2015

David, Filip: Kuća sećanja i zaborava. Beograd, Laguna, 2014. Albahari, David: Gec i Majer. Beograd, Stubovi kulture, 2008. Almuli, Jaša: Stradanje i spasavanje srpskih Jevreja. Beograd, Zavod za udžbenike, 2010. Almuli, Jaša: Ostali su živi. Beograd, Zavod za udžbenike, 2013. Pokrajinska komisija za utvrdjivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača u Vojvodini: Zločini okupatora i njihovih pomagača u Vojvodini protiiv Jevreja (istrebljenje, deportacija, mučenje, hapšenje pljačka). Priredio dr Drago Njegovan. Novi Sad, Prometej, Malo istorijsko društvo, 2011.

A körgyógynapszámos

Author(s): Pál Kádár / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A manuscript of Pejsach Bergman of blessed memory, according to a copy received from his son, Bronisław Bergman

Author(s): Joanna Tokarska-Bakir,Pesach Bergman / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2017

The text by Pesach Bergman (1898–1944) is an excerpt from his fictionalized memoirs about the life of the shtetl of Widawa from the late 19th century to the 1930s. Written in Yiddish, it was translated into Polish by Dr. Marcin Urynowicz, with the assistance of Sara Arm. It constitutes an original and unique literary genre in itself, which is closest to the meditation (Latin: soliloquia), combining elements of social criticism and sentimental recollections.

A pokol szívében

Author(s): János Pelle / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2015

About Us and Our Neighbours: History Textbooks in the Republic of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine

Author(s): Sergiu Musteata / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2017

The principal research question pursued by this work is as follows: How do the Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine present one another in their history curricula and textbooks? How do the history textbooks of each of these three countries present the relationship between majorities and minorities?This book is thus focused on two main objectives: first, to generate improved understanding of the state of the discipline of history in these countries via discussion of reforms to and debates around history curricula in each country, and second, to shed light on the ways in which history textbooks in each of the three countries represent the other two and their peoples.Curriculum development and textbook production in all three countries still remain centralised. Textbooks are produced by state and private publishing houses. Most textbooks are curriculum-based and developed according to the guidelines issued by the Ministries of Education. Through their textbook publishing policy, these ministries control the content and quality of textbooks. History curricula and textbooks in all three countries have progressed, but we still encounter many problems. Among them are the following:• the content of curricula and history textbooks continues to place too much emphasis on national aspects to the detriment of the world, regional, and local dimensions of history;• it reflects the history of wars and violence instead of giving more space to periods of peaceful coexistence, cooperation and cultural communication, or of mutual enrichment between various social groups as well as between nations;• it neglects regional history and cultural and historical links with neighbouring countries;• as it stands, it causes problems in history education and the development of ethnic identity, as well as the relationship between “Us” and “Others”;• it leads to or accepts poor textbook design.The relationship between national and European history remains a closely debated topic in all three societies. Their shared reality, as evidenced by this study, is that all three countries are currently not presenting one another in any meaningful way in their history textbooks at all educational levels. In all three countries, history education and textbooks are dominated by political history and narratives of victimisation. National histories do not pay attention to their neighbours.History textbooks play an important part in the process of collective identity formation, building a relationship with the past and creating an image of the “other”. The content of textbooks determines, in many cases, students' attitudes to their neighbours. Therefore, in order to improve the situation in history education and to develop a tolerant approach to “others” in history textbooks, there is a great need for joint efforts by politicians, professionals and members of civil society in Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.

Aftereffects - The representation of the Holocaust, its universal moral implication and the trans generational transformation of the trauma based on the Israeli documentary film OY MAMA

Author(s): Liat Steir-Livny / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2017

The Holocaust has found ample expression in Israeli documentary cinema throughout the years. The case study of the paper is the documentary film Oy Mama (Noa Maiman; Orna Ben-Dor Niv, 2010). In the documentary, third generation Holocaust survivor Maiman explores the way the trauma of her 95-year-old grandmother, Fira, influenced the second and third generation, and the way it combines in the life of Fira’s Peruvian caregiver, Magna, and Magna’s 5-year-old daughter, Firita, who are about to be deported from Israel. The paper will analyze the complex combination it generates between generations, past and present, Jewish-Israelis and research, which questions the trans generational transformation of the trauma, the paper will show how Maiman claims that the Holocaust shaped the identity of the second and third generation in her family. The paper will also show how through the combination of Fira’s, Magma’s and Firita’s stories, Noa asks, not only to commemorate a familial Holocaust story, but also to enable the viewers to interpret the present through the past, hoping it will help the plea of the foreign worker.

Akcja „Reinhardt” w świetle najnowszej niemieckiej literatury przedmiotu

Author(s): Stephan Lehnstaedt / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 13/2017

Akcja „Reinhardt” to niemieckim określenie maskujące, za którym kryje się wymordowanie w latach 1942–1943 co najmniej 1,8 mln Żydów w obozach zagłady w Bełżcu, Sobiborze i Treblince. Spośród Żydów skierowanych do tych obozów przeżyło mniej niż 150 osób. Dwie z nich to ocaleni z Bełżca, pozostali zaś mniej więcej po połowie przeszli przez obozy zagłady w Sobiborze i Treblince. Prawie wszyscy wyjechali po wojnie z Polski – do Izraela albo do Stanów Zjednoczonych.