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To Stay or to Return? A Review on Return Migration Literature

Author(s): Tuncay Bilecen / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

For a long time, return migration had been one of the neglected topics of migration literature. However, in recent years, many studies discussing return migration in various dimensions have been published. This paper aims to assess the main findings of return migration studies, particularly in recent years, with an emphasis on the multifaceted character of return migrations. This study also reveals that, in the last few decades, the transnational ties established by migrants with their homelands have changed their perspectives on return (i.e., re-migration). This trend shows that while human mobility increases with the development of transportation and communication technology, re-migration tends to take on a cyclical, rather than a permanent character in recent times.

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Turkish Academic Diaspora in Britain: A Scoping Review

Author(s): Mustafa F. Özbilgin,Harun Yildiz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

There has been a meteoric surge in academics migrating out of Turkey in the last five years. Many scholars have found new careers in Britain, which previously had a relatively small community of Turkish scholars. Drawing on a systematic and narrative review, this paper provides a scoping review of the fragmented literature on the Turkish academic community in Britain and its possibilities of forming a supportive academic diaspora. Building on the literature on academic diasporas and evidence from national surveys, we question whether the Turkish academic community could develop an academic diaspora in Britain. We identify the boundary conditions, current networks, categories, definitions, antecedents and consequences of the diaspora and the possibilities of creating a federation supported by supranational and national agencies to build bridges across Turkish academic diasporas in Britain.

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Terminology of Migration Studies: A Corpus Analysis of Research Papers in Social Sciences

Author(s): Elizaveta A. Smirnova,Tatiana Permyakova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Migration studies is a new, rapidly developing research area whose terminology is being established at the intersection of various social sciences. This article undertakes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of terms associated with migration, conducted on a 281,000-word corpus of research articles in social sciences, published in leading academic journals. Our analysis involves corpus processing with AntConc software and semantic tagging of terms that contain the words migrant and migration, with the purpose of detecting the semantic categories that migration-related terms belong to and identifying what areas of research in the field they outline. The qualitative analysis proves two directions in migration studies, focusing on migrant communities as national groups and experience of individual migrants. Semantically, there are two approaches to studying migration: time-oriented, referring to past, present, future, and subject-oriented, e.g. geography, economy, demography, etc.

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A Gender-Sensitive Analysis of Social Integration Challenges. Evidence from the Pakistani Diaspora in Germany

Author(s): Sadaf Mahmood,Beatrice Knerr,Izhar Ahmad Khan,Muhammad Shabbir,Rabia Mahmood / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

European Union (EU) countries are confronted with the integration challenges of an increasing number of immigrants from non-EU states who intend to stay because they find better economic conditions and quality of life. Poor integration creates problems for both, immigrants and the host society, policymakers are committed to fostering appropriate conditions. This requires sound databases to explore the situation. Our article contributes to that by considering the integration challenges of the Pakistani diaspora in Germany. It applies a gender-sensitive analysis as males and females face different forms of integration challenges. Our survey among 264 Pakistani immigrants revealed that English language competencies; interaction with other nationals; and the welcoming attitude of the host society are the most significant determinants of integration. The results are relevant beyond the narrow empirical context of the country focus considered here.

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A Long-Term View of Refugee Flows from Ukraine: War, Insecurities, and Migration

Author(s): Armağan Teke Lloyd,Ibrahim Sirkeci / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This article examines the exodus of migrants from Ukraine in the context of the Russian invasion, making use of the conflict model of migration. We argue that Ukraine has long been characterized by insecurities which have already fueled large waves of emigration from the country. Indeed, the most recent phase of Ukrainian emigration should be seen as a continuation of the ongoing tendency of people residing in the country to seek escape from the overarching conditions of insecurity there. Earlier migrations from Ukraine have also established a culture of migration which has mediated the outflow of Ukrainians during the current crisis. Ukrainians who had already harboured inclinations to leave the country and who were possessed of the necessary capabilities (i.e. social capital, financial capital, human capital and physical ability) became mobile at the onset of the invasion in February, while many others were left behind. At the same time, the welcoming attitude of many European states has been key to the fast and safe exodus of Ukrainian migrants thus far.

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Bringing Labour Back to Migration History: A Report on the Activities of the Working Group Labour Migration History

Author(s): Sara Bernard / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

While the search for (better) employment and the uneven distribution of wealth are among the principal triggers of migration worldwide, migration is often discussed as a humanitarian emergency, a social and a security problem, but rarely as a labour issue. This paper aims to foster debate on the interconnectedness of migration and labour history. Re-reading migration and labour history by exploring their interconnectedness is crucial to overcoming Eurocentric and nation-state centric approaches to labour and migration history. This paper discusses the findings of papers presented at two events organised by the ELHN Working Group Labour Migration History in 2021. The first part suggests new lines of inquiry which critically reassess Western-centric understandings and experiences of labour migration during the Cold War. The second part argues in favour of cross-disciplinary study of relations between migration, workers, and the state firmly contextualised as part of global processes of change.

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Citizenship, Belonging and the Sense of Ambiguity among French Tamils of India

Author(s): Aindrila Chakraborty / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The French nationals of India are the remnants of French colonialism in India. Today, there are Pondicherrians in the union of independent India who are French nationals, exercising French citizenship rights. While ethnically Indian, they are legally French citizens. This essay has attempted to engage with the case of the French nationals of India, through a review of the documentary film, ‘Two Flags’, and to situate them in the larger contexts of citizenship, nationality and belonging. The essay has been divided into three parts. The first part delves into the community’s history; the second part situates them in the context of citizenship and rights; the third engages with their belonging and politics of belonging.

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Türkiye’de Göçe İlişkin Algılar: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Sedef Turper / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2022

The current study employs various datasets to explore Turkish public perceptions of migrants and migration between 2005-2022. Findings of the study demonstrate that Turkish people are more likely to perceive migration as a threat when compared to their European counterparts living in those countries included in this study. While findings reveal that negative perceptions about migration and migrants became even more prevalent among the Turkish public between 2011 and 2018, they further indicate public perceptions of migration and migrants are highly susceptible to contextual factors. Turkish public perceptions about migration and migrants are observed to significantly fluctuate by changing not only in the negative but also in the positive direction within a short period of time. Overall, the findings of the study point to the need of refraining from uni-directional explanations such as compassion fatigue when discussing the over-time changes in Turkish public perceptions of migration and migrants.

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Türk Medyasında Yer Alan Göçmenler ve Suç Temalı Haberlere İlişkin Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Engin Uslu,İnci Aksu Kargın / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2022

How migrants are represented in the media is important in terms of influencing the views and behaviors of the people of the host country towards migrants. This academic study examined the migrants and crime-themed news content published on the digital platforms of Sabah, Habertürk, and Sözcü newspapers during the 10-year period from April 2011 to March 2021 and examined which crimes committed by migrants were reflected in the news, the distribution of crime-themed news by years, and in what type of crime related news migrant groups are more victims and in what type of crime related news they are perpetrators. A total of 2737 news with the theme of migrants and crime were identified in the newspapers. In 1516 of the news illegal crossing, in 473 of them migrant smuggling, in 259 of them terrorism, in 219 of them forced prostitution and in 206 of them murder took place. It has been observed that the number of crime news published in 2011 has increased approximately 14.2 times in five years and 35.1 times in 10 years. It has been determined that 2182 of the news reports are directly related to the crimes of Syrian refugees and other migrants against the Republic of Turkey, 179 of them are related to crimes committed by Syrian refugees and other migrant groups against Turkish citizens, and 399 of them are related to crimes committed by Turkish citizens against Syrian refugees and other migrants. These findings are discussed in comparison with the Ministry of Justice's crime data on foreign nationals.

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Fostering Human Dignity as an Effective Social Measure Against Human Trafficking in Ukraine

Author(s): Larysa Brych,Taras Sozanskyy,Svitlana Khyliuk,Galyna Yaremko,Nataliia Parasiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

Due to the 2022 invasion, there is a growing interest in Ukraine as human trafficking cases increase. Results of the study showed that the main victimising factor was not material difficulties as commonly believed. The transgenerational trauma identified by psychologists was caused by the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932-1933. Also, one of the causes is the comparable consequences of other Soviet repressions against the Ukrainian people, including the destruction of the identity of Ukrainians across many generations. This study may be useful in the context of studying human trafficking, migration, refugees and the demographic consequences of the war in Ukraine.

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Revisiting Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of a Scientific Inquiry of Migration in the Era of Digitalisation

Author(s): Bolat Tatibekov,Leo-Paul Dana,Farida Alzhanova / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

This paper discusses how new information technologies will change the inquiry of social processes, particularly regarding migration studies. Modern innovations in the sphere of collection and processing of information, like digitalisation, analysis of Big data, and the development of data science, might transform theoretical approaches to migration studies. Applying Babbie’s (2021) macro and micro theory of social process inquiry, the intention in the current article is to add a nano level, which will be increasingly utilised in the coming years, particularly in the sphere of inquiry of population migration using personal biological (fingerprints, eye features, and even DNA) characteristics. The paper underlines that modern information technologies will not only allow for a deeper understanding, but also for a broader capture of social processes. Moreover, these technologies will facilitate the use of mixed method research, i.e. incorporating quantitative and qualitative approaches. It is also important to understand the continued importance of ethical principles regarding the protection of personal information.

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Transformation of Traditional Kazakh Society

Author(s): Khazretali Tursun,Gulzhan Idrisova,Rasylkhan Dzhunsheev,Bakhytzhan Dzhursunbaev,Gaukhar Musabekova / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

This study is about the history of the Kazakh traditional society in the XVII – early XX century with reference to migration processes. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for clarification of the influence of the Russian Empire on Kazakhstan during the political and territorial formation period. The article analyses the institutions of power established by the colonial government, the course and consequences of land transformation, and the activities of political and social institutions of the Kazakh traditional society. Migration of Kazakhs due to the circumstances is explored and characteristic features of the traditional nomadic society are discussed. The influence of the Russian Empire in Kazakh-Russian relations is considered a reflection of the transformation process of traditional society. The authors suggest an interpretation of the concept of “ethnodeformation of traditional society” and its manifestations in Kazakh society.

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Mobility, Transnational and Integration Continuums as Components of the Migrant Experience: An Intersectional Polish-Ukrainian Case Study

Author(s): Anne White / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Qualitative migration researchers today often use one or more of three concepts – mobility, transnationalism and integration – to make sense of the complexities of contemporary migrants’ lives. Collectively, researchers identify these as the three fundamental characteristics of migranthood. Being a migrant is about, for example, planning return visits, maintaining (or not maintaining) relations with people in the sending country or being preoccupied with learning to speak the receiving-society majority language. Qualitative interviewing suggests that each migrant is uniquely situated along various mobility, transnational and integration continuums. Migrants have many social identities as well as migranthood and the existence of these other, intersecting, social identities (such as social class, lifestage and gender) helps to determine their location on the continuums: for example, how often they are mobile and how much they can be mobile. The article draws on interviews in Poland with Ukrainians and Polish return migrants to show how (former) migrants conceptualise shared Ukrainian-Polish migranthood along these three continuums.

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Agency and Social Relations in the Search for a Better Life: Female Migrant Entrepreneurs in Poland

Author(s): Kseniya Homel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Dynamic changes and the increasing diversity of migrant societies support small-scale enclave businesses in Poland. Female migrants from Belarus and Ukraine appear to have found their niche in the beauty and cosmetology sector. Nevertheless, their entrepreneurship goes beyond the enclave market. Specialists provide services to migrant communities and simultaneously target Polish clients to ensure the success of their ventures. This article presents the results of qualitative research based on 13 in-depth interviews with Ukrainian and Belarusian beauty specialists. I focus on these businesswomen’s narratives about their entrepreneurial trajectories. My aim is to explore how they use and extend their social relationships in order to acquire entrepreneurial agency. Entrepreneurship can be understood as a socially embedded practice. I apply an intersectionality approach to investigate the complexity of socially constructed identities and the dimensions of individual entrepreneurial agency. Incorporating a mixed embeddedness approach, I examine the impact of structural factors on entrepreneurial activity and the importance of social networks for women’s self-realisation as independent beauty specialists.

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Living Here, Owning There? Transnational Property Ownership and Migrants’ (Im)Mobility Considerations Beyond Return

Author(s): Davide Bertelli,Marta Bivand Erdal,Anatolie Cosciug,Angelina Kussy,Gabriella Mikiewicz,Kacper Szulecki / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Migrants’ property ownership in their countries of origin is often understood through the prism of return: both intended and actual return mobilities. Applying a transnational optic, this article unpacks the relationships between migrants’ property ownership ‘back home’ and their reflections on future moves and stays, not limited to possible return. We draw on 80 semi-structured interviews conducted in 2020 with Polish and Romanian migrants living in Barcelona and Oslo. They left their homeland, sometimes following domestic migration or international migration to other countries, before arriving in Spain and Norway. Based on these case studies of East–West migration within Europe, we contribute to work recognising the ongoing complex and diversified nature of mobilities in Europe. First, we detail what migrants’ property ownership looks like in practice – forms of ownership, types of property, location. Second, we focus on how owning property in Poland or Romania intersects with migrants’ considerations about moving or staying in the future, beyond return. Considerations about future (im)mobility shed light on transnational relationships, as these evolve over time and across space. Furthermore, we find that transnational property ownership in their countries of origin reveals much about migrants’ relations with people and places ‘back home’ and reflects the known non-linearity of migration stories. Overall, however, transnational property ownership is a poor predictor of both return plans and intentions.

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Many Mobile, Few Successful: Ethnicised Return in a Changing Romanian Context

Author(s): Remus Gabriel Anghel,Ovidiu Oltean,Alina Silian / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article contributes to the growing debate on reintegration and the positioning of returnees in their home societies. Increasingly, studies focus on returnees’ agency in reintegration processes, their practices of mobility in return and their use of social capital and financial and social remittances acquired abroad. Much less analysed is how ethnicity influences such processes of return and experiences of reintegration. In this paper we examine how returnees belonging to different ethnic groups – Germans, Romanians and Roma – reintegrate in a Romanian multi-ethnic context with marked ethnic inequality and lasting segregation. Fieldwork was carried out in a town that has undergone massive changes in the past 30 years due to the combined effects of foreign direct investment and international migration. Economically, the town changed from a poor and decaying context, to one that was poor but developing and finally to one experiencing strong development. Using a modes-of-integration perspective and analysing returnees’ reintegration and mobilities, we show how return evolved as an ethnicised process in different contexts of reception.

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To Be or Not To Be a Samsar: Motivations for Entrepreneurship among Romanian Returnees Involved in the Transnational Trade in Used Vehicles

Author(s): Anatolie Cosciug / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Whilst the extant scholarship offers a detailed exploration of why return migrants enter self-employment or engage in business initiatives in general, we know relatively little about their involvement in transnational economic activities which connect the previous destination coun-try with the origin one and how they compare to other kinds of entrepreneurial venture in this vein. This article aims to understand these motivations by using insights from 50 semi-structured interviews conducted with traders of used cars imported in Romania, a mass phe-nomenon in the Central and Eastern European area and beyond. An important result of this research is that entrepreneurs have to consider a multitude of factors in multiple locations when entering the used-car business. The article also suggests that entrepreneurial motivations among used-car traders are not fixed but, rather, can and do change over time.

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The Impact of Parents’ Work Migration on the Social, Communication and Educational Experiences of Left-Behind Adolescents

Author(s): Georgiana Udrea,Gabriela Guiu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Parental work migration can pose important risks for adolescents, such as joining inappropriate peer-groups, poor results in education or school drop-out. It can also facilitate positive changes in young people’s behaviour, as many become aware of the sacrifices their parents make to provide them with a better lifestyle and education and behave responsibly in return. Given that the literature highlights both negative and positive transformations related to parents’ migration, our aim is to address the impact of migration on adolescents left behind in rural Romania from their own perspective. We focus on teenagers’ experiences of separation from their mother, father or both, in different situations (family life, communication and relationships, caring and concern for others, school achievements, future migration plans). Young people’s agency – their capacity to self-educate and organise themselves to perform well at school and in everyday activities following parental migration – is less studied in Romania. Thus, in addition to making the reality of these adolescents better known, our approach provides information that can be turned into policy solutions aimed at improving their life quality.

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Mobility and Connection to Places: Memories and Feelings about Places that Matter for CEE-Born Young People Living in Sweden

Author(s): Oksana Shmulyar Gréen,Charlotte Melander,Ingrid Höjer / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article addresses issues of mobility and place-making among CEE-born young people who migrated from Poland and Romania to Sweden as children (up to the age of 18). Previous research on intra-EU mobility in other destinations posits this group as 1.5-generation migrants who, due to their mobility at a formative age, experience duality and in-betweenness – with specific effects on their social and familial lives. Inspired by this research, our article examines how mobility to Sweden at a young age (re)shapes young peoples’ connection to and meaning-making of places post-migration. Drawing on two-step qualitative interviews with 18 adolescents and young adults from Poland and Romania, as well as on drawings and photographs as part of the visual materials produced by the participants, the article makes two contributions. First, it integrates the scholarship on children and youth mobility, translocalism and place-making but also deepens these conceptualisations by underlining the role of memories and feelings in young people’s place-making processes. Second, the article suggests that visual methodology is a valuable tool with which to capture the embodied and the material practices of translocal place-making over time. Our findings reveal that most of these young people continue to strongly associate with places from their childhood and country of origin. For some, these places symbolise ongoing transnational practices of visits and daily communication while, for others, these are imaginary places of safety and a right place to be. The findings also highlight the importance of memories and feelings in creating transnational connectivity between the countries of origin and Sweden, as well as in developing coping strategies against the social exclusion and misrecognition which some young people may experience in their new living spaces.

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Where Is My Place? The Second Generation in Italy as a New Kind of Transnational Migrant

Author(s): Roberta Ricucci / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The topic of intra-European youth mobility has been under investigation for some time. This contribution discusses a particular youth migration, that of the children of immigrants who leave Italy to move to Northern Europe. What are the motivations behind this de facto migration? How much do discrimination processes count in the decision to move abroad and under what conditions and for what reasons do people leave Italy? This paper – based on my extensive qualitative research on young people of foreign origin, born and/or raised in Italy – discusses the opportunities and limits of these young people’s coping strategies in the face of difficulties in inclusion and entry into the labour market. It does this based on the broader research project, by taking into account the mobility ideas, drivers and relationships between mobile youth and their (ethnic or not) social networks.

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