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Islamic State, as the name suggest, is going to be perceived and treated not as a mere terrorist organization, but rather as a caliphate, Islamic state. In the last decades many violent non-state actors have propagated the idea of caliphate but none of them have never accomplished the idea. Islamic State can be treated as the first organization, which declare and what is more important create state structures, responsible for administrating conquered territory. To some extent Islamic State fulfills thecriteria for statehood listed in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 1933. But the basic question is whether it can be recognized as a state in the light of international law?
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The following paper focuses on the importance of the inherited administrative culture which is believed to define the character of the administration system in the years to come. Moreover, administrative culture strongly influences the way organizations operate, including the acceptance or rejection of new policies and directives. This study highlights the power of the hegemonic cultural paradigm and the resistance it shows toward possible changes. The countries of Greece, Italy, and Spain are used as case studies, since they follow the Napoleonic administrative tradition. Additionally, these countries continue to present vivid features of the respective tradition, despite the numerous changes that have been imposed during the reform period from 1980 until 2000. The aim of this study is to put the New Public Management doctrine into a new perspective, by questioning its ability to be successfully implemented to national administrative systems and deliver positive results.
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The evolution of smuggling under the influence of changes in the economic policy and customs legislation is considered. The types of smuggling are differentiated according to the criminal law of Russia. The moment when smuggling ends is determined. In addition, ways of improving the criminal legislation on the responsibility for customs offenses are outlined.
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The value of the World Ocean is so important that it is extremely difficult to appreciate it. Scientists have proved that the life can exist only on planets where a large part of the surface is occupied by water. For many years, protection and preservation of the World Ocean during the operation of transport vehicles has been limited only to purification of the waters polluted by oil. However, the scientific research carried out in many countries of the world has managed to prove that biological pollution can cause much more destructive consequences because of its irreversible character. Discharge of ballast water by ships is considered as a type of such pollution. More than 7000 invasive alien species of microorganisms, which successfully survive and adapt to new living conditions, are transferred every day with ballast water from one region to another. Every vessel transporting and discharging ballast water can be considered as a source of potential danger. Therefore, governments around the world actively discuss this problem. Despite internationally coordinated actions do not cover all areas, there are examples indicating that constructive solutions to the problem can be achieved. Reasons for the protracted signing of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWМ Convention, 2004), as well as a number of measures to be taken in the shortest possible time, are considered.
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The paper proposes an original concept of biosphere polygon. The author defines it as a specially protected natural area, with differentiated regime of protection and use in particular, which is a part of the state nature biosphere reserve formed by land plots newly attached to its territory for the purpose of scientific research, state ecological monitoring, as well as testing and introduction of the methods for sustainable environmental practices that are environmentally friendly and do not deplete biological resources. The conclusion is made that the legal regime of the biosphere polygon in the state nature biosphere reserve is prohibitive-permissible, because only limited economic activity is allowed within the borders of this specially protected natural area and its land plots are involved in the limited civil circulation in special cases. The author’s suggestions for legislative changes and amendments associated with the formation and functioning of biosphere polygons are formulated. Recommendations are made to supplement St. 2 Art. 10 of the Federal Law on Specially Protected Nature Territories with the following P. 2: “The territory of the biosphere polygon may involve only land plots that were newly attached to the territory of the state nature biosphere reserve. It is prohibited to form biosphere polygons out of land plots removed from the state nature biosphere reserve”. It is suggested to legally define the obligation of business persons servicing the objects of recreational, tourist, and sport infrastructures in the territory of the biosphere polygon to conclude joint venture agreements without any profit motives with the federal government agencies responsible for nature reserves.
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The paper is devoted to the study of ambassadorial law and the status of ambassadors in Ancient Rome during the 8th – 3rd centuries BC. The methodology of the paper is based on the principles of historicism, i.e., all events are considered in their historical dependence. The general principles of historiographical analysis are used: identification of the research issue, analysis of theoretical and methodological perspectives. The formation of ambassadorial law and the status of Roman ambassadors in other communities and states, as well as those of foreign ambassadors in Rome are examined. Firstly, the legal regulations enabling the activities of ambassadors in Rome are analyzed. Secondly, terms referring to ambassadors in Rome are considered. Thirdly, it is discussed how ambassadors were sent and received in Rome. The activities of ambassadors were regulated by ambassadorial law (ius legatorum) and law of nations (ius gentium). There were three terms to refer to ambassadors in Rome depending on the status of the messenger: legates (legati), speakers (oratores), and envoys of peace (caduceatores). The basic rituals developed in the Royal period, changes occurred in the period of the Republic when real power was in the hands of the Senate. The position of embassies was significantly dependent on from which state they came – friendly or hostile. In the first case, they were allowed into the city. In the second case, ambassadors were placed outside the city walls and their movement was limited. The obtained results are important for reconstruction of Roman diplomatic activity.
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The involvement of new Christian religious movements (NRM) in the political life and “color revolutions” is considered by the example of Ukraine in this paper. Christian NRM parties and pastors–politicians have become a common phenomenon in Ukraine’s political life. The tendencies toward politicization of NRM from the late 1990s to 2014, as a result of which neoreligions developed their own political doctrines, are traced based on the specific material. New religious communities participated most actively in the Orange Revolution of 2004 and the Eurorevolution of 2014. It is shown that Ukrainian parties and politicians were interested to use so-called NRM during the election campaign as a platform for political agitation. Parliamentary elections and elections to various councils have become a site for the political realization of NRM. Due to the absence of resources and support in the population, NRM were not able to create their own political parties and supported the major political blocks to pass in the Ukrainian parliament. It is emphasized that participation in the political life of Ukraine allows NRM to extend their influence on various social and public spheres. Thus, NRM followers rejected their pacifist ideas and played an active role in the demonstrations and coercive protests.
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The paper attempts to identify the factors influencing the development of a region on the example of Lubuskie voivodeship. The paper places particular emphasis on the decisions taken by local authorities who have a decisive impact on the functioning and development of the region. Shaping a positive image and creating conditions for the development require the development of specific solutions and determining courses of action, which the authorities should follow to promote a positive image of the region.
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Media represents an important part of society, while in different ways it is involved in its formation and development. In addition to the traditional media, the importance of digital media in society is growing. The latest trends are also in the interest and attention of politicians, who maintain their popularity by using new technology. So nowadays we can observe in the current policy different forms of digital interactions between the political entities on the one hand and citizens on the other. The rate of interaction between these actors is intensifying with the approach of elections.
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Katyn crime, also known as the Katyn massacre, was one of those historical factsthat were kept secret for a very long time. From 1943 when it was revealed to 1990the soviet Union denied their responsibility for the massacre. Eventually, publishingthe original documents on the order of Borys Jecyn and handing themdown to Poland on 14 October 1992 definitely confirmed the perpetrators of thecrime. In the historic consciousness of both Polish and Russian societies there arestill many questions and doubts about “the background of the picture” of Katyncrime. Therefore I found it very sensible to analyze the problem of Katyn crime invarious history course books in Poland and Russia.After the collapse of the communist political system both countries Polandand Russia introduced new history course books in all types of schools. The newcourse books not only mention the problem of Katyn crime but also say who wasresponsible for it. However, the Russians try to neutralize the crime by so calledanti-Katyn, emphasizing the death of several thousands of Soviet soldiers imprisonedin Poland in the war of 1920 and after it.
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The naturalization principle plays a major role in the institutional development of the Romanian Kingdom. Any approach to the history of the ethnic minorities of this state must start from the claim that, far from being ignored by historians, Romanian scholarship treated this issue as a marginal topic until very recently. The concepts of citizenship and national identity in the Romanian Kingdom are far more challenging. They cannot be limited to the interpretation of the Romanian legislation drawn up in the second half of the 19th century, to the Jews’ status in Romanian Kingdom and that of the population in Dobrudja after this province had been annexed by the Romanian state. A prosopographical study of the applicant for Romanian citizenship turns out to be indispensable on the background of scarce information provided by statistics. Regrettably, such a study remains a real challenge for Romanian historians.
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Article is about Armenian history in 20th century. Author concentrate on main subject: Armenian Genocide between 1915 and 1920 in Turkey; Armenians trouble in USSR; Armenian minority in Lebanon, France, USA, Poland and Turkey; Armenian Independence.
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The share of national and ethnic minorities in political elections is one of the indicators of integration and a sense of equality in the society. The fundamental issue is therefore the answer to the question whether and to what extent ethnicity is manifested by representatives of minorities in the local elections in 2014.
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Representatives of the Vietnamese minority for the first time in its history in Poland took part in the local elections in 2014. This event is another element in the process of integration and equality of minorities in the country of residence. In the present text, I take issues related to the functioning of minority candidates Vietnam’s image in the media, along with the characteristics of the factors affecting its shape during the election campaign.
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The aim of this text was to compare policy of Central European towards national and ethnic minorities over the period of fifteen years (1989–2004). Besides Poland, Czechoslovakia (since 1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia) and Hungary are countries of quite different ethnic and national structure. Poland is a unique country due to its’ almost mono-ethnic population when comparing to Czech, Slovakia and Hungary, countries with a large Romani and in case of Slovakia also Hungarian minority. The period of communism 1945–1989 in all fields of political, social and economic life was under the dictate of Soviet Union. This applied to minorities issues as well. The changes which started in 1989 was a freely chosen way of political elites and societies of Czech, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Although the membership criteria of the EU (so-called Copenhagen Criteria) consisted inter alia of a criterion in favour of respecting the rights of national, ethnic and language minorities. It was a kind of “double standards” by the EU. The text analyses the impact of EU and other international actors on policies of Prague, Bratislava, Budapest and Warsaw in the field of national minorities rights during the accession preparations. It was significantly reduced after the full membership of Czech, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia after the 1st of May 2004.
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This article is an attempt to analyse and interpret the position of the representatives of the Austrian School towards the political activity of politicians associated with the US Republican Party in the second half of the 19th century. This article proves that in the opinion of the representatives of the one of the most radical and uncompromising social and economic science school the US Republican Party was a political group which supported centralisation of power, mercantilism, subsidies for big business and realisation of the model of state which would be compatible with their religious beliefs. The author shows that the Republican president Abraham Lincoln was critically perceived by adherents of the Austrian School, who accused him of limiting liberties, especially in the economic aspect.
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The European integration processes have had over the years many shapes, faces and, masks. European politicians noticed, as late as at the turn of 70s and 80s of 20th century that culture can significantly influence the social life, economy, as well as international relations. At that time, however, they did not formulate any proposals of specific activity which could have lifted culture to supranational position, and the culture remained in the realm of national policies. In the early 80s, Ministers of Culture of the European countries, dissatisfied with cultural policy of the European Community, or rather lack of it, informally established intergovernmental Council of the Ministers. The council was announcing resolutions and recommendations for the European Commission, European Parliament, and European Council. The objective of this paper is analysis of the pioneering role of Ministers of Culture in integration processes at culture level. The research reveals that the intellectual and political work and influence of Ministers played a pivotal role in formulating the first paradigm of the Community’s cultural policy. They were also instrumental in creating first programmes directed to culture and cultural operators in Europe.
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Već treću godinu zaredom izrađuje se i objavljuje Godišnji izvještaj o stanju ljudskih prava žena u Bosni i Hercegovini. Ovo je ujedno i jedini nama poznat izvještaj koji objavljuju organizacije civilnog društva, a koji na sveobuhvatan način tematizuje prava žena, trudeći se pokriti što više pitanja iz ove oblasti. Prva dva izvještaja su nastala samostalnim radom Sarajevskog otvorenog centra, dok ovaj izvještaj izlazi kao rezultat zajedničkog rada Sarajevskog otvorenog centra i Fondacije CURE, a u ime Ženske mreže BiH. Jako nam je drago što ovogodišnji izvještaj potpisuju tri mlade aktivistkinje – Dalila Mirović, Inela Hadžić i Edita Miftari. Ovaj se izvještaj velikim dijelom naslanja na prošlogodišnji. Autorica izvještaja za 2013. godinu, Esther Garcia Fransioli, kojoj se zahvaljujemo na značajnom doprinosu pri izradi i ovogodišnjeg izvještaja, vrlo je opširno i temeljito opisala trenutno stanje u oblasti ljudskih prava žena, pri tome se osvrćući i na godine prije 2013. Imajući to na umu, ovogodišnji izvještaj se u potpunosti nadograđuje na informacije koje su iznesene u prošlogodišnjem izvještaju te preporučujemo da se oba izvještaja čitaju uporedno kako bi se dobila sveobuhvatna slika stanja prava žena u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prošlogodišnji izvještaj je dostupan na: http://soc.ba/ godisnji-izvjestaj-o-stanju-prava-zena-u-bosni-i-hercegovini-tokom-2013-godine/ Godina 2014. se ne može pohvaliti značajnim napretkom kada su u pitanju prava žena. Opći izbori i poplave, ali i pitanje porodiljskih naknada, egzemplarno svjedoče o odnosu države i društva prema ženama. U 2015. godini potrebno je sistematski raditi na poboljšanju položaja žena u društvu, a posebno se posvetiti pitanjima marginalizovanih grupa žena kao što su povratnice, žene žrtve rata, Romkinje, žene s invaliditetom, samohrane majke, žene žrtve nasilja, lezbejke, biseksualne i trans* žene, koje su u velikoj mjeri diskriminisane, marginalizovane, a u određenom broju i u potpunosti društveno isključene. Nadamo se da će ovaj izvještaj biti od koristi za sve one koji/e rade na pravima žena. Radujemo se vašoj povratnoj informaciji!
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