"Kretanje" nepokretne imovine beogradskih Jevreja kao posledica Holokausta

Author(s): Haris Dajč,Maja Vasiljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2014

The focus of this research is the process of arianization of the immovable Jewish property in Belgrade and its fate in the post war years. The introduction is focused on the life of Belgrade Jews in the prewar years, first Antisemitic laws and discrimination of Belgrade Jews. In a course of the few months and years once equal citizens lost their jobs and positions. The worst happened after the German occupation in April 1941. the new authorities made lists of all Belgrade Jews and all of their property. After the Holocaust there were less than 15% of Belgrade Jews left with just scratches of their prewar ossessions. The new Yugoslavia did not help much economical situation of its Jewish citizens, the mechanics of keeping as state property the immovable property that was taken as the result of the Holocaust, remained strong and constant in the decades following 1945. The 4 different case studies describe different cases of nationalization of the Jewish property by the Yugoslav state. Outcome in all of the 4 cases was the same and although the old owners were accepted as the Nazi victims their property was still the property of the old Belgrade bourgeoisie. That is the reason why the Holocaust in Belgrade and its consequences were so devastating and one of the answers why once big and prosperous Jewish community of Belgrade could not escape hard post war years.

"Vergangenheitsbewältigung" po česku

Holokaust v českém samizdatu

Author(s): Peter Hallama / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2016

This is a Czech translation of ‘“Vergangenheitsbewältigung” auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat’, which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237–60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissident literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretation, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning of the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrast, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history – whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat.

(Nie)poruszeni: O Zagładzie, oglądających, odgrywających i opowiadających historię. Perspektywa afektywna. Grzegorz Niziołek Polski teatr Zagłady

Author(s): Katarzyna Bojarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2013

Review: Grzegorz Nizio³ek Polish Holocaust Theatre

(Nie)topika Zagłady w NN „Opowieściach zasłyszanych”

Author(s): Katarzyna Kuczyńska-Koschany / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The article is a twofold attempt: at re‑reading the category of a topos after the Shoah and at interpreting the particular record of the oral history in the context of the liminal metamorphoses the notion of the topoi – crucial in European culture and literature – has undergone. In the first part of the text, the author recapitulates the studies on the aforementioned category – from Aristoteles to the twentieth century scholars (Curtius, Lausberg, Ziomek, Abramowska, Panas); in the second part, she tries to apply it in interpretative practice.

(Od)czytywanie losów żydowskich

Author(s): Natalia Aleksiun / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

This text introduces a collection of articles which seek to interpret Jewish ego documents and testimonies, broadly defined. Reading these documents facilitates a process of uncovering intimate threads and problematizing Jewish biographies.

(Re)konstruowanie narracji – działanie w przestrzeni publicznej – edukacja. Postpamięć zagłady Żydów lubelskich: studium przypadku

Author(s): Marta Kubiszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2020

Although originally the term ‘post-memory’ referred to the experiences and memories of the survivors that influenced the biographies of their children, in the following years its meaning was extended and the concept started to be used to describe the processes of transmitting the memory of any traumatic experience within any group, not necessarily bound by blood. In the case of Lublin, where one third of the pre-war community consisted of Jews, most of whom were murdered during World War II, the position of non-Jewish vicarious witnesses seems to be particularly important. This article discusses some aspects of the Holocaust post-memory discourse referring to the cultural activities of the ‘Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre’ Centre. Research questions will concern the artistic language and means of expression of these projects as well as the aesthetic codes that are being used by vicarious witnesses.

1941 M. KOVO 19 D. LAF ATSIŠAUKIMAS: PROVOKACIJA, FALSIFIKATAS AR TIKRAS DOKUMENTAS?

Author(s): Stanislovas Stasiulis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2016

This article concerns the leaflet of the Lithuanian Activist Front, dated 19 March 1941. The leaflet, titled Dear enslaved brothers! has two different versions. One version has a sentence which calls that “The traitor will be pardoned only provided he proves beyond doubt that he has killed one Jew at least”. Another version of this document does not have the same sentence, but holds a remark that it is a multiplied copy of the document. Archival resources show that the version of this leaflet with the already mentioned sentence was found in the house of anti-Soviet activist Osvaldas Žadvydas during rummaging. The interrogations of the paticipants of the anti-Soviet underground movement in Lithuania show that the leaflet came from Berlin to Lithuania on 23 March 1941. This leaflet was multiplied and circulated in various places of Lithuania. The interrogation of one of the major LAF signalmen Mykolas Naujokaitis underlines that all documentation and leaflets were sent from Berlin to Lithuania by an active Voldemarist and Head of the LAF Commission of Relations with Lithuania Stasys Puodžius. This article underlines that the authorship of the leaflet with the mentioned sentence belongs to the leadership of the LAF Berlin branch and the fraction of Voldemarists.

50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E

Author(s): Dominika Macocha / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

This richly illustrated text is a descriptive introduction to Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation, detailing the idea behind the work, the process of its creation, and its suggested interpretations. The file is concluded with a link to the film The Mystery of Forest Lakelet.

75. rocznica akcji „Reinhardt”

Author(s): Dariusz Libionka,Jacek Leociak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

W nocy z 16 na 17 marca 1942 r. o godzinie 22.00 getto w Lublinie zostało otoczone przez SS i formacje pomocnicze1. Na zaciemnionych ulicach włączono oświetlenie. Przedstawiciele Policji Bezpieczeństwa zakomunikowali zebranym pospiesznie członkom Judenratu decyzję o przesiedleniu większości mieszkańców, wyjąwszy posiadaczy wydanych tydzień wcześniej kart pracy. Mieli oni zostać przeniesieni do wydzielonej części getta. Pozostali mieli podlegać deportacji. Wszelkie próby uchylania się od wywózki miały być karane śmiercią. Z miejsca przystąpiono do realizacji tego planu. Oprawcy wdzierali się do mieszkań, wypędzając zdezorientowanych Żydów na ulice. Zastrzelono kilkadziesiąt osób, a 1500 zapędzono na rampę kolejową.

A Border Biography: The Image of the Past in Eva Nahir Panić’s Memories as Presented in Dane Ilić’s Eva

Author(s): Katarzyna Taczyńska / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2018

The primary objective of this text is an analysis of Eva Nahir Panić’s biography (she lived from 1918 to 2015) titled Eva, written by Dane Ilić. The protagonist of this story is a Jewish woman born in Čakovec, who married a Serbian officer, survived the Holocaust, went through the camp for the Cominformists, and finally immigrated to Israel. An interpretative category that creates a framework for reading the text is the term “borderline,” which encompasses two meanings here. The first includes borderline situations (such as the Holocaust and the stay in the Sveti Grgur prison camp) which Nahir Panić had to face in her life and which left an indelible mark on her (the burden of her traumatic experience is passed on to the next generation, in Eva’s daughter, Tijana—signifying a postmemory issue). The second pertains to how she functioned in the borders between cultures which directly influenced her fate. With reference to Ewa Domańska’s concept of the rescue history project executed in Poland, I suggest that the life of Eva Nahir Panić, though undoubtedly filled with painful experiences, ought to be considered not in terms of victimization, but of rebirth and affirmation. Nahir Panić’s life story is a highly personalized narrative, which presents her own identity project, and through it the reader discovers the potential of the community. This may also provide a starting point for reflecting on the history of Yugoslavia.

A Case of Successful Transitional Justice

Fritz Bauer and his Late Recognition in the Federal Republic of Germany

Author(s): Jakub Gortat / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Germany is an example of a country which has been implementing transitional justice for decades and is still active in this field. What is more, contemporary Germans have recently come to terms with their not-so-distant past and their negligence in this area by showing the falsehood, backwardness, and injustice as negative foundations of the young Federal Republic. This article evokes the person of Fritz Bauer, the prosecutor in the state of Hessen. His struggle for human dignity and the memory of his achievements after his death exemplify an accomplished case of transitional justice and the memory of it. During his lifetime he contributed to bringing to trial numerous Nazi criminals, even at the cost of habitual threats and disregard. Forgotten for a few decades, Bauer and his legacy have been recently rediscovered and studied. Eventually, Bauer became a movie character and was finally brought back to the collective memory of Germans. The belated, but a well-deserved wave of popularity of Fritz Bauer in the German culture memory proves that reflections on the transitional justice are still topical and important.

A CASE STUDY COMPARING GOOD PRACTICE IN THE USE OF PEDAGOGICAL RESOURCES IN HOLOCAUST EDUCATION IN ENGLAND AND REPUBLIKA SRPSKA

Author(s): Danilo Kovač / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The aim of this study is to analyze good practice in teaching about the Holocaust, comparing the use of pedagogical resources in Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and England (United Kingdom). The paper compares the use of three types of pedagogical resources used in history classes: fictional films, documentaries, and photographs of Holocaust atrocities. Comparison is drawn between a developing and post-conflict society (Republika Srpska) and the well-established and reputable English educational system. By cross-referencing teachers’ and students’ answers, the paper attempts to identify good practice of notable value to be shared and exchanged. The research method firstly incorporated questionnaires, followed by interviews and then lesson observation. Data revealed that teachers in both education systems do not appear to consider all the educational benefits of film screening. The way teachers from England use pictures of Holocaust atrocities and organization of school trips seem to be applicable to the context of Republika Srpska, as well as being useful for classroom practitioners beyond these two education systems.

A challenge to collective memory: Yitskhok Rudashevski’s Diary of the Vilna Ghetto

Author(s): Mindaugas Kvietkauskas / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2018

This article aims to analyse the diary of Yitskhok Rudashevski (1927–1943), the story of its writing and publication and the existing biographical material about the author. It attempts to answer the question of what is or could be the significance of this lieu de mémoire for the current developments in Holocaust memory culture in Lithuania. The adopted definitions of cultural and collective memory and sites of memory are based on the concepts proposed by Jan and Aleida Assmann and Pierre Nora. On the one hand, the diary written by a child in the Vilnius ghetto is of major documentary, moral and aesthetic significance and stimulates individual empathy. On the other hand, the text raises acute issues reflecting a conflict between different memory narratives and interpretations of history. Pro-Soviet sympathies of the author, negative imagery of Lithuanians and certain deheroisation of the ghetto community make the text a “problematic” memory site. These challenges of the diary are interpreted as indicators showing whether contemporary Holocaust narrative in Lithuania is already mature enough to accept the dialogical forms of cultural memory.

A cservenkai túlélő. A bori munkaszolgálat

Author(s): Tamás Csapody / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2019

Most of the Hungarians who were taken for forced labour to the Serbian camp of Bor during World War II perished there. Yet most of the casualties happened not at the site of the forced labour but in the course of the countermarch. The greatest mass execution took place at Cservenka, where some 1000 Jewish forced labourers were killed overnight. One of the few survivors put to writing the horrific events he had lived through. The paper publishes the memoirs with an introductory study.

A Dolesch–Velich-ügy. Nyilas tisztviselők internálása Pest megye Kiskőrösi járásában 1944 nyarán

Author(s): György Fuchs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2020

In the summer of 1944, Dr. János Benedek, főszolgabíró of Kiskőrös district, had two officials of the local far right interned, in a country under Nazi occupation and governed by an administration that closely collaborated with the occupying forces. The dominant view of Hungarian public administration is that it slavishly served the German invaders and the collaboration Sztójay administration on every level, before all with regard to the deportation of the Jewish population. The evidence offerred by the memoirs of dr. János Benedek, on the other hand, and the investigational material that has been subsequently revealed, show that in the greatest county of Hungary there were people in the public administration, from the public notary to the főispán, and even in the Ministry of Home Affairs, who, assisting each other, proved able to doublecross the regime and put up covert resistance. As very few memoirs from people acting as főszolgabíró have come down to us, especially from the twentieth century, it is extremely precious to glimpse the complicated web of the lower layer of the administration of the Holocaust era from the perspective of an official whom the local far-right extremists wanted to have removed on account of his sabotage of the anti-Jewish legistation. The investigations give us a sense of the elbow room that was available to contemporary county officials against the ever increasing pressure of far-right extremist movements and parties in order to preserve their control over the administration.

A few considerations on strategies of remembrance using the world wide web: fragments of 1944

Author(s): Dan Alexandru Savoaia / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2018

In a world where the position of historians is increasingly more complex to delineate and characterize, the World Wide Web represents a medium where history and histories are being written, restored or interpreted on a daily basis. Faced with the tremendousness of this space and their intrinsic liability to infinite obliviousness, events and places of the past are still waiting to be uncovered. But how can one draw the attention to history and bring the 'voices' of the people into the digital age whilst using community-created content in a coherent manner? Given this framework, it is the aim of my paper to analyze two projects that aspire at engaging people with history: 'Yellow-star house project' and 'A mate from the past. 1944 LIVE'. My analysis is based on the interpretative structure proposed by Suzanna K. Conrad, according to which digital stories have multiple purposes. While referring to the projects' context, audience and message, the current contribution focuses on two aspects, namely outreach-activism and the practice of digital storytelling as a way of archiving history.

A hétköznapi erényekről

Kísérlet a holokauszt idején tanúsított egyedülálló bolgár magatartás magyarázatára

Author(s): Toso Doncsev / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

“Rescuing Jews” in Bulgaria refers to the fact that during World War II in a Bulgaria allied with Nazi Germany there were two occasions when the nearly 50,000 Bulgarian-citizen Jews averted deportation at the last minute ina near-miraculous way. Th e outcome was that Bulgaria became the only European country whose Jewish population was larger at the end of the war than at the beginning. But I need to underscore that the story is limited exclusively to Jews who were Bulgarian citizens, because the other part of this history is of Macedonia, and Trakya (Thrace), in the Aegean Sea. These regions were turned over to Bulgaria administratively but not annexed,and with the aid of the Bulgarian authorities the nearly 12,000 Jews who lacked Bulgarian citizenship were deported in 1943. Since this occurred in an early stage of the Holocaust,hardly anyone survived. Th e Bulgarian historians and the country’s official policy deserve kudos in accepting responsibility for the events in the territories they were occupying militarily, and today, in 2015 they are increasingly sincere in facing up to their actions. Indirectly, this makes the actions of the heroes in “Old Bulgaria,” in other words, present-day Bulgaria, which rescued the Jews, even more praiseworthy.

A hétköznapi erényekről. Kísérlet a holokauszt idején tanúsított egyedülálló bolgár magatartás magyarázatára

Author(s): Toso Doncsev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Hungarian

“Rescuing Jews” in Bulgaria refers to the fact that during World War II in a Bulgaria allied with Nazi Germany there were two occasions when the nearly 50,000 Bulgarian-citizen Jews averted deportation at the last minute ina near-miraculous way. Th e outcome was that Bulgaria became the only European country whose Jewish population was larger at the end of the war than at the beginning. But I need to underscore that the story is limited exclusively to Jews who were Bulgarian citizens, because the other part of this history is of Macedonia, and Trakya (Thrace), in the Aegean Sea. These regions were turned over to Bulgaria administratively but not annexed,and with the aid of the Bulgarian authorities the nearly 12,000 Jews who lacked Bulgarian citizenship were deported in 1943. Since this occurred in an early stage of the Holocaust,hardly anyone survived. Th e Bulgarian historians and the country’s official policy deserve kudos in accepting responsibility for the events in the territories they were occupying militarily, and today, in 2015 they are increasingly sincere in facing up to their actions. Indirectly, this makes the actions of the heroes in “Old Bulgaria,” in other words, present-day Bulgaria, which rescued the Jews, even more praiseworthy.

A holokauszt a világ emlékezetének gyújtópontjában

Author(s): Aleida Assmann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2015

A jugoszláviai holokauszt emlékezete Szerbiában – irodalmi és tudományos igényű könyvek tükrében

Author(s): György Szerbhorváth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

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