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Socio-Bioethics of Migration. The Deconstruction of Tolerance and Reinvention of Terror

Author(s): Antonio Sandu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Philosophical research, especially the one taking place in the European space, is about to widen, taking a new area: socio-bioethics of migration. The wave of refugees coming from countries that are in conflict, namely the countries that are under the influence of the Islamic State and other terrorist radical organizations, raise a series of ethical issues, among which, the most obvious are the one regarding fair treatment that the migrants and the refugees are entitled to. The issue of tolerance and of the postmodern construction of the relationship with the Other as the bearer of values that are complementary to you is, at the moment, deconstructed into that act of terrorist threat and of reinventing Terror.

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Czy brak naturalizacji wyklucza nową tożsamość narodową? Konstruowanie tożsamości w narracjach wieloletnich imigrantów bez obywatelstwa polskiego

Author(s): Katarzyna Andrejuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The article describes narrative construction of identity by immigrants settled in Poland, who do not want to apply for citizenship of the receiving country. The reasons of their disinterest in the Polish citizenship include: obtaining an intermediate status (permanent residence), prohibition of dual citizenship in the country of origin, administrative difficulties associated with naturalisation in Poland. The lack of Polish citizenship does not exclude new national identity connected with the receiving country. Status and biographical experiences of the explored group do not support a static, stable vision of national belonging. In the denizens’ narratives, it is the cultural competences and length of stay in the country that decide about identity and connection to the sending or receiving country. Being an immigrant, even in the cases of long-term migration, means continuous negotiation between the connection with the country of origin and the new identity developed in the receiving country.

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Интердисциплинарни дијалог о проучавању Миграција. Овде и сада ‒ свет

Author(s): Miroslava Lukić-Krstanović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2015

bilingual article editorial for the general topic of the issue

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Mobile Balkans: Temporality, Types, Trends

Author(s): Anna Krasteva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The objective of the article is to scrutunize the Balkan migration phenomenon, highlightening the alloy between continuity and discontinuity in the explanation of migrations; the former expressed in the trends, the latter – in breakthroughs, ruptures, changes. Four periods are articulated and charachterized through the major trends. The typology of Balkan migrations identifies ten types, classified in three larger categories. The article distinguishes and compares the national migra-tion models and draws a panoramic picture of the major trends during the last quarter of a century.

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Миграција становништва са територије Србије у Турску у историјској перспективи

Author(s): Mirjana Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2015

The first part of the paper presents in chronological order emigration of different ethnicities from the territory of today's Serbia to the territory of present-day Tur-key, while the second part of the paper analyzes the main features of all emigra-tion waves in brief and proposes perspectives and concepts for future research.

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Повратак у Србију: животне приче ремиграната из САД од почетка 21. века до данас

Author(s): Gordana Blagojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2015

This research focuses on spontaneous remigrations from the United States to Ser-bia, since the beginning of the 21st century to the present. One of the problems in studying remigrants is a large territorial dispersion of the repatriates. Analysis of the narratives – life stories of the remigrants allows us to perceive the key factors that influenced leaving for the United States and then the causes and motivation for returning to Serbia. In addition, the paper discusses issues related to the rein-tegration of migrants, the ability to apply acquired knowledge and cultural prob-lems faced by remigrants. Remigrants face a number of problems, and major diffi-culty is the lack of government institutions to assist their reintegration.

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SYMBIOZA CZY ASYMILACJA? PROBLEMY TOŻSAMOŚCIOWE EMIGRACJI SŁOWEŃSKIEJ W NIEMCZECH

Author(s): Anetta Buras-Marciniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The paper presents the contemporary environment of the Slovenian diaspora in Germany. The issues and dilemmas arising from the membership in both the native and German culture are analyzed. The cultural organizations and Slovenian Catholic missions, which affect the broadly understood educational and cultural activity of the Slovenian immigration in Germany, are also described

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Nemzetközi migrációs körkép Magyarországról a 2011-es népszámlálási adatok alapján

Author(s): Áron Kincses / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2014

Foreign nationals have had a significantly positive influence on the regional socio-economic developments of Hungary. Two realignments took place between the last two censuses: at first the composition of citizenship changed, and then the local redistribution changed partly because of the different structure of citizenship.

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EMIGRATION SENTIMENT AMONG STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR CIVIC IDENTITY

Author(s): Inga Petrovska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

This article presents the results of the study of students’ emigration sentiment peculiarities in the context of their civic identity. Various types of the students’ civic identity have been discovered, namely "protest", "uncertain", "patriotic". Protest and uncertain attitude to citizenship (potential emigrants) is associated with the level of psychological well-being of students, dissatisfaction with certain aspects of their life, especially professional and life prospects. Civil identification of students will acquire emotional and patriotic significance only if the state promotes socio-professional and personal fulfillment for the future experts.

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EDUCATIONAL MIGRATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET

Author(s): Diana Rokita-Poskart / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This paper focuses on the links between the educational migration and the labour market, in particular on the consequences of the educational migration connected with tertiary education on the labour market one of the academic city of Opole in Poland. The empirical analysis for this paper was conducted based on the results of empirical research conducted among quota selected group of 1075 students of all universities in Opole. The paper employs approach based on calculations of the multiplier effect. The results of this research and the estimations obtained during the data analysis prove that educational migration connected with higher education can affect the supply and demand on the local labour markets of academic cities.

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VIEWPOINT: Whither US immigration?

Author(s): Philip L. Martin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The US is the nation of immigration, with almost 20 percent of the world’s international migrants and half of the unauthorized migrants in industrial countries. Debates over the best package of enforcement, legalization, and guest workers to deal with illegal migration continue to divide Americans and Congress. These differences sharpened in the run-up to elections in November 2016, exposing sharp differences between leading Republicans who want to deport unauthorized foreigners and build a wall on the Mexico-US border and leading Democrats who want to allow unauthorized foreigners to legalize their status and eventually become US citizens.

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But it does move, doesn´t it? The debate on the allocation of refugees in Europe from a German point of view

Author(s): Petra Bendel / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

This article examines the current debate on the allocation of refugees, based on the principle of “shared responsibility and solidarity among the EU Member States”. Arguing that the Dublin system has failed, I discuss alternative proposals, adopting both the perspective of the Member States and the view of the applicants themselves. Whereas most research has centered on the opportunities and risks of these instruments, on their efficiency or cost-benefit-relation, I ask for the political enforceability of the possible alternatives in the light of changed power relations in the European Parliament, the Commission and the Council. I shall argue that particularly the current perception of the German government might represent a window of opportunity for a policy change.

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Dissatisfied, feeling unequal and inclined to emigrate: Perceptions from Macedonia in a MIMIC model

Author(s): Marjan Petreski,Blagica Petreski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Macedonia has a large diaspora, a high emigration rate and receives larger volume of remittances. This paper aims to describe the current inclination to emigrate from Macedonia, in the light of the dissatisfaction with the domestic political and economic environment and the potential feeling of gender and ethnic inequalities. Particular reference is made to the role of remittances. We use the Remittances Survey 2008 and treat dissatisfaction, feeling of inequality and inclination to emigrate as latent continuous variables in a MIMIC (Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause) model, observed only imperfectly in terms of respondents’ perceptions and opinions. Results suggest that dissatisfaction with the societal conditions in Macedonia grows among those who are at their 20s and early 30s, which is more prevalent among ethnic Albanians.Compared to others, Albanians also demonstrate stronger feeling of gender and ethnic inequality. Dissatisfaction, but not the feeling of inequality, then feeds inclination to emigrate. Further to this, however, males and less educated persons are more inclined to emigrate, irrespective of their level of dissatisfaction. We find remittances to play a strong role for the inclination to emigrate: the inclination is larger in households receiving remittances and increases with the amount received, as it is likely that remittances alleviate financial constraints for other persons of the household to emigrate.

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Reform and the HuKou System in China

Author(s): Rong Cui,Jeffrey H. Cohen / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

China created the dual HuKou system in an effort to modernize and manage rural to urban migration. The system restricted the mobility of most Chinese and limited rural peasant migration. In 1978 the demand for labour increased rapidly and rules controlling migration, including the HuKou system were loosen to encourage relocation. The establishment of a semi-capitalist market system in 1991 further encouraged the flow of labour and forced the liberalization of some aspect of the registration policy and by 2014 and in response to continued growth the Chinese government implemented a unified HuKou system to build equality among rural and urban citizens. In this brief, we review the reforms and argue that the HuKou system can play an important role in Chinese development.

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Measuring impact and the most influential works in Migration Studies

Author(s): Jeffrey H. Cohen,Ibrahim Sirkeci / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Our paper offers an independent measure of the citation of published research in thefield of migration studies. Using the Google Scholar citation database and Ann Harzingranking software, we have created a list of the 100 most cited articles, books and authorsin migration studies. Like any lists, this one also has some drawbacks but it reflects, inpart, the value and influence of the work our colleagues in this fast growing fieldproduce.

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Know your enemy: How repatriated unauthorized migrants learn about and perceive anti-immigrant mobilization in the United States

Author(s): Daniel E. Martinez,Matthew Ward / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Recently scholars have turned their attention towards a growing anti-immigrant movement in the United States. In particular, residents called ‘minutemen’ have garnered attention for their vigilante patrols of the U.S.-Mexico border. Yet, there remains an absence of rigorously collected data from the unauthorized migrants they target. Filling this void, we draw on original survey data from Wave 1 of the Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS) and address three questions: Among repatriated unauthorized migrants who have heard of minutemen, from where do they get their information? What qualities or characteristics do unauthorized repatriated migrants ascribe to minutemen? And, finally, how closely do these perceptions align with common tropes about minutemen? In so doing, we detail the composition of repatriated unauthorized migrants’ knowledge networks and the role these played in diffusing knowledge about minutemen. Additionally, we illuminate differences in the content of the minuteman-related information these networks diffuse. We find that respondents relied heavily on media outlets in the United States and Mexico to obtain information about minutemen. Social networks and the crossing experience itself mattered to a much lesser extent. Interestingly, repatriated unauthorized migrants were mixed in their perceptions of exactly who minutemen were, and migrants varied greatly in their reliance upon dominant tropes to identify minute-men. We conclude with implications and directions for future research.

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Marginalized at the centre: How public narratives of suffering perpetuate perceptions of refugees’ helplessness and dependency

Author(s): Otieno Kisiara / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This paper critiques the common practice of people from refugee backgrounds giving presentations and testimonials on their displacement experiences, in college, university, and similar institutional settings. While such speaking events may be framed as opportunities to centre refugee voices, this paper argues that the totality of the presentation environments, especially their focus on narratives of suffering, do in fact reinforce the marginal and powerless position with which refugees are associated. To counteract the marginalizing effects of such presentations, the paper suggests alternative ways of presentations that more meaningfully involve refugees in framing and directing such speaking events.

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The time pattern of remittances and the decay hypothesis: Evidence from migrants in South Africa

Author(s): DANIEL Makina,ANDRIES MASENGE / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Using a dataset of migrants who migrated to South Africa over the period 1979-2007, we investigate the time pattern of remittances and the determinants of remittances. We find that the level of remittances first increases with the time spent in the host country and later on declines after an estimated 8 years of migration experience and thus exhibiting an inverted-U pattern over time. This finding lends support to the remittance decay hypothesis. We also find the level of remittances to be significantly positively related to the number of dependents in the home country, legal status, access to banking, income and savings levels, and negatively related to the education level, return intentions, frequency of home visits and economic and political reasons for migrating. Furthermore, the level of remittances is observed to exhibit an inverted U-profile with the age of the migrant, that is, it first rises in early age and falls in old age. The remittance decay phenomenon is seen to stem from a mixture of the theories of altruism and the informal loan repayment alluded to in the literature.

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Asylum-seekers falsely implicating themselves in international crimes: should they be informed of the existence of Article 1F of the Refugee Convention?

Author(s): Joris Van Wijk,Brian Moore / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Case studies in the Netherlands and the UK of asylum applicants excluded or under consideration of exclusion pursuant to Article 1Fa of the Refugee Convention reveal that some applicants falsely implicated themselves in serious crimes or behaviours in order to enhance their refugee claim. This may have serious consequences for the excluded per-sons themselves, as well as for national governments dealing with them. For this reason we suggest immigration authorities could consider forewarning asylum applicants i.e. before their interview, about the existence, purpose and possible consequences of exclusion on the basis of Article 1F.

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Citizenship, Europe and ethnic boundary making among Russian minorities in Latvia and Lithuania

Author(s): Claire Wallace,Natalka Patsiurko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

This article uses Andreas Wimmer’s model of ethnic boundary making to examine ethnic boundaries among the Russian-speaking minorities in Lithuania and Latvia, two countries with contrasting integration policies. We argue that the exclusive integration policies of Latvia, particularly with regard to citizenship, result in the ‘hardening’ of ethnic boundaries for minorities, while the more inclusive policies in Lithuania lead to boundary ‘softening’. The article examines the influence of national policies, the policies of the Russian government and the European integration as external factors of boundary making, but also considers exogenous factors such as the role of the civil society, sense of identification, and the different experiences of generations. We conclude that whilst endogenous and exogenous factors have shaped ethnic boundaries in different ways in the two countries, these boundaries are blurring because Europe opens up wider possibilities for work and study and younger generations are less likely to be excluded from participation by language or citizenship. In both countries, increasingly hybrid and fluid identities are replacing reified and essentialist ones that are based upon the previous Soviet-style constructs.

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