ITALIA. Profilo del Paese. Rapporto del Centro Europeo per i Diritti deI Rom

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Italian

There are no precise figures on the current number of Roma, Sinti and Caminanti (RSC) in Italy and the available data on their socio-economic situation are insufficient. Roma in Italy are not a homogeneous group, have different legal statuses as well as various levels of integration in Italian society. According to unofficial estimates there are about 110,000-180,000 Roma in Italy, Italian citizens and migrants (registered), and represent about 0.25% of the total population. Half of them are under 16 and only 0.3% are over 60 years old. These figures are greater if we take into account those Roma who do not have residency and are "illegally" or "irregularly" present in the country. Among the Roma in Italy there are stateless persons in fact from the former Yugoslavia, for which reliable data are lacking. It is estimated that around 70,000 Roma are Italian citizens who have been living in Italy for more than 600 years and are present throughout the country; about 90,000 are Roma who were not born in Italy or born in Italy from immigrant parents, mainly from Eastern Europe. Then there are Roma from the former Yugoslavia who have been living in Italy for over 40 years and have subsequently become Italian citizens. During the wars of the 1990s a new wave of Roma from the former Yugoslavia arrived in Italy to seek asylum; some asylum applications, but not all, were accepted. In the last ten years the Roma, mainly from Romania and Bulgaria, have migrated to an increasing number in Italy, especially after the abolition of the visa regime in 2002 and the accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the EU in January 2007.

Україна. Звіт Європейського центрУ З прав ромів профіль країни 2011-2012

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Ukrainian

TÜRKİYE. Avrupa Roman Hakları Merkezi Ra poru Ülke Profili 2011-2012

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Turkish

THE FRAGILITY OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE. A Preliminary Account of Child Protection Practice with Romani and Traveller Children in England

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

To examine the concerns that have been listed more fully, the authors of this report have been commissioned by the European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) to carry out a preliminary study into the scale and nature of child protection practice with Romani and Traveller children in England. Specifically, the study aimed to: 1. Highlight the principal reasons for child protection involvement with Romani and Traveller children; 2. Map the placement type and legal status of Romani and Traveller children involved in child protection systems; 3. Examine the reasons for the placement of Romani and Traveller children in state care; 4. Explore how child protection professionals describe their work with Roma children; and, 5. Shed some light on the experiences of families who have experienced child protection involvement.The findings presented in this report reflect data that has been gathered in four separate ways. First, data was gathered through a series of Freedom of Information Requests to the Department of Education. Second, data was gathered from 137 questionnaires completed by child protection professionals working in England. Third, data was gathered from focus group interviews with 155 child protection professionals working in England. Finally, data was also gathered from two families who have experienced child protection involvement in family life.

Are the Moldovans who hold Romanian Passports a Devastating Threat for EU?

Author(s): Leonid Litră / Language(s): English

Moldova’s relations with the EU have advanced significantly over the past years. At the same time, in the European public space there are appearing many controversial discussions, some of them denigrating Republic of Moldova. These insinuations are mainly related to the acquisition of the Romanian citizenship and migration of Moldovans to EU. Even if Romania is not a special case in dealing with citizenship issues, the media attacks towards Romania and Moldova increased in the last months, being mostly observed in the European press. Their aim might be to slow down the rapprochement of Moldova to EU that seems to be a campaign orchestrated by some states, other than the EU states.

How to Support Moldovan Diaspora in Italy? State’s Foreign Policy?

Author(s): Vladislav Şaran / Language(s): English

Activity of diplomatic missions of the Republic of Moldova is inevitable in the process of coordinating migration flows and maintaining links with Moldovan diaspora. Moldova Embassy and Consulate represent an essential bridge to homeland. In general, embassy serves Moldovan citizens legally residing in those countries, whereas Consulate in parallel meets the consular needs and can also get in touch with those who are staying illegally in that particular country. The Community of Moldovans in Italy is one of the few that relatively managed to consolidate in a whole, so we can talk about a Moldovan diaspora. The difficulties faced by our citizens in the peninsula lies in the lack of information about their status of immigrant, incognizance of their rights and authorities where they can address to improve their situation.

Životní a ekonomické strategie obyvatel horských regionů v Makedonii

Author(s): Barbora Machová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The author deals with the life and economic strategies of people inhabiting mountain regions of the Republic of Macedonia, during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. The strategies can be studied either by means of analyses of economic behavior of an individual/a household or by research of socio-cultural aspects of human behaviour and motivation. The research of value systems became popular. The value system seems to be an impulse to the particular strategies. In addition to that potential strategies of individuals and households are defined by many other factors, e. g. current situation on the labour market, land ownership, capital or external intervention of the state policy. The strategies differ in particular regions depending on the local environment or a distance from the center. A case study from the village of Bitovo shows the present situation (2011, 2012) and goes back to the second half of the 20th century. Bitovo is situated in the region of Poreche in Western Macedonia and lies at 1200 m. a. s. l. In 2011 it had 43 inhabitants. The current occupation of local men was mostly woodcutter, wood transport and sheep breeding. The men procured a financial income of a household. Women were used to work as self-sufficient farmers and they procured a non-monetary income. After the World War II the village Bitovo had 360 inhabitants. It stands for the most common strategy of the villagers during the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century was emigration. The motivation for emigration was principally economic. We distinguish two agricultural streams of migration and two industrial ones. First there were the agricultural streams with motivation to get a land to Vojvodina (the towns of Kačarevo, Jabuka) and to the Pelagonia lowland (around Prilep, Macedonia). During the 70’s the villagers started to settle to cities (urbanization) to be employed in industry and to go to work to Germany (as gastarbeiters).

Bíkulturní zkušenost a její vliv na identitu mladých Vietnamců v České republice

Author(s): Mai Hoa Nguyenová,Jan Širůček / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Ačkoli jsou Vietnamci jednou z největších národnostních menšin u nás a druhá generace původních přistěhovalců již dospěla a začíná zakládat rodiny, skutečnost, že se jimi psychologická odborná literatura v Česku téměř nezabývá, může být stále opakována jako mantra. Přitom právě v případě druhé generace (těch, kteří se již v Česku narodili), respektive jedenapůlté generace Vietnamců (těch, kteří se sem s rodinou přistěhovali během dětství či dospívání) badatelům nemůže překážet jazyková bariéra. Tito mladí lidé totiž díky svému vyrůstání v českém prostředí zdatně ovládají nejen jazyk, ale také si osvojili mnoho znalostí, které s místním kulturním povědomím souvisí. Zároveň se však odmalička setkávají s kulturou, která s tou českou může stát v příkrém kontrastu — s kulturou vietnamskou, pocházející ze země mnoho tisíc kilometrů vzdálené. Jak lze tuto bikulturní zkušenost charakterizovat? A jak může ovlivnit formování identity těchto mladých lidí, kteří na prahu dospělosti přemítají nad podobnými otázkami jako jejich čeští vrstevníci — tedy kým jsou a kam patří? Těmito otázkami se kromě samotných Vietnamců zabývali rovněž autoři této kvalitativní studie, jež má vzhledem ke stavu psychologické odborné literatury v tuzemsku explorativní charakter a představuje příspěvek k možné diskusi nejen na téma mladých Vietnamců, ale také o životě a integraci cizinců v naší zemi obecně.

Interim Evaluation of Reconstruction and Return Task Force (RRTF). MINORITY RETURN PROGRAMMES in 1999

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Building on the often frustrating experience of the first two years of the peace process, the RRTF developed a methodology to support minority returns which, in the course of this year, following the expansion of the RRTF field network, it has applied consistently throughout the country. This methodology consists of locating "return axes", identifying groups of displaced persons eager to return and working with them; following the flow of returns, responding to unexpected movements of displaced persons when they attempt to return home off their own bat with flexible, financial aid; negotiating "beach-head" returns, brokering deals by which returnees can establish themselves in their former communities; identifying security risks, anticipating problems so as to be able to defuse delicate situations; and information management, monitoring events on the ground closely and sharing knowledge among the international agencies.In response to the many obstacles to refugee return encountered during the first year and a half of the Bosnian peace process, an inter-agency body, the Reconstruction and Return Task Force or RRTF, was created to oversee the process. Largely as a result of the work of this body and the efforts of its staff, the numbers of minority returnees, that is members of an ethnic group other than that controlling the territory, as well as the destinations to which they are going have steadily increased in the course of the past two years. While overall figures remain disappointing, 1999 has seen the opening of many hitherto closed areas for minority returnees. This paper seeks to assess the RRTF’s performance during 1999. It examines RRTF structures, that is the origins and concepts behind the RRTF; the methodology and delivery mechanisms employed by the RRTF; relations between the RRTF and donors; and the various external constraints on operations. It evaluates the RRTF’s 1999 programmes considering returns to vacant areas, so-called phase one returns, as well as returns to contested space. And it concludes with an analysis of the tasks facing the RRTF next year.

Prezenţa elementului grec în structura demografică a Basarabiei în prima jumătate a secolului al XIX‑lea

Author(s): Valeriu Harabara / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Ca urmare a anexării Basarabiei la Imperiul Rus (1812), în această zonă a început un proces de modificare a structurii etnice a populaţiei Basarabiei, proces ce a fost amplificat de autorităţile ţariste prin politica colonizării teritoriului obținut. Acţiunile date s‑au răsfrânt şi asupra evoluţiei demografice a elementului grec de pe teritoriul Basarabiei.

„Rekonkvista Stare Srbije“: o kontinuitetu teritorijalne i demografske politike na Kosovu

Author(s): Vladan Z. Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Since the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Serbia used to be focused on the political status of its territorial gains (Kosovo, Macedonia, Sandzak), rather than on the social reality in these areas. The very reputation of the Serbian army, which occupied/liberated Kosovo in 1912, induced distrust of non-Slavic population towards the new state. Serbian military attempt to reach the Adriatic via northern parts of Albania (1912/13), as well as the treatment of Albanian civilians during these actions largely compromised the international reception of Serbian ‘liberation intentions’. That is one of the reasons why the Serb-Albanian conflict was difficult to be channelled during the first Yugoslav state. Instead of focusing on how to basically modernize the almost feudal society in its ‘Southern province’, the new government resorted to the territorial and demographic re-composition of the area, which was wedged between the myths of autochthonous people and the claims for ethnic and historical rights. It soon became clear that the ‘Albanian national question’ could not have been solved by inventing the ‘historical provinces’, nor by splitting Kosovo into three territorial units. Following the idea of ‘balancing’ the ethnic composition of Kosovo in favor of the Serbs, the Yugoslav kingdom acceded to the controversial project of agrarian reform and colonization, which resulted in settling 20,000 families in 1000 colonies throughout the ‘southern regions’. At the same time, Belgrade regime ‘offered’ an institutional framework for chaotic Muslim exodus (initialised after the Great Eastern Crisis), which elaborated practical ideas about emigration of ’disloyal’ Albanians. In order to colonize its eastern area, Turkey was ready to receive 200,000 Yugoslavs of ‘Turkish culture’, which was stipulated by the Yugoslav-Turkish Convention in 1938. The absurdity of territorial and demographic experiments came to the fore during the Second World War, when Kosovo fell under several various occupying regimes. An urgent request of German commander for Southeast to immediately stop the emigration of the Serbs ‘because it was bringing Kosovo to the brink of an anarchy’, ironically demystifies the very nature of demographic solutions resorted to since 1912, even after the creation of socialist Yugoslavia. After the establishment of military rule in Kosovo in early 1945, which very much resembled the early-1920s, the Communist authorities revised the interwar colonization, returning to the Albanian owners one-fifth of land, seized by the Yugoslav monarchist regime. However, dissatisfaction with the situation in Kosovo was still evident among its population, which triggered new migratory waves to Turkey. According to their volume, they far exceeded the pre-war Muslim emigration. The Yugoslav state was active in supporting the process of expatriation of Albanians as in previous times. The spiral of alternate demographic shifts and continuous administrative-territorial redefinition of space did not have positive effects on social cohesion in Kosovo.

The European Problem Regarding the Acceptance, Integration and Prevention of Crime Towards Migrants and Refugees

Author(s): Ana Campina,Carlos RODRIGUES / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Migration in a global perspective is contemporary of the Human life, with the most different motivations, in each time and place, within the specific legal frame- works depending on the State law and the International Law. Consequently, in the human global mobility there are different positions and possibilities to these human beings by political, social, economic, and cultural powers. The continuous research is an academic and scientific need, being focus on the global migration and refugees, considering the international legal meaning. There are Regions and States where the Migrants and Refugees are welcome, accepted, and integrated, not only by the legal point of view but the governs behaviors, public policies, social reception, economic and financial support/investment, but in contrast, there are completely opposite positions generating serious problems since the denial to the abandon of millions of human beings. Since the Arab Spring, the reality for millions of Refugees is dramatic by the violation of the Human Rights, the International Law, and States Fundamental Rights. The Public Opinion is vulnerable to the manipulated information in different States, so it has provoked the discrimination, rejection, and violence against Migrants and Refugees. However, it ́s basic to understand the serious context as there are international movements, involving International organized crime acting with Migrants and Refugees – human trafficking, smuggling, exploitations, violence, and all kind of violations. The International Security – legal, protection and criminal (re)action, police authorities – between States and International Organizations have developed different reactions. This is a serious and difficult problem needing a permanent effective work of all structures to protect millions of Human beings. The European Union, working together the international community, as well as with the most different movements – public and/or private – need to develop a concerted and strategic work receiving and integrating the Refugees, which measures must cover and protect all in Europe, regardless their origin.

Честване на традиционни календарни празници в живота на българските мигранти в Пекин

Author(s): Teodora Yonkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.

CHALLENGES AND VULNERABILITIES OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Delia Mihaela Marinescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Respect for equal opportunities and control of migration are the basis for the development of any democratic society, the magnitude of these phenomena and their importance on the state balance determining an analysis consistent with the very identity of states and the European Union as a whole, especially as they can influence the values and cohesion of a state. The objective of the research is to present the challenges and vulnerabilities identified in relation to equal opportunities and migration from the perspective of education, their impact on the environment, but also the challenges that may arise in the current global context, caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The article starts from the exposition of the importance of equal opportunities and migration in a complex security environment with rapid evolutions and significant implications on multiple levels of social, economic, political and security life, and the main conclusion is that at EU level joint efforts must be made to adopt and respect unitary measures to ensure respect for human rights, in order to ensure security.

Avrupa Birliği-Türkiye İlişkilerinde İş Birliği ve Çatışma Alanı Olarak Suriyeli Sığınmacılar Meselesi

Author(s): İrem ALGEDİK,Pelin Aliyev / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

1945’te yerle bir olan Avrupa’nın tekrar toparlanması ve ayağa kalkmasında kömür ve çeliği kilit unsurlar olarak gören anlayışın güçlü savunucularından biri olan Fransız Dışişleri Bakanı Robert Schuman’ın öncülüğünde hazırlanan Schuman Planı kapsamında Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, Belçika, Hollanda ve Lüksemburg’un katılımı ile 1952 yılında AKÇT (Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Topluluğu) kurulmuştu (Goldstein ve Pevehouse, 2017: 460-461). Bugünkü AB (Avrupa Birliği) ise AKÇT’nin kurulmasıyla yarım asırdan fazla bir süre önce başlayan bir sürecin sonucu olarak görülmektedir (Pinder ve Usherwood, 2018: 1).

Nga Ulqini deri në Durrës – emigrantët shqiptarë në Venedik (shek-ulli XIV-XVIII)

Author(s): Lovorka Čoralić / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Punimi bazohet në zbërthimin e materialit origjinal nga Arkivi Shtetëror në Venedik (dokumente testamentare, kadastra, regjistra të bashkisë për shoqata artizanale dhe tregtare, shkrime të Zyrës për Arsenalin, e të tjera) dhe Arkivi i Vëllazërisë Shën Gjergji dhe Trifoni në Venedik (libra nga takime vjetore të vëllazërisë), si dhe në ekzaminimin e njohurive ekzistuese të historiografisë.

Seoba Albanaca Klementinaca u Srijem u Slavoniji (Hrvatska)

Author(s): Frok Zefiq / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Albanski je narod tijekom svoje teške i zanimljive povijesti često bio prisiljavan na iselja vanje iz domovine. Sve su se te grupe iseljenika tijekom vremena stopile sa sredi-nom u koju su došle. Njihove obiteljske tradicije, narodna nošnja, običaji i govor ostat će još dugo svjedocima njihova albanskoga podrijetla. Tako Albanci od 1437. do 1744. emigriraju u Italiju. Godine 1690. jedna grupa seli se u Mađarsku. Nadbiskup Zmaje-vić od 1723. do 1727. naseljava Albancima mjesto Arbanase kod Zadra (Šufflay). Jaku albansku koloniju nalazimo i u Bugarskoj, u Čiprovcu, Kopilovcu i Železnoj. Crkveni dokumenti iz 1640. kažu da oni još govore albanski, premda su već odavno prispjeli ovamo (sono venuti abantiquisd’Albania). Imaju i svoje albanske svećenike franjevce, među kojima prednjači Cabashi fra Nicolaus, kojega drugi dokumenti zovu fra Nicolo-Albanese (Fermendžin).

Shqiptarët e Rumanisë

Author(s): Kopi KYÇYKU / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Shqiptarët e Rumanisë janë një pakicë etnike që, sipas përfundimeve të regjistrimit të popullsisë të vitit 2002, numuron 520 vetë. Por shifra e vërtetë e tyre besohet të jetë rreth 10.000. Kjo mospërputhje lidhet me faktin që jo pak shqiptarë etnikë vetëdeklarohen rumunë. Afro gjysma e tyre banojnë në qendra të rëndësishme urbane, si: Timishoara, Jash, Konstancë dhe Kluzh-Napoka. Shumica janë të krishterë ortodoksë, të ardhur gjatë shekujve nga Jugu i Shqipërisë, kryesisht nga Korça, por ka edhe myslimanë, kryesisht në Dobruxhë, në rrethinat e portit të Konstancës.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration in Europe

Author(s): Judyta Cabańska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented restrictions to travel and mobility at global level. Limitations of migration flows resulted in problems in countries with a large share of immigrants on the labor market. The aim of the chapter is to examine the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on migration flow in Europe. In addition, the impact of changes in migration flows during the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market in Europe is also presented. Design/methodology/approach: The following research methods were used in the work: cause and effect analysis, statistical analysis of quantitative data, descriptive statistics methods. The analysis used statistical data from Eurostat, Frontex, OECD and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Findings: From the analysis, it can be concluded that restrictions on migration to Europe contributed to reducing the influx of migrants to EU countries, which was reflected in the situation on the labor market. Increasing labor shortages in critical sectors leads to a slowdown in the post-pandemic recovery of economies. The lifting of pandemic restrictions in 2021 made it possible to partially resume travel. Labor markets have recovered surprisingly rapidly, as vaccination levels have risen markedly and mobility has normalised. Research limitations: The possibilities to determine the impact of restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic on migration flows are limited, as the timeliness and frequency of data collection are not sufficient to provide adequate information on this subject. Practical implications: The European Union should support the opening of legal migration channels. Making legal migration more difficult for people in developing countries will encourage more people to attempt irregular migration. It is necessary to pursue an effective immigration policy tailored to the needs of the labor market of EU Member States in conjunction with development policy. During the pandemic, it was possible to observe how much some sectors of the economy are dependent on workers from other countries. Originality and value: This chapter attempts to contribute to the literature on international migration delivering results of analysis of impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the migration flows in Europe.

Beyond Francophonie: Understanding the Rise of English-Speaking Preferences for Moroccan Students in Management

Author(s): Karim Darban,Smail Kabbaj / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study investigates the transition of Moroccan students from French-speaking to English-speaking destinations and programs for studying abroad. Employing quantitative research methods, trends and patterns in destination preference over time are identified. The results unveil a notable shift in destination preferences among Moroccan students, moving from French-speaking countries to English-speaking ones in recent years. The implications of these findings offer valuable insights and enhanced utility for stakeholders, particularly universities and governmental entities aiming to allure international students from North Africa.