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The efforts that the government has to make for payment of salaries from healthcare who not increased is by NO GO. 7/2017 regarding the regulation of fiscal-budgetary measures in the healthcare.
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Celem artykułu jest ocena możliwości rozwoju współczesnych partnerstw akademickich (business-academia) i ich wpływu na rozwój współpracy w sektorze biofarmaceutycznym w oparciu o najnowsze dane uzyskane z ASAP (Association of Strategic Alliance Professionals). Zaprezentowane zostaną przykłady współpracy firm, uniwersytetów i instytutów badawczych, a także możliwe formy pozyskiwania innowacji przez firmy z uniwersytetów i instytutów badawczych w ramach modelu otwartych innowacji.
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The purpose of this article is to present the essence and describe the operation of automatic stabilizers, which – in addition to discretionary measures – are tools of the stabilizing function of public finance. Stabilization policy is closely related to the phenomenon of the business cycle. Its task is to mitigate the fluctuations in the course of the business cycle through the use of income and expenditure instruments affecting economic processes in the macroeconomic scale. Automatic business stabilizers are solutions implemented in the income and expenditure system that cause changes in the structure of cash flow between the public and private sectors – infavor of the private sector as the economic climate eteriorates, while improving the economic situation – in favor of the public finance sector
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Purpose – The pervasiveness and persistence of budgetary imbalances and systematic growth of public debt in Poland and in the majority of modern countries has resulted in the fact that the subject of public finance security is important and topical. The aim of the article is to analyse the state of public finance ecurity in Poland, to characterise selected determinants influencing security and to indicate current and future threats. Methods – Analysis of national and foreign source literature, primary and secondary statistical data (desk research), deductive reasoning. Approach – The location of public finance security within economic and financial security, indicating the foundations and pillars of national economic security, discussing the determinants of public finance security theoretically and practically, analysis and inference in the scope of three categories of deficit and public debt (of the government budget, public finance sector and general government), indicating threats to Polish public finance which, according to the author, affect not only currently but may also affect the future. Findings – The analysis presented in the article demonstrates that the phenomenon of imbalance in national finance has become an inherent part of the Polish practice of public funds management. The budgetary deficit, which has been present for over thirty years, as well as systematic growth of public debt, result in the fact that the threats of the destabilising role of public finance in relation to the whole financial system and the real economy have become one of the main challenges for Polish authorities. The fact of presenting not very reliable data in public statistics is also worrying. Lowering some economic indicators is not a new problem; in total, in the years 2004–2016 the deficit of public finance sector was underestimated by PLN 158.6 billion.
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The aim of the study is assessed the level of diversification of the financial situation of counties of Eastern Poland in the context of development by means of a synthetic measure. The analyzes were carried out in the system of 101 poviats of Eastern Poland. The source material was data from the Local Data Base of the Central Statistical Office (for 2010, 2012 and 2016). The distribution of the measure of the synthetic financial situation and development of the poviats of Eastern Poland is spatially polarized. The best units were those of Krosno, Rzeszów, Lublin, Kielce and łęczyński, węgorzewski, wysokomazowiecki, skarżyski, stalowowolski. The weakest poviats are przemyski, chełmski and zamojski. Among factors that maintain this diversity, mention is made of financial resources, environmental resources, infrastructure, economic potential. The operation of the unit takes place in them interdependent and should be considered together.
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The importance of the operating surplus in the budget of local government units increased due to the requirement to balance the current budget from 2011, and from 2014 the individual debt index, calculated on the basis of the operating surplus. These solutions resulted in a reformulation of the financial management of these units. The purpose of the article is to examine, on the example of the Wielkopolskie and Lubelskie voivodships, in which local government units the operating surplus is available and for which it is allocated. The implementation of the set objective was used to analyze such indicators as average current income and spending as well as operating result and property spending. The use of the operating surplus by the audited units to incur and repay liabilities was also examined.
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State aid according to Article 107 par. 1 TFEU brings economic advantage to certain enterprises or productions of certain goods, excluding others. In other words, the given measure cannot be regarded as State aid, if it does not bring any benefits to the addressed entity. State aid may therefore be described as the selective increment of financial benefits to an enterprise or a group of enterprises, which at the same time is accompanied by formation of a financial burden on the side of public finances. This burden may be in the form of public spending to enterprises or reducing the regulatory burdens imposed on the enterprises. In the first case it will be aid provided by active support mechanisms, such as grants, interest rate subsidies on bank credits, refunds, preferential and conditionally discharged loans, sureties, and credit guarantees. In the second case it will be the aid provided by tax exemptions and tax deferrals (tax subsidies), the conversion of enterprise debt to capital, or postponing the payment of specific public contributions. The subject of the article is to present the conditions of admissibility of State aid in the European Union. This should lead to verify the hypothesis of the influence of State aid on the state of public finance in EU Member States which provided State aid in the form of grants and tax subsidies in the years 2000–2016. This analysis is carried out based on the linear regression model. The response variable (dependent variable Y) is the size of the general government sector debt, and explanatory variable (independent variable X) is state aid in the form: 1) grants; 2) tax exemptions and tax deferrals. In the other words, the hypothesis highlights that State aid in the form of grants and tax subsidies, in respect to the whole European Union and particular Member States, should be positively correlated with the size of the general government sector debt. Results: The conducted analysis of regression indicated that State aid in the form of grants and tax subsidies (tax exemptions + tax deferrals) and the size of the general government sector debt are linearly dependent – respectively regarding 22 and 14 Member States, which in the years 2000–2016 provided State aid in these forms. Key words: State aid, the European Union, grants, tax subsidies, general government sector debt
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The issue of management control in the public finance sector is specified in the provisions of the Public Finance Act. Its concept assumes, above all, a change in the style of management based on the solutions adopted in corporate governance. Generally speaking, the philosophy of management control comes down to self-improvement of public administration offices, in particular through skillful risk management, which consequently is to diagnose gaps in control mechanisms. The efficiency and effectiveness of the operation of local government units depends to a large extent on the inclusion of postulates of management control. The article presents selected results of surveys, the subject of which was the assessment of the organization of management control in the local government, including the standards.
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For many years Japan has been considered as an economic pattern for others Asiancountries. In last decade of XX century Japanese economy has fall into recession phase, whatshows in systematic growth of national debt. In result of permanent economic recession,Japanese position as an economic force of East Asia seems to be endangered in commonyears. Japanese government from many years purposes expanded social policy, addressedmostly to pensionary people. Since of early 1990s, though the permanent stagnation, life rateof the Japanese has growth diametrically, what sign is fact, that today in Japan lives the biggestin the world population of people in the age of 100 and more. Fast-moving aging of Japanesecommunity could affect level of national and foreign debt negatively in the future. Since 1990sXX century next Japanese governments unsuccessfully tried to work against the recession andto reduce government debt.
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The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the features of the constituents of the fiscal policy of the state with their components. The fiscal policy of the state as one of the key components of the state financial policy: 1) plays an essential role in regulating the economy by influencing the state revenues and expenditures; 2) is caused by a number of factors (causes), in particular the requirements of the European integration processes, decentralization and the fight against systemic crisis phenomena in the economy. Today, Ukraine's fiscal policy does not fully realize its potential, which determines the relevance of the issues raised in the work.It has been clarified that the fiscal policy of the state should be understood as the purposeful policy in the field of state budget revenues, the policy of establishing (defining) and receiving (accumulation) of its revenues (i.e. the state budget) in order to solve such key (main) tasks as : 1) reduction of the general level of unemployment; 2) raising the standard of living of the population; 3) stimulation of entrepreneurial activity (initiative); 4) prevention of inefficient use of resources; 5) development of innovation and investment activity; 6) preventing the growth of inflation.It has been found out that the main (key) integral structural components of the fiscal policy of the state are: 1) the policy of state income (revenues), which consists of the targeted activity of the state in regulating tax, non-tax and other revenues on a non-refundable basis in accordance with the legislation in force in a particular country (including fees for the provision of administrative services, transfers, own revenues (receipts) of budget institutions and organizations) in order to effectively perform state functions; 2) the policy of state expenditures, which should be understood as the targeted state activity in regulating budget expenditures, providing loans from the budget, repaying debt and placing budget funds in deposits, purchasing securities, etc.It has been proved that the strategic goals of the fiscal policy of Ukraine should be: 1) unshadowing the economy; 2) creating a favorable investment climate; 3) ensuring the investment of resources into the human capital, in the first turn, into the educational and professional potential; 4) optimization of the structure of budget revenues/expenditures; 5) carrying out the weighted debt policy, etc.The prospect of further research in this direction is the development of practical proposals (recommendations) for improving Ukraine’s fiscal policy in the context of anti-crisis measures.
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The paper aims at identifying tax variables that have an influence on economic development, in the case of Romania. The results of previous studies show that there are various influences of taxation on development, with multiple implications. A model is employed, showing the influence of tax variables, with GDP per capita as proxy for economic development, for 1995-2014 period. The results suggested that tax variables have a statistically significant impact on development. Tax policy has tools which may be used in the process of stimulating economic development. The results of the paper may represent one starting point for future research in order to identify relevant types of taxes to be analyzed in relationship with development. The paper underlines the impact of taxation on economic development in the case of Romania. Also, the hypotheses checking for the regression model is another goal of the paper, because their violations may lead to inaccurate results.
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Surveys have been conducted all over the world among small business owners to identify some of the main obstacles that impede the sustainable operation of businesses. The majority of the owners have indicated a lack of finance as the main stumbling block to doing business in a way as to assure continued growth. This is especially notable when considering the central Eastern European region with its underdeveloped capital market. Funding SMEs with microfinance loans, especially in developing areas such as Kosovo, is one of the major strategies undertaken to enhance the expansion of the existing businesses and improve their performance. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review the presumable impact and crucial role of microfinance institutions on the development of SMEs in Kosovo. Methodology: The methodology is based upon a descriptive approach whereby a comparison is made between different reports, papers, journals and other literature on the subject. Findings: According to the available statistical and financial data, the benefits of microfinance are multiple and the promotion of microfinance and the availability of microcredit or small loans to SMEs in Kosovo has been shown to succeed as a solution to meltdown problems with working capital.
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The article analyzes the tax system adopted in the Scandinavian countries - Sweden, Denmark and Norway - in the context of identifying positive behaviors in ensuring optimal fiscal space in Ukraine. The paper outlines some peculiarities of the taxation mechanisms in the selected states and outlines the specifics of their functioning and development. It raises the notion of the dynamics of tax rates differentiation concerning separate taxes in the fiscal practice of the Scandinavian peninsula countries. In the process of studying the tax experience abroad, it was found out that tax burden in Sweden, Denmark and Norway is much higher than that in Ukraine, however, the presence of certain regulatory levers in socially oriented Scandinavian countries shifts tax payments into a real and minimal burden for payers.The purpose of the article is to carry out a comparative analysis of tax systems of the Scandinavian countries and Ukraine in order to determine the priority directions for formation of an optimal fiscal space of our state.Methodology. Empirical methods of comparative analysis are adopted to carry out an objective assessment of the fiscal space functioning in the Scandinavian countries and Ukraine. The tax systems differentiation processes are founded on a dialectical method of knowledge.Conclusions. Tax systems in the Scandinavian countries are characterized by maximum adaptation of the methods for collecting tax payments to the needs of the effective functioning of tax entities and the requirements of modern society, and this could become a positive experience for the optimal fiscal space formation in Ukraine. The tax practice of Sweden, Denmark and Norway proves that the collected taxes are used effectively by the government entities, which allows them to be successfully implemented in a variety of social programs, at the same time providing certain conditions for growth in national business.
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The aim of this paper is to present, on the example of Karczew municipality, long term financial forecasting as a component of strategic planning and to evaluate it as a tool for managing the socio-economic development in a local self-government unit. The paper has two main parts. In the first part, a theoretical background for strategic and financial management and forecasting is presented and in the second part, a case study of financial forecasting for the Karczew munic¬ipality is described. The main conclusion of the paper is that financial forecasting and strategic planning are important tools for the management of the municipal units if these are linked within local present budgeting and are implemented in an integrated way. Analysis of the municipality of Karczew shows that the current integrated strategies create a useful foundation for the effective functioning of the municipal unit.
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Economic Value Added (EVA) is a value-based accounting measure used by companies to measure the amount of value created for shareholders. EVA requires the conversion of accounting values to economic values. This conversion process is known as the EVA adjustment. If accounting values are not converted to economic values, the value of the EVA can be distorted. Previous studies have shown that companies are experiencing difficulties in implementing EVA adjustments. To reduce these difficulties, companies have decided to limit their EVA adjustments to ten or even fewer. The research problem is that if the appropriate adjustments are not made, an inaccurate EVA measure will be calculated.The aim of the research is to measure whether deferred taxes impact EVA. The study is conducted within a quantitative research paradigm. Secondary data analysis was carried out on JSE-listed food producers over a seven-year period, from 2004 to 2010. The unadjusted EVA was compared to the adjusted EVA measure to determine the before and after effects of deferred taxes on EVA. The findings of the study revealed that deferred taxes either understated or overstated the value of the EVA during the period 2004–2010. In addition, the results from the regression analysis revealed an overall significance for all deferred tax predictors. The results from the study showed that deferred tax had a significant impact on the value of EVA. Therefore, the study recommends that companies implement the deferred tax adjustment on EVA.
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This research comes to empirical investigate whether the country's levels of corruption may be explained by some behavioral factors such as culture, tax moral, trust, religion or happiness. For this purpose, a cross-country survey of 148 countries is used. The findings document that power distance, trust in legal system, happiness and religion are the most important behavioral determinants of corruption, explaining by 50% from the level of corruption around the world. A higher power distance, a lower level of trust in legal system, a lower level of happiness (measure by subjective well-being) and a higher level of religiosity conduct to a higher level of corruption. The findings are important for the policy makers in order to include the non-economic factors in the analysis of corruption behavior of the people belong to a county, and thus to adopt the most appropriate decisions to fight this phenomenon.
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The article considers the tax policy as the most important factor of the country’s economic development and an effective tool for stimulating the activity of economic entities – individuals and legal entities. The dynamics of the share of direct taxes in the total volume of tax revenues to the budget is traced; the results of the impact of direct taxation on economic activity in the country (its population, enterprises and the state institution) are systematized. Methods of optimization of the taxation system of Ukraine for stimulating economic growth are proposed.
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In this paper, we will mainly focus on the new budgetary tendencies of the Public Institutions, financed entirely or partially from the state budget, in the desire to highlight the newest aspects found at the level of the activities carried out in the public sector. The article highlights the official data provided by the National Institute of Statistics on the Cluj County budget execution, structured by items of revenues and expenditures. The contribution of Cluj County was pursued both at national level, and at the level of the North-West region, based on a budget execution analysis for a period of 5 years, namely between 2013 and 2017.The article will also review the methods of substantiating the budgetary indicators, based on both classic and modern methods. The present article embeds the theoretical and practical aspects of public institution financing, being built from an interdisciplinary, economical and legal perspective, by using the integral research method that combines both quantitative and qualitative analyses. In order to accomplish this research, we will use the most relevant scientific resources of maximum topicality, implicitly the official data identified on the site of the Cluj County Council.
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Education is financed mostly by the national budget funds transferred to the local government units in the form of subsidies and grants. About 62% of those educational subsidies are received by communes. Schools compensate for the deficiency of budget funds with their own resources and with the resources from UE, from various foundations or private sources. The amount of the educational subsidy is determined according to an algorithm adopted for a given year and is divided between local government units on the basis of the number of schoolchildren. While calculating the subsidy, the teachers’ professional advancement degree, the number of disabled schoolchildren, type of school and other factors are taken into consideration. The resources for pre-school education and for different purposes, like school supplies, are provided for in the national budget. The extent to which local government units consume the educational component of the general subsidy is varied. Local governments finance educational activities from their own resources, by assigning them to bodies responsible for economic and administrative support of schools. The financing of educational tasks using EU funds has constituted significant support for the quality of education and development of competences.
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In this study it was decided a reflection on the function of cost accounting in respect of public procurement. On the basis of an analysis of the public procurement law attempted to identify the function of cost accounting in the mainstream economic analysis of law. The legal standards shall be governed by the socio-economic relations for the sake of economic security. Public procurement law is to create the conditions for the rational use of public funds. The implementation of this right in practice requires the use of economic tools. Perpetuated the practice of interpretative best offers as the lowest prices need to be changed. According to the author of the article, knowledge of the cost calculation principles can be helpful both in the selection of the best offers and for control of the correctness of the choice. It has been proven the idea that the lie-cycle costing is a tool selecting the best offers. The research method used in the article is a critical analysis of the literature, as well as their own observations and experiences resulting from the analysis of practices.
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