![La Protection Juridique Internationale Des Migrants (PJIM)](/api/image/getbookcoverimage?id=document_cover-page-image_996371.jpg)
La Protection Juridique Internationale Des Migrants (PJIM)
Le migrant désigne une personne qui quitte son pays d'origine pour s'installer de manière temporaire ou permanente dans un pays dont elle n'a pas la nationalité.
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Le migrant désigne une personne qui quitte son pays d'origine pour s'installer de manière temporaire ou permanente dans un pays dont elle n'a pas la nationalité.
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Toplumsal sorunların çözümünde dinden yararlanmak mümkün müdür? Eğer mümkünse nasıl? Dinlerin ve inançların merkezi sayılan Ortadoğu, günümüzde dünyanın en kaotik coğrafyası haline gelmiştir. Savaşlar, istikrarsız yapılar, radikalizm sosyal hayatı çoktandır tehdit etmeye başlamıştır. Bu sürecin en önemli sonuçlarında biri kitlesel göçlerdir. Göç İslam dünyasında kültürel ve politik olduğu kadar dinsel etkileşimi de arttırdı. Üst kimlik olarak İslam’a vurgu yaparak sorunları çözmeye çalışmak bir dereceye kadar yararlı olabilir. Ancak bu yaklaşım kültürel farklılaşmalardan kaynaklanan sorunların çözümünde yetersiz kalacak gibi görünüyor. Bu çalışmada kültür ve kimlik sorunlarının çözümünde din-göç eksenindeki sorunlar tartışılmıştır.
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In this paper, we explore how the narrative on immigration changes when society is threatened by ‘real’ risks, i.e., during the COVID-19 health crisis. We compared the salience and engagement of posts published on Facebook between December 2019 and November 2020 by politicians and by the Italian news media; post selection used a dictionary related to immigration. Along with prior research on anti-immigration narratives, we also operationalized risk narratives on immigration by constructing a second dictionary for post selection. Our findings suggest that the political discourse and risk narratives on immigration decreased during times of ‘tangible crisis’ for right-wing populist parties and news media.
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In the 21st century, the integration of immigrants has become a major challenge for the European Union Countries as a large share of the immigrants preferred to stay there. Thus, poor integration is challenging for both, the immigrants and the host society. The researcher intended to rigorously study the integration challenges of Pakistani immigrants residing in Germany. For that purpose, a survey was conducted with 264 Pakistanis, 50% of them were females, above 18 years of age, and living in Germany for more than three months on a legal status was inclusion criteria. Human capital remained an important factor for integration.
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This study focuses on the processes of social and psychological adaptation and identity formation of university students in North Cyprus who have a migrant background, namely those who have at least one Turkish parent who migrated from Turkey and settled in North Cyprus after 1975. It aims at identifying this population’s acculturation strategies (Berry, 1997) and identity styles (Berzonsky, 2004) as well as exploring the relationship between the two by drawing on semi-structured in-depth interviews.
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Over 344.660 people have left Kosovo only during 2008-2018. The average education level of them was higher than of the resident population, resulting in a significant brain drain from Kosovo during the past decade. On the other hand, the struggle against corruption still continues. Therefore,corruption is among the main push factors for brain drain migration from Kosovo. Germany remains the most preferred final destination for Kosovo migrants meanwhile the most damaged sectors from brain drain are the health sector, the IT sector, the construction sector, the social workers, and the craftsman.
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This research examines artificial orbital debris accumulation as a threat to extraterrestrial migration within Earth-orbit subsystems consisted in Wagner’s “Transportation Model for a Space Colonization and Manufacturing System”. The collision hazard to the ESS and SSPSs is analyzed by two factors: [1] orbital region and [2] nature of operations, where a constructive correlation is exhibited between official space environment statistics data analysis and collision hazard probability-related calculations. Kessler Syndrome predictions are additionally analyzed regarding the near-Earth components of Wagner’s model, with the ESS in particular consideration.
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This study by focusing on the Syrian refugee men living in Ankara’s lower-class neighborhoods aims to draw an image of the impacts of the crucial conditions such as the war, the forced migration and the poverty on their masculinities. In this context, this study intends to answer the following questions: What are the forms of masculinities in crises and how are they perceived by Syrian men? How new masculinities are mediated through the conditions of forced migration and urban poverty in the case of Syrian refugee men in some neighborhoods in Ankara? This fieldwork uses qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews with Syrian refugee men in Ankara.
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The Great Recession and its further consequences activated new emigration flows from Spain which did not stop with the signs of recovery. The general situation of job insecurity and unemployment seems to be one of the main triggers of this flow, and it does not affect men and women in the same way. Knowing that the point of departure is not the same, this research aims to explore the gender differences in trajectories, motivations, and discourses of the Spanish migrants who left the country after de crisis and onwards. The results show that gender still matters, also in destination, and that it is necessary to focus future research in precarity, care-giving and maternity.
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Focusing on both professional and “unskilled” Filipino and Indonesian expatriate laborers in Saudi Arabia, this paper examines how these two transnational communities envisage their lives in the Kingdom. Saudi Arabia’s Filipinos and Indonesians are remarkable because (1) the groups are the largest Southeast Asian transnationals population in the Kingdom and (2) Filipinos are primarily Christian while Indonesians are generally Muslim. This paper explores the different imaginations and impressions about Saudi Arabia. Moreover, Indonesia and the Philippines share similar geographies, parallel colonial pasts, and contemporarily, use immigration as a development strategy. Saudi Arabia is a magnet for Filipinos and Indonesians because it affords them relatively high salaries, economic prosperity, political stability, and for Muslims, access to Makkah and Madinah. This paper studies (1) underlying motives of Filipinos and Indonesians in the Kingdom, and (2) their perceptions about their Saudi experience.
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Using India Human development survey (IHDS), unique nationally representative dataset of Indian households, this study aims to examine the determinants of migration from ‘rural poor households’ in India. Migration is an important livelihood diversification strategy to mitigate potential risks, such as crop failure, major illness, job loss etc., in rural areas. The result from binary logistic regression suggests that household demographic characteristics, household resources, debt, caste group, education level, shock such as marriage or major illness in the household and public transfers are major factors to determine the migration from rural poor households. The possible implication would be to focus on the migration strategy taking by poor households, as poor migrants work in vulnerable and exploitative condition at destination place, so they require especial attention and need to be covered in social security scheme.
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The following presentation examines how the perception of ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ is not related tothe country of origin in migration studies, if we take into account the temporal and subjective factor that migrants themselves attribute to these perceptions. Using material from anthropological fieldwork with Albanian migrants, who lived and worked in Greece since the 1990s, moving temporally to Albania in the 2010s, it demonstrates, on the one hand, how they express their perspective regarding their ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ as a foreign place. On the other hand, it shows how the temporal family visits that Albanians welcome in Greece bring the sense of ‘home’ itself together in Greece. The presentation concludes that the term country of origin defines migrants in advance by a spatial notion, whereas the subjective conceptualizations of the ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ show primarily that they are mobile, secondly that they make sense for Albanians through the temporal, relational and experiential dimension of the place.
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The concepts of migration and diplomacy are frequently in connection with each other. This study, which focuses on the concept of migration diplomacy, has been prepared primarily to reveal the principals of this concept. In order to properly explain its principals, firstly, following questions were asked: “What is migration diplomacy?” and “Is migration diplomacy useful as a tool in international relations?” A comprehensive literature review was conducted to answer these questions. It is aimed first to define the concept in question and then to determine its place in the international relations.
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Since the change of the political systems in the 1990-s in Albania, massive emigration has been a continuous phenomenon of different scales in Albania. The outflow migration phenomenon is associated with inflow of financial resources to the origin families. Remittances have been a vital financial source of living for a considerable number of households. Therefore they constitute an important financial mechanism for the funding of the country's economy. Empirical studies perform in the field suggest contradictory results as remittances do not have uniform macroeconomic effects from country to country or across time. Empirical regression analysis on emerging economies, with long-period data, suggest both that there is a positive impact of remittances on country economic growth; while others confirm a negative relation effect of remittances on the country’s economic development. The analysis further reveal that remittances diminish macroeconomic volatility through smoothing aggregate consumption.Based on this, naturally, it is raised the question: is any impact of remittances in the macroeconomic gears of Albania country? Therefore it is the purpose of this paper to analyze the effect of the Albanian emigrant’ remittances on the country-specific macroeconomic variables such as aggregate consumption, national saving (by real variables, in % of GDP), and economic growth rate.
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La arquitectura se considera como una de las disciplinas más completas, ya que se abordan en ella aspectos de arte, ciencias y humanidades. Esta última, la convierte en algo sumamente empático (García, 2018, p.11). Es por ello que suele tomarse en cuenta al cliente, con la finalidad de que sus peticiones sean atendidas y acertadas. El término acertado, en la arquitectura, implica realizar el diseño y construcción de manera adecuada para que este tenga un buen efecto hacia el usuario, además, de ser conscientes de que el ser humano tiene necesidades personales. Sin embargo, este conocimiento, que se considera como “default” en la arquitectura, parece ser ignorado o irrelevante en algunos casos, específicamente, en los módulos de emergencia. La arquitectura efímera por emergencia, debe garantizar calidad y capacidad de proporcionar refugio en el menor tiempo posible. En particular, estas soluciones arquitectónicas, están destinadas a albergar, durante un tiempo limitado, a una masa de personas que han migrado debido a una crisis humanitaria o ambiental(Consuegra, 2020). Dicho lo anterior, es relevante cuestionar sobre la existencia de módulos de emergencias que hayan considerado en el proceso de diseño al usuario y su relación con el entorno,y que respetaran la premisa de la arquitectura (sobre cubrir las necesidades personales) junto con la rapidez y urgencia que se le debe dar al mismo. Ahora bien, se plantea una interrogante: ¿Cuáles fueron las experiencias de diseño más acertadas de los módulos de emergencia? Para responder esta pregunta, se llevó a cabo una recolección de datos en la que se investigaron como casos de estudios varios proyectos de arquitectura modular por contextos de emergencia. Posteriormente, se clasificaron y analizaron los datos según indicadores clave que deben tener por ser arquitectura efímera por emergencia (Equipo Editorial, 2017). Para corroborar estos indicadores, se realizaron dos entrevistas, acerca de la migración, sus razones y posibles alternativas, a expertos que han presenciado el fenómeno de la migración desde el puesto de director de una Casa del Migrante en Ciudad Juárez, y una arquitecta y cofundadora de un taller donde son partícipes migrantes, en su mayoría africanos, en Berlín. En conclusión, la arquitectura, además de poder ofrecer un módulo efímero funcional y seguro, tiene la capacidad de aportar a la restauración de la dignidad y bienestar físico-emocional de refugiados y migrantes. Por esto, es indispensable desarrollar proyectos que cumplan con los principios de protección, que atiendan las necesidades básicas de manera higiénica, que respeten la diversidad cultural y que establezcan un diálogo tanto con la población refugiada y migrante, como con el lugar.
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A lo largo de los años, se han buscado soluciones de viviendas y sistemas para los campos de refugiados, sin embargo, ninguna ha resultado exitosa del todo. Lo que lleva a cuestionarse ¿cómo el diseño arquitectónico influye en el bienestar de los migrantes? Para esto se realizó una investigación basada en casos de estudio del campo de la Ciudad de Kakuma y el campo de refugiados en Zataari, Jordania. Estos campos serán calificados según los indicadores establecidos por la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos. Los resultados del análisis evidenciaron que los ámbitos urbanos, económicos y sociales son de gran valor para su bienestar.
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The largest share of the immigrant community in the regions of central Russia is formed by immigrants from post-Soviet states where Islam is the traditional religion. The shared Soviet past facilitates the mutual integration of immigrants and members of the host community (Taran et al 2016). However, there are significant contradictions in the religious consciousness of migrants and one of the citizens of the host community. The author conducted a survey study and found some trends that are typical not only for Russia, but also for many immigrant countries (Collins-Mayo 2012), (Horwath et al 2008), in the history of which Christianity played a leading role in previous eras.
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Öteki özgü(n)r sanat alanlarında olduğu gibi, sinema da çağına tanıklık ederek, düşsel ve tarihsel olayları yansıttığı gibi güncel olayları da küresel ölçekte filmler aracılığıyla bütün duyarlığıyla seyirciyle buluşturmaktadır. İçinde barındırdığı çatışma ve hareketlilik nedeniyle sinemacılara sayısız görsel ve kurgusal olanaklar sunan göç olgusu, eski zamanlardan beri belgesel ve kurmaca sinemanın özel olarak ilgilendiği konulardandır. Her ne biçimde olursa olsun göçler, değişik coğrafyalarda ya da yaşamsal tehdit algısına bağlı olarak güvenliksiz alanlardan güvenlikli alanlara doğru, kimi zaman bireysel kimi zaman da kitlesel olarak gerçekleşmektedir (Sirkeci, 2012; Tilbe, 2015). Bu yönüyle küresel bir sorun olan göç olgusuna tüm öteki toplumsal sorunlarda olduğu gibi sinemanın da duyarsız kalması düşünülemez. Filmlere konu olan öyküler de, kişisel olduğu gibi kitlesel ve toplumsal nitelikli olabilmektedir.
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Birleşmiş Milletler, dünyadaki her yedi kişiden birinin tercih veya zorla göç ettiğini uluslararası ya da ulusal iç göç eden olduğunu belirtmektedir. Göç hayvanlarda olduğu gibi, mevsim, su ihtiyacı gibi doğal sebepler ile yapılıyorsa bu bizim yaşam irademiz için bir gerekliliktir. Bir döngüdür ve ihtiyaçtır. Göç insan yaşamının doğal bir parçası, uzantısıdır.
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Toplumsal bir gerçeklik olarak göç olgusu belirli kriz dönemlerinde insanların güvenlik ihtiyaçları ile ortaya çıkmaktadır. Türk Dil Kurumu’nun Güncel Türkçe Sözlüğü’ne göre göç; “Ekonomik, toplumsal, siyasi sebeplerle bireylerin veya toplulukların bir ülkeden başka bir ülkeye, bir yerleşim yerinden başka bir yerleşim yerine gitme işi, taşınma, hicret, muhaceret (Türk Dil Kurumu, 2019)” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bir ülke içinde başka bir yere yerleşilmesi “iç göç” bir ülkeden başka bir ülkeye yerleşilmesi ise “dış göç” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Güvenlik ihtiyacı kadar sosyal ve kültürel ihtiyaçlar da insanların göç nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. Göç olgusu göç edilen coğrafya ile yerleşilen coğrafya arasında kültürel coğrafi, ekonomik ve hukuki boyutlarda etkileşime neden olmaktadır. “Göç, birçok toplumda etnik ve kültürel farklılığa eklenmekte ve demografik, ekonomik ve toplumsal dinamiklerin biçimlenmesine neden olmaktadır (Osmanoğlu, 2016, s. 79).” Göç eden insan ya da insan toplulukları kendi gereksinimlerini karşılamaları sürecinde katıldıkları yeni toplumsal çevre ile etkileşime girmektedirler.
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