We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The aim of this article is to present the bank credit as the main source of financing for SMEs. Author presents the way of evidencing and valuation of loan, interest and fees of credit in the point of view of tax law and accounting act. She also asks a question about the influence of types and value of credits on the financial position and cash flow of banks.
More...
The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) started its activity in 1999. It consists of the European Central Bank (ECB), which started its activity on the first of June nineteen ninety-eight, and of National Central Banks (NCB) of EU Member States. The European Central Bank has replaced the European Monetary Institute. Since 1999 ECB has started to realize competences of the European System of Central Banks as ESCB does not have a legal personality. Status of ESCB results from the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC) and a protocol regarding ESCB and ECB attached to the Treaty, and called a Statute of ESCB and ECB. On the other hand, status of National Central Banks depends on whether it is NCB of a state which has already entered the euro zone or whether it is NCB of a so called state with derogation. ESBC and at the same time ECB have been equipped with a wide range of independences as institutional independence, personal, functional and financial independence. The basic statutory purpose of ESBC is maintaining the stability of prices. ECB has a legal status. It realizes basic tasks as conducting common money policy and keeping monetary reserves of euro zone states. Poland is a state which comes within derogation. Thus NBP has constitutionally guaranteed functional, personal and financial independence. The basic purpose of NBP activity is maintaining a stable level of prices. NBP fulfills all typical functions of a central bank, i.e., it is a bank of issue, bank of state and bank of banks. NBP realizes functions of a central banking exchange institution. NBP has a status of an independent Bank, equipped with a very wide range of competence and at the same time narrowly connected with structures of ESCB and ECB.
More...
Revitalization is a comprehensive program to rebuild degraded urban fabric. To be able to be properly performed are necessary for this purpose adequate funds. However, the funds available to the government are insufficient in relation to the scale of needs. Firstly, the fact that the regeneration process is a process complex, and second year of neglect the degradation caused escalating scale. Therefore, the local government is largely based on external public sources which include resources from EU funds. European funds have created new opportunities for improving the condition of cities, accelerating the process of rebuilding a degraded space. Their significance from period to period is constantly increasing making them an important source of financial support. The aim of this article is to identify the place and role they play cash flows of EU funds in the process of rebuilding degraded urban fabric. Research methods used in the article are based on: studying literature, simple statistical methods that focus on the analysis of figures on the value of financing regeneration projects in provinces and provincial cities.
More...
The revitalization processes are currently faced by a number of difficulties. These difficulties are both legal and financial. Unfortunately, they are coincided with the last period of financial support from European funds, as well as the extension of the concept of revitalization. Revitalization is in fact currently understood as a process primarily of a social nature. The aim of this article is to identify the problems which have been ocurring in the coming years, both at national and local levels
More...
The district is one of the three units into which Polish country is divided. It encompasses citizens (who comprise the local community) and the district area. It possesses legal entity, is a legitimate owner of various assets and is obliged to satisfy collective needs of the community. The fact that, on the one hand, the local government has got legal responsibility to achieve a whole range of objectives, and on the other it needs to manage the assets it has to its disposal, forces it to organize and conduct a considerable entrepreneurial activity. Characteristic features of these activities are: its professional and business-like character; subordination to the rules of cost-effectiveness and profitability or the principles of rational management; sole proprietorship, repetitive nature of business actions; and being an integral part of country’s economy. Business activities constitute a specific part of communal (regional) economy that may have a commercial and non-commercial character.The commercial activities are characteristic of public domain, and are defined as “current and incessant fulfillment of citizens’ collective needs via providing generally available services” by the district’s administrative units (paragraph 1, section 2 of Act on Communal Activities). In this scope (i.e. within the public domain) business activities are not subject to any restrictions. From the very nature of local government, and according to paragraph 9, section 2 of Local Government Act, it is evident that public domain activities of local governments are desirable, allowed, necessary and possible. However, those commercial activities that are beyond the public domain may be held only in situations enumerated by the Act on Communal Activities (paragraph 10 and 13, section 1) and only if these activities are undertaken on behalf of a limited/public limited company. This business activity “is to satisfy collective needs of the community”, and, in agreement with the auxiliary principle, it should be organized in those capacities and fields that cannot be satisfied by the private sector. Local governments should refrain from those commercial activities that collide with the interests of private entrepreneurs and from these sectors in which collective needs have already been satisfied.
More...
The main aim of this paper is to verify whether the phenomenon of low price anomaly occurs in the case of Warsaw Stock Exchange. The following research hypothesis has been formulated: low-priced stocks provide higher returns than high-priced stocks. The author proposed to divide the group of stocks into subgroups determined by predefined unit prices. In the case of companies characterized by positive recommendations the difference between rates of return achieved by low and high-priced stocks (stocks up to 1 PLN and above 100 PLN) is significant. This anomaly increases with time.
More...
The study was to test the diagnostic reliability of the discriminatory models used to assess the financial condition of enterprises, with particular regard to their specific sectoral characteristics. The article uses 50 research results, published in the national literature of the subject in the years 2003-2015, about the diagnostic credibility of discriminatory models. There search covered 10 discriminatory models, 7 companies included in the WIG-automotive sector indices. An attempt was made to verify two hypotheses: the frequency of using individual discriminative models in the national literature is not equivalent to the hierarchy of their diagnostic credibility and discriminatory models have no universality. An objective (quantitative) classification of credit scoring methods used by one of the banks was proposed as a criterion for verification of diagnostic credibility of discriminatory models, taking into account both the sectoral characteristics of the researched companies and the economic condition of their business.From a methodical point of view, the need to consider including in the synthetic methods of assessing the financial condition of a company, the criterion of the industry specificity of the researched company and the changing economic conditions of its business seems to be particularly important.
More...
Most of all SME sector companies count on the help and are the main target of EU funds. In the period of 2014–2020 a great part of state aid is, according to the project, directed at micro, small and medium sized companies all over the country. To obtain the state aid, companies must meet specific demands. One of the most important conditions is introducing innovations to the market and the optimum is innovative product on at least national scale, if not European. The article presents problems of the state aid in Poland, its definition, size and kinds of it as well as two projects which join introduction of two standards: innovation on European scale and fully accomplished sustainable development standards. The article is based on topic literature, legal acts and documentation of Polish Agency of Enterprise Development and National Research and Development Center. It also contains reports and statistics ongranting state aid in Poland of Customer and Competition Protection Agency.
More...
Effective functioning of a public organization requires development and maintenance of relationships with the environment. They are established as a result of well-thought actions and an exchange of information, together with realization of mutual expectations. This is combined in so-called relational standards, which are agreed on by participants of a relationship for the time of cooperation. They include the manner of behavior presented by the parties, as well as development of cooperation, trust, establishment of relationships and farther – shaping the relational capital. Purpose of the paper is to determine the relationship and significance of relational standards for shaping of the relational capital in public organizations. The work presented below was created on the basis of a systematic literature review. It formed foundations for the search for an answer for the question: whether the relational standards support success in shaping the relational capital in a public organization, with special regard to the educational institutions.
More...
The paper presents an analysis of the role of public management in a market economy and local government. Public management is here regarded as an instrument for improving the efficiency of the organization with the involvement of civil society and thus social capital. It also presents the factors conducive to economic development in a market economy, ongoing trends in management sciences, strategies and innovations. Emphasis was placed on public management as typical of the local government, and involving the implementation of management theory to practice. It was assumed that the creative organization that boldly goes to new challenges and engages social capital, has a greater chance of success than the one that has a conservative attitude.
More...
The role of the public health sector is extremely important in every modern society. The purpose of this paper is to present the characteristics of the management process applied to public health care entities as well as to the entire public health care system. Managers of the public sector have a very difficult role to play, since human health in its particular value is often used as a bargaining chip in political games. Therefore, economic efficiency defined as an indicator of a well-functioning health care entity or the entire health care system, is not always possible to obtain.
More...
The aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between fiscal policy (general government debt and deficit) and economic growth in relation to the fiscal rules, as a part of the New Public Management. To achieve this objective, the following methods were used: a literature review, statistical research methods and graphical presentation of economic phenomena. The analysis of correlation and regression shows that the dependence between a general government debt [DLUG] and general government deficit [DEF] and economic growth are negative, which means that the increase in explanatory variables: [DEF] and [DLUG] causes the decline in GDP in Poland. In this context, adherence to fiscal rules and thus desire to pursue a sustainable fiscal policy is reflected in the higher rates of economic growth, and the New Public Management seems to be an appropriate direction of the management in the public sector.
More...
The aim of this elaborration is to present the problem of cost management in comparison with the new financing of hospitals, the so-called lump sum. The principles and factors influencing the value of the lump sum received by hospitals as well as the role of other sources of income (including separately financed services) will be presented. The following article also indicates the role and possibilities of using cost information for hospital management.The total analysis was based on the financial data of the hospital for the period from I to IV 2017 year and from I to IV 2018 of the activity, taking into account the legal acts in force.
More...
In the literature on the subject, as well as in journals and collected publications of the Independent Public Health Care Centres (SP ZOZ), the issues of their debt, expectations towards doctors, quality of services etc. are raised. These are important topics in social perception, but the authors want to draw attention to the problems of financial and tax settlements, legal aspects of many events, including public procurement law and contracting medical services. They indicate the knowledge, skills and competences of employees that affect the reliability of tax settlements and the quality of financial statements. The authors emphasize that qualified staff are an invaluable asset, which, through the use of appropriate instruments, can effectively contribute to improving the efficiency of operations. In addition, the article attempts to identify and assess the competences of financial and accounting and staff, who are expected to have extensive knowledge, skills to solve financial and tax problems, confidentiality, meticulousness in their work and loyalty to the company.
More...
The taxable persons conducting economic activity are obliged to keep different records. One of them is the record using fiscal cash registers, which is run independently from other records implemented in the company. It is used for tax and VAT settlements. The taxable persons selling goods or services to retail customers, not conducting economic activity and flatrate farmers are obliged to keep the record of turnover and amounts of the output tax with the use of cash registers. Keeping proper records using the cash registers requires certain legal regulations influencing the accuracy, correctness and the effectiveness, ensuring the security of the income and tax economies of both entrepreneurs and the State budget. The aim of this article is to indicate certain problems in terms of using cash registers. The problems regard mainly tax law, tax audit and the results thereof, and indicating the methods of tax evasion by means of not recording the income with a cash register. This aspect is worth noticing, as both, the public finance sector and the private companies collect the income and revenues through the tax law, which reflects their financial capacity and economic potential. In order to register tax income and expenditures of financial resources, companies use set rules and methods of accounting accepted and implemented in the given entity (accounting policy). In order for the accounting system (rules) to function properly, it must fulfil the requirements of tax law, tax ordinance, penal code, and penal-tax code, as it is responsible for accuracy, quality, and the promptness of the presented information.
More...
This article convinces that one of the key processes associated with the operation of small and medium companies should be tax planning, which aims to optimize income tax. The examples described in the article presenting the possibilities of income tax optimization related to fixed assets, which are applicable in small and medium enterprises. Examples presented in the article include the possibility of tax optimization in different periods of life of fixed assets in the company: beginning from way of purchase, depreciation, costs of usage and sales or liquidation.
More...
The article discusses the changes to Tax Ordinance between 2015 and 2018 which arose from The Large Amendment and the need for changes in this field. Undoubtedly, there is a dominant public opinion that it is necessary to introduce new legislation based on doctrine, judicial decisions and tax law practices. The article presents the analysis of main institutions of Tax Ordinance, which have been positively welcomed by business activities and the solution of a questionable necessity (in dubio pro tributario rule). The article also presents significant and meaningful bills of regulations aiming at tightening up the tax system in terms of so called tax avoidance clause, which is to increase the safety of budgetary receipts and consequently the safety of business trading
More...