Politik der Differenz

Author(s): Martin Walser / Language(s): German Issue: 08/1994

Nach guter Professorensitte beginne ich mit einigen Klarstellungen. Es ist nicht die Toleranz der Zivilgesellschaft oder des Staates gegenüber dem einzelnen Sonderling oder Abweichler, die in diesem Text im Zentrum steht. Von ihr wird erst ganz am Schluß die Rede sein. Individualrechte mögen zwar zu den Grundvoraussetzungen jeder Toleranz gehören, hier jedoch interessieren mich diese Rechte vor allem dann, wenn sie von freiwilligen Vereinigungen, Religionsgemeinschaften oder bei kulturellen Betätigungen gemeinschaftlich ausgeübt oder von Gruppen im Namen ihrer Mitglieder reklamiert werden. Das in seiner Differenz einzigartige und aus dem Rahmen fallende Einzelindividuum zu tolerieren, fällt nicht allzu schwer. Zugleich sind die soziale Ablehnung von Exzentrikern und der Widerstand gegen individuelle Abweichung vielleicht nicht sonderlich vergnüglich, aber auch nicht besonders gefährlich. Weitaus höher ist der Einsatz dort, wo es um exzentrische und andersdenkende Gruppen geht.

Pravo na okupljanje i spajanje porodica kao izvor imigracije u Evropskoj uniji

Author(s): Ivana Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 12/2015

The right to family reunification of persons which are foreign born and do not have EU citizenship, but legally residents in the Member State with committed to permanently residing, is recognized as one of the fundamental rights of the European Union in the European area of free movement. Since 2003 this right is been institutionalized by provisions of Directive 2003/86/EC, which sets precise guidelines for the implementation of the right to family reunifi cation in the Member States of EU. This directive is still in force, but the legal nature of this act indicates a certain level of freedom in its implementation, and the discretion of the Member States that taking into account national particularities, further develop and regulate this issue at the national level. The signifi cance of this Directive in the fi eld of EU immigration policy in particular stems from the fact that nearly half of European immigration today legally residing in the EU is a result of the implementation of the right to family reunifi cation. The aim of this paper is, except to point out the basic elements and the contents of this Directive and the issues of implementation into national legislation of the Member States, to make a special insight of the reports and studies of the European Commission in recent years related to application of the right to family reunifi cation of legal residents in the EU, with special emphasis on the complexity of the issue of immigrants integration in the EU.

Az oroszországi németekről

Author(s): György Dalos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 98/2015

EKSTREMIZAM: PRERUŠENI FAŠIZAM UVEK VREBA

Author(s): Sonja Biserko / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 181/2014

Magyar törvény, szlovák diskurzus

Author(s): Ágnes Vass / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2014

Peace through cultural interaction: the ethnic relations in Finland and Turkey

Author(s): Adél Furu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

This paper centres on the ethnic relations in Finland and Turkey, approaching the Black Sea region from a larger geographical and cultural perspective. I will examine how the governments of these two multicultural societies maintain good relations with their linguistic and cultural minorities. Through this paper I point out how close cultural relations with the Sami people maintain the peace in Finland. Peace in this area is implemented through culture and education. I will describe how Finland is involved in the implementation of educational programmes for the Sami and how it aims at acquainting the Finnish majority with various aspects of Sami cultural traditions. Moreover, the dialogue between these two cultures plays an important role in eliminating the prejudice that has stirred up conflicts for so many decades. Since the problem of the Kurdish people in Turkey is not only a problem within the borders, but also an international problem, in this paper I look at the ways in which the aspirations of the Kurds in Turkey have an impact on cross-border minority aspirations as well. Therefore, Turkey is expected to embrace a liberal legal approach and should put emphasis on the liberalization of minority politics.

Representations of suppressed indigenous cultural memories: the communities of Sami of Finland and Kurdish of Turkey

Author(s): Adél Furu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

In my paper I intend to examine how the historical marginalization of Sami and Kurdish history and culture affects the cultural identity of these ethnic groups. I discuss how recent political discourses and state interventions have influenced the images of the past and identity politics in the Sami communities living in Finland and in the Kurdish society living in Turkey. Furthermore, I describe how these assimilated minorities have alienated from their own identity due to a damage of their collective memory caused by devastating historical events. The paper also focuses on the ways these two minorities give meaning to the past and strengthen their cultural identities through different forms of art. Both Samis and Kurds express their identities in several creative ways. Their historical realities, individual histories, memories of assimilation and common values are reflected in joiks, folk music and cinema. These are strong ways of remembering and expressions of identity in both cultures. Traditional songs, films, documentaries reveal histories, reproduce cultures and shape the memories of both Sami and Kurdish people. Therefore, I will discuss how the patterns of their cultural memory have an impact on the representation of their identities in the above art forms.

Jazyk a konfesia Slovákov v Chorvátsku v súčasnosti a ich dosah na možnosti revitalizácie

Author(s): Miriam Stašková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2016

Research, which was carried out in areas of Western Srem and Eastern Slavonia in Slovak villages in the territory of Croatia, was motivated by attempt to capture the current state of the use of Slovak language by the Slovaks in that area in the context of manifestations of ethnic identity of Slovaks in Croatia and also with regard to their confessional affiliation. Confession, has proved to be one of the main factors of maintaining the Slovak minority in the majority environment.

Pozdravni govor predsjednika Republike Hrvatske prof. dr. sc. Ive Josipovića

Author(s): Ivo Josipović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 9/2013

Zaštita manjinskih identiteta u Republici Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Ružica Jakešević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 9/2013

This paper examines the issue of minority identity, freedom of its expression in different social contexts, as well as problems which might appear as a result of the termination of the right to express diversity in the public sphere, and where diversity presents an obstacle to full integration into society. Also, the paper points to the measures aimed at protection of identity and specially analyzes the model which is in force in the Republic of Croatia, which relies on two principles: identity and integration.

Politički identitet u multikulturalnim državama sa osvrtom na Crnu Goru

Author(s): Danijela Vuković-Ćalasan / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 9/2013

The problem of building and shaping political identity in multicultural societies is actualized by the politicization of cultural tendencies and „pluralism of identity“ of the late twentieth century. The issue of a common identity, its redefining and adapting to the new reality of complexed ethno-cultural pluralism, became open even for traditional, consolidated liberal democracies. The post-communist societies in transition are facing the need for designing the new political identities in the process of building the state and nation, in the complexed internal circumstances. As a civic state by its Constitution, Montenegro has decided to build a common political, ethnic and national identity, based on strengthening the legal and political, rather than cultural and ethnic components of its structure. The foundation of national identity on the civic principle is particularly important for societies with strong ethno-cultural pluralism, in which the particular (ethno) national identities are still present, such as Montenegrin. It is necessary, therefore, to build the common identity, as well as wide enough so the members of different ethnic and cultural communities can identify with it and develop a sense of belonging and loyalty to the nation-state identity. The politicization and political instrumentalization of the ethnic and national identity in terms of an unfinished process of individualization and value transition process in general, make the consolidation of the common political identity difficulty. Civic, liberal-democratic national identity is a good framework for the realization of both individual as well as collective rights, thus it is, by its nature, inclusive and open to the ethno-cultural distinctiveness, but also due to the fact that emphasizes the primacy of the individual over the community. It`s equally important, in line with the need for recognition of different cultural and ethnic identity of national and ethnic minorities, to develop collective rights too to the extent that will not disintegrate common, political, ethnic and national identity. That is, relying on the arguments of the multiculturalists, a necessary condition for the recognition of an individual’s identity and respect of its rights and freedoms. In this way, implementation of the rights of ethno-cultural communities to preserve and recognize their identity as well as equal and fair access to public space, become no less important, than the need to strengthen common political identity.

Relativizacija evropskih manjinskih politika – studija slučaja Bosna i Hercegovina

Author(s): Miloš Šolaja / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 14/2015

the author discusses the reasons for relativization of the national minorities protection policy of the Council of europe and the european union in light of the problems with national minorities protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina. the minorities protection policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina had implications for minority rights protection in Hungary and Croatia after Croatia’s accession to the eu. the european union, the Council of europe and other european institutions defined their position towards minority rights in light of the european Court for Human rights decision in the Sejdić and Finci case. the decision specified mandatory constitutional changes in terms of equal protection of national minority rights. according to the demanded constitutional revisions, the representatives of national minorities would have a right to compete for legal and executive positions in the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina. Before the eCHr decision, only representatives of the three constituent peoples – Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats could be nominated for positions in the legislature and in the executive institutions. the Council of europe mediated by Coe Parliamentarian assembly and Committee of Ministers threatened to suspend BiH membership to the Coe until the decision was implemented. at the same time, coordinated european union institutions made the ratification of the Stabilization and association agreement (Saa) negotiated with Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2008 conditional upon the implementation of the Sejdić and Finci decision. the threat wasn’t carried through and BiH became presiding country of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of europe in 2014. In the meantime, the newly elected european Parliament as well as recently appointed european Commission accepted the Saa although the Sejdić-Finci decision was not incorporated in the constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Konsolidacija demokracije u Bosni i Hercegovini u sferi položaja nacionalnih manjina sa posebnim osvrtom na položaj „ostalih”

Author(s): Mirza Smajić,Zarije Seizović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 14/2015

the article discusses the status, rights and perspectives of the minorities and “non-constituent” peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina. the status of the “constituent minorities” (the “others”) is very specific and different from the minorities’ status in neighbouring countries. the article argues that in Bosnia and Herzegovina ”traditional” attitudes like ethno-nationalism, discrimination, violation of minorities rights and freedoms are still very dominant. a direct consequence of this socio-political atmosphere is ethno-particularisation of society and destabilization of the state in domestic and international contexts. this short review of the status of minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina is an insight into the international and national instruments that regulate the status and rights of the national minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. the authors highlight the specificity of the country, i.e. the institutional discrimination of citizens that belong to the “others”, but are still citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. the authors claim that the citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina should be an efficient protection against the observed discrimination.

Značenje regionalne suradnje za očuvanje jezika i kulture Roma

Author(s): Vera Klopčić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 14/2015

The article topic is regional cooperation in light of its special importance for the rights of dispersed ethnic minorities living in different countries. In this context the situation of roma stands out as a specific issue in the context of modern european minority protection. International documents for the first time in history provide institutional support for the preservation of ethnic identity of the roma in europe. the european Charter for regional or Minority Languages expands its protection also to the protection of non-territorial languages, including the roma language. In the second half of the last century, in the geographical area of the Western Balkans some initiatives for the preservation and development of the romani language and identity started. Following these initiatives, representatives of roma from the former Yugoslavia started a project for standardization of the roma language. Practice has shown that this process significantly influenced the situation and the use of the romani language in Slovenia.

The Interethnic Stalemate in Romania: Origins and Risks

Author(s): George Jiglău / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2015

The accommodation of ethnic diversity has played an important role in the development of the Romanian political system following the fall of communism. The first decade of transition witnessed a sinuous path of interethnic relations between the Romanian majority and the Hungarian minority, from violent clashes and implementation of minority unfriendly legislation to minority inclusion in the national government. The second stage, associated with the efforts leading to Romania’s Euro-Atlantic integration, brought a change in tactics from the Hungarian politicians. The author presents a general overview of how the political game between the Romanian state and the Hungarian minority developed in the last two decades and emphasises the legislative dimension of the disputes. The main argument of this article is that, although the interethnic relations have been normalised, the legal dispute is in a stalemate, which, if unresolved, threatens the current stability in the longer term.

Sürdürülebilir Yasadışılık: İstanbul’da Gagauz Kadınlar

Author(s): Bayram Ünal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2012

This study deals with survival strategies of illegal migrants in Turkey. It aims to provide an explanation for the efforts to keep illegality sustainable for one specific ethnic/national group—that is, the Gagauz of Moldova, who are of Turkish ethnic origin. In order to explicate the advantages of Turkish ethnic origin, I will focus on their preferential treatment at state-law level and in terms of the implementation of the law by police officers. In a remarkable way, the juridical framework has introduced legal ways of dealing with the illegality of ethnically Turkish migrants. From the viewpoint of migration, the presence of strategic tools of illegality forces us to ask not so much law-related questions, but to turn to a sociological inquiry of how and why they overstay their visas. Therefore, this study concludes that it is the social processes behind their illegality, rather than its form, that is more important for our understanding of the migrants’ survival strategies in destination countries.

Göç, Ticaret ve Kalkınma: Meksika-ABD ve Türkiye-Avrupa Karşılaştırması

Author(s): Philip L. Martin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2012

Migration was the major relationship between Mexico and the US and Turkey and Western Europe for most of the past half century. Changes in both migrant-sending and –receiving countries aimed to substitute trade for migration. Mexico and Turkey have had roller-coaster economic growth trajectories, sometimes growing faster than other OECD countries and sometimes shrinking faster. There have been significant changes in Mexico and Turkey but, until more formal-sector jobs are created, especially young people leaving agriculture or joining the labour market may be candidates for migration.

Migration and development: Comparing Mexico-US and Turkey-Europe

Author(s): Philip L. Martin,Ibrahim Sirkeci,Eugen Stark / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

About 12 million people born in Mexico are in the US while about four million Turks are in the European Union. Migration has been part of the strong relationship between these sending and receiving countries. Both Mexico‟s and Turkey‟s economies expanded significantly over the last two decades. However, there has also been displacement and outmigration from both countries. Over 500,000 Mexicans moved to the US each year between 2004 and 2007, and most were unauthorized. Researchers from Mexico and the US and Turkey and Western European countries examine the demography, economy, and politics of Mexico-US and Turkey-western Europe migration in this special issue.

A postmodern migrant subjectivity: Reading Italian-Canadianness, reading Breaking the Mould

Author(s): Clara Sacchetti / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

This article ethnographically explores the ways in which members of an Italian studies book club in the small north-western Ontario (Canada) city of Thunder Bay express their migrant subjectivity by and through a discussion of Penny Petrone‟s memoir, Breaking the Mould. It is framed within a postmodern frame-work that draws attention to how people engage with a local discourse of Italian-Canadianness grounded on notions of homeland, heritage culture, and selfhood and challenged by notions of gender, immigrant generational position, and socio-economic class. It draws attention to the problematic of identity and highlights how vexation, tension, contradiction, rupture, and contestation is part and parcel of an Italian-Canadian migrant subjectivity in Thunder Bay and part and parcel of migrant subjectivity more generally.

Migration and Resource Access: View from a Quechua Barrio

Author(s): Robyn Eversole / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2005

A study of migration patterns among residents of an urban Bolivian neighbourhood sheds light on how households access resources, and the impact of ethnic identity markers on their ability to do so. The study shows how, in an ethnically divided society, households of rural, indigenous Andean background use migration as part of a complex range of strategies to access resources through space and across social and ethnic divides. The study demonstrates the limitations that these migrant households face, and their implications for social and economic development in Bolivia.