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КАЗНАЧЕЙСЬКИЙ КОНТРОЛЬ ЯК СКЛАДОВА СИСТЕМИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО ФІНАНСОВОГО КОНТРОЛЮ

Author(s): Igor Mykytyuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 37/2018

The subject of the study is treasury control as a component of state financial control. The purpose of the article is to define the essence, features and elements of the mechanism of treasury control, justifying its role and place in the system of state financial control bodies. Material and methods. The methodological basis of the article was a system of general scientific and special methods: dialectical, system analysis, synthesis. Results of the study. The methodological approaches to understanding the essence of the treasury control, the features of its implementation, systematization of the mechanism of the treasury control and the direction of its development are systematized. Scope of the results: organization of scientific research in the sphere of state financial control, development of recommendations on improving the effectiveness of treasury control. Conclusions. Analysis of the results of the research showed that not all important aspects of the toolkit for introducing treasury control were reflected in scientific works. Continuing the scientific search, we should focus on the methods of using treasury control as a practical tool for ensuring effective management of budgetary funds.

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Податкова політика як складова системи формування доходів бюджету

Author(s): Valeriy Koroviy / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 43/2019

Relevance of research topic. Tax policy provides the largest share of revenue in the consolidated budget. In modern conditions, tax policy requires continuous improvement and adaptation to changes in the model of socio-economic development. It is necessary to develop approaches to the use of tax instruments taking into account globalization trends, structural features and the state of the domestic economy. Formulation of the problem. Despite the structural transformation of the fiscal policy in recent years, the issue of seeking a balance of interests between taxpayers and government institutions remains relevant. Harmonious coordination of relevant interests in the field of taxation will maximize the amount of tax revenues to the budget. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of tax policy was considered by foreign ones - A. J. Auerbach, R. M. Bird, E. M. Zolt, E. Zwick, S. Knack, J. Freedman, I. Zwick - and domestic scientists - L. Lysyak, A. Mazaraki, V. Makogon, A. Nikitishin, M. Pasichnyi, A. Sokolovska, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Further research requires the institutional framework for the tax policy formation. An important task of the state is to increase the trust of payers in fiscal policy. The aim of the article is to develop provisions to improve the effectiveness of the tools and functionality of the tax policy of the country in the formation of the revenue of the state and local budgets in the current conditions of institutional transformation of the economy. Research methodology. A systematic and comparative analysis, a logical approach and a method of scientific abstraction are used. Results of work. The analysis of the fiscal significance of tax revenues in the formation of revenues of state and local budgets. The structure of tax revenues in the context of hierarchical levels of the budget system is investigated. The factors of influence on the dynamics of tax revenues are determined. Directions for improving tax administration are proposed. Provisions for enhancing fiscal efficiency of taxes are justified. Results of work. The results of this work can be used in the development of fiscal plans and forecasts, as well as in the educational process of the economic faculties of higher educational institutions. Conclusions. Tax policy as a component of the budget revenue generation system is influenced by economic transformations and adapts to macroeconomic conditions. Tax revenues are the financial basis for the exercise of authority by participants in the budget process and the implementation of the functions and tasks assigned to them. The level of redistribution of the GDP through the budget revenues depends on the volume and priority of the tasks and functions of public institutions, the development model and social policy. Approaches to the formation of budget revenues through tax revenues should provide opportunities for improving the tax administration, the development of the state and territorial community, strengthening financial stability and creating favorable conditions for sustainable growth.

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REPERE ACTUALE PRIVIND PLANUL NAȚIONAL DE REDRESARE ȘI REZILIENȚĂ, INSTRUMENT CARE PROMOVEAZĂ FINANȚAREA PENTRU REZULTATE ‒ SPRIJIN FINANCIAR DIRECT PENTRU MINISTERUL APĂRĂRII NAȚIONALE

Author(s): Carmen-Gabriela Nițu (Chitafes) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2021

This article will discuss in detail the role of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NPRR), a topic that deserves attention, because it is a budget support for reform, a new mechanism that has been thought on a totally different logic, correlated with the approach used for the management of cohesion funds and will also highlight the fact that the Ministry of National Defence was introduced among the institutions involved in updating this plan. At the level of the Romanian state, “the Ministry of European Investments and Projects was mandated to coordinate and be responsible for the process of elaboration and negotiation of NPRR with the European Commission”. The Ministry of National Defence has the quality of institution involved in the following fields of intervention: Transport, Health, Education, Research, innovation, digitalization as well as Resilience in crisis situations. Through the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism (RRF), the European Union (EU) provides funded Member States for the implementation of systemic and structural reforms and investigations, harmonized with EU priorities and policies.

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MANAGEMENTUL PROGRAMELOR OPERAȚIONALE ‒ POSIBILE CONEXIUNI ȘI BENEFICII, FORMULATE PRIN RAPORTARE LA NECESITĂȚILE DE FINANȚARE COMPLEMENTARE ALE APĂRĂRII NAȚIONALE A ROMÂNIEI

Author(s): Dragoș-Adrian Iorga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2021

Nowadays, more than ever, as a result of the transformations undergone on an international level, the dynamics of new challenges sustain the reconfiguration of the priorities of the internal and external agenda of the states through adding new risk, threat and vulnerability factors, which are not included in armed defence, modifying at the same time the relationship between different security aspects. In this context, national defence must – through an anticipative, preventive and participative approach and, moreover, through utilisation of various resources, by contacting the integrated management of the defence resources – to identify and sustain those response ways which are adequate to contemporary challenges. This hypothesis represents the starting point of this research, through which we have decided to identify and formulate possible connections and possible benefits that can be obtained not only as response means of the national defence against new challenges, but also as its complementary resources. Thus, looking from this point of view, we will demonstrate how should be the management of the operational programme dedicated to the human resources development in Romania.

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CURRENT BENCHMARKS ON THE NATIONAL RECOVERY AND RESILIENCE PLAN, AN INSTRUMENT THAT PROMOTES FINANCING FOR RESULTS ‒ DIRECT FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE

Author(s): Carmen-Gabriela Nițu (Chitafes) / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2021

This article will discuss in detail the role of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NPRR), a topic that deserves attention, because it is a budget support for reform, a new mechanism that has been thought on a totally different logic, correlated with the approach used for the management of cohesion funds and will also highlight the fact that the Ministry of National Defence was introduced among the institutions involved in updating this plan. At the level of the Romanian state, ”the Ministry of European Investments and Projects was mandated to coordinate and be responsible for the process of elaboration and negotiation of NPRR with the European Commission”. The Ministry of National Defence has the quality of institution involved in the following fields of intervention: Transport, Health, Education, Research, innovation, digitalization as well as Resilience in crisis situations. Through the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism (RRF), the European Union (EU) provides funded Member States for the implementation of systemic and structural reforms and investigations, harmonized with EU priorities and policies.

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THE MANAGEMENT OF THE OPERATIONAL PROGRAMMES ‒ POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS AND BENEFITS, FORMULATED BY REFERENCE TO THE COMPLEMENTARY FINANCING NEEDS OF ROMANIA’S NATIONAL DEFENCE

Author(s): Dragoș-Adrian Iorga / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2021

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Shared service centres as an optimal global business model

Author(s): Violetta Wilusz / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2020

In global corporations, outsourcing side business services has become increasingly popular within the last 20 years. In financial management, there are many laws that global companies must follow, generating high finance and accountancy costs. Strategic management is crucial to stay competitive in the global market.A new business model that combines austerity measures with high-quality finance and accounting services is becoming popular worldwide thanks to changes in company structures. This paper aims to indicate how a certain business model impacts financial management globally and how the business structure changes as the company grows. This paper analyses trend in global business, establishing a separate legal organisation for finance and accounting purposes only, to provide these types of services for business units all over the world within a capital group.

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THE MEASUREMENT OF QUALITY OF INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT IN BUILDING CONTRACTORS

Author(s): Aizada Okanova,Gulnara Kaipova,Azhar NURMAGAMBETOVA,Aliya Shakbutova,Dilnara Zakirova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

In modern scientific research, income is considered exclusively in the context of the problems of levying income tax. Fuller use of such elements as rates and incentive scan seriously affect tax regulation in the economy, the rate of economic growth, investment attractiveness for potential investors, and an increase in GDP. The purpose of this study is to develop practical recommendations on the use of the quality of the calculation of income tax by building contractors in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The object of the study is the system of tax relations arising between contractors of the building industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the state upon taxing income. The subject of the study is a set of theoretical aspects and practical problems existing within the framework of the current mechanism of income taxation for building contractors in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors used the following methods of scientific cognition: the dialectical method; the method of historical and logical analysis; the method of system approach and synthesis; the comparative method; and the economic and statistical method. Analysis of the influence of various factors on tax payments for the corporate income tax of the BI Group building company was considered with the use of correlation and regression analysis. The study of various theories of profit allowed the authors to conclude that income is the final result and the main goal of entrepreneurial activity, which allows for the active use of the regulatory mechanism of tax.

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IMPACT OF TAX INSTRUMENTS ON THE ORGANIC FOOD MARKET IN POLAND

Author(s): Magdalena Jarczok-Guzy / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This article is an analysis and assessment of the impact of tax instruments on the organic food market in Poland. The assessment was made on the basis of primary data obtained by the author as part of a survey conducted on the inhabitants of the Silesian Voivodeship. In Poland, the VAT rates on food vary, depending on the product classification code. They can be 23%, 8% or 5%. Organic food has not been treated exceptionally, while changes introduced in the tax rates in July 2020 for specific foods are quite significant. The impact of these changes on organic food purchases has been determined in the results of the survey. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to assess the impact of the VAT rate on the organic food market in Poland.

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One percent of personal income tax as a source of revenue in public benefit organisations

Author(s): Ewa Chojnacka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Motivation: Expert literature addresses the issue of funds transferred in the form of 1% of personal income tax for public benefit organisations (PBOs). Taking into consideration the fact that previous papers concentrated on the macro approach, a research gap has been observed regarding the analysis of the significance of the 1% mechanism as a source of revenue from the perspective of individual organisations. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to assess the significance of 1% of personal income tax for thirty PBOs that receive the highest contributions from this source. This research aims to study whether the 1% mechanism is the main source of revenue for those PBOs and if the share of funds from 1% in total revenues was stable in subsequent years. Results: The funds from 1% do not constitute the major source of total revenues for the PBOs receiving the highest contributions under the 1% mechanism. The PBOs analysed in this paper differ in their structure of revenues and the share of funds from 1% of personal income tax in total revenues equals from 5% to 100% in the examined period. In eleven out of thirty PBOs the share of 1% income tax did not exceed 50% of total revenues in any of the years analysed. Only for three PBOs the difference between the maximum and the minimum share of funds from the 1% mechanism in total revenues was less than 5 percentage points in a given period.

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Aktualne tendencje w polityce kryminalnej wobec przestępczości podatkowej

Author(s): Leszek Wilk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Legislative response to tax crime reflects the trends that are observed throughout criminal law resulting from theory to which, a crime is an evidence of a defectively constructed law, the result of which is increasing instability, casuistry and regulatory drift with tendency to extend of scope criminalization and aggravating penalties. In the field of tax crime, it is called “closing tax loophole”. The legislator, by declarating war on tax frauds, didn’t increase penalties for tax frauds, however, legislator increased penalties for unreliable invoice and bills trading. Within the Fiscal Penal Code, this is reflected by tightening of a provisions concerning the unreliable invoice and bills trading, while within the Criminal Code – introducing a aggravated types of documents forgery which have their subject invoices. The draft amendment of the Fiscal Penal Code (December 2018) was another manifestation of discussed tendencies. Its essence came down to further extend of scope criminalization, aggravating penalties and distortion of priority of principle for enforcement to public levies. However, this draft didn’t enter into force, instead, for two years – the legislator, by means of amendments, consequently, extends the scope of criminalization, extending it to the cases of failure or improper performance of information obligations. Apart from tax frauds, what concerns to tax authorities and legislators of several countries, is the so-called “aggressive tax optimization”, in which certain activities, e.g., asset disposal or social structure transformation, are undertaken solely or primarily – tax burden reductions. Its criminalization extends to the far “frontiers” and leads to imposition of criminal penalties for failure or improper fulfillment of reporting obligations the so-called “tax scheme”, which is intended to allow, to tax authorities – an early identification of taxpayer’s behaviours that are reflected by aggressive tax optimization.

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Doświadczenia polskie w minimalnym opodatkowaniu: podatek od przychodów z budynków

Author(s): Marcin Jamroży,Aleksander Łożykowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2021

The purpose of the article/hypothesis. The purpose of the article is to present the concept of the minimum tax on revenues from commercial buildings and to evaluate the regulation introduced, including the formulation of de lege ferenda postulates. Methodology. The regulatory evolution of the tax structure in 2018–2020 was analyzed and its impact on taxpayers’ settlements. Results of the research. The hypothesis that the minimum tax in the form of a tax on revenues from commercial buildings is a non-excessive anti-abusive measure is verified. One of the purposes of this tax is, in particular, to prevent tax avoidance and profit shifting by large real estate companies owning commercial real estate of significant value. Only about 1/3 of taxpayers did not fully deduct the minimum tax due on commercial buildings from the corporate income tax calculated on general basis. The effect of the increased tax burden, at least temporarily, is mitigated by a number of solutions securing the neutrality of this tax and a relatively low level of the minimum tax.

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MARKET COMPETITION, FAIRNESS AND TAX COMPLIANCE: THE FORMAL SECTOR’S PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Theresia Woro Damayanti,Ade Lisa Matasik,Supramono Supramono / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This study aims to investigate the effects of the formal sector’s perception of market competition and tax fairness on tax compliance. The data has been borrowed from the World Bank’s Survey for the years of 2006-2018 on 49,788 managers of the formal private firms in 140 countries and is analyzed by using the ordered logistic regression. Our results show that the formal sector’s perception of market competition and tax fairness affect tax compliance. This study also finds that the interaction between the formal sector’s perception of market competition and tax fairness significantly affects compliance. Firms will exhibit greater tax compliance if they consider the competition with the informal sector less intense and tax systems fair. Overall, the results imply that governments need to create conducive market competition and to create and implement fair tax systems.

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INCENTIVE EXTENSION OF PAY-AS-YOU-GO PENSION SYSTEM

Author(s): Jan Mertl,Jiří Mihola,Radim Valenčík / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Pension systems have been expecting projected deficits and governments have been under pressure to increase the statutory retirement age. Fully funded pension system pillars have significant limitations, the recent attempts to adapt social insurance systems have not provided plausible results and empirically have not had strong political support to be fully implemented. Therefore, we created an incentive-based pension system extension that enables a gradual transition to a merit-based pay-as-you-go system. We present a mathematical model based on virtual accumulation of resources that works with full working, relaxed and retired phases, based on the individual decision when to enter them. We present calculations based on the parameters that are valid in the Czech Republic, but the model is designed as a general one, therefore the model variables can be adjusted according to parameters in any country withpublic pension system. Then we discuss the implications and possibilities related to the model, also in the context of changes that we see in the labour market, behavioural patterns of the older generation and the socioeconomic development in the 21st century.

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Tax Sanctions as the Institutions Conditioning Efficiency of Collecting Tax Information – Limits of Legal Regulations

Author(s): Paweł Majka / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The subject of the study is to outline the boundaries within the legislator may sanction the obligations to provide information to tax authorities using tax sanctions. The author analyzes tax sanctions as instruments guaranteeing the effectiveness of legal norms related to information obligations in the light of the protection of the taxpayer’s rights. In the author’s opinion, there is a clear outline of the possible shape of the sanction, which limits the legislator in excessive interference with the rights of taxpayers. These limits, both in national and international law, are determined primarily by the principle of proportionality, which is decisive for the degree of discomfort associated with the application of sanctions. It should be indicated that the shape limits of these sanctions, characterized in this study, guarantee, in turn, the protection of the rights of these entities. At the same time, it should be emphasized that tax sanctions are, in principle, a complementary element of the system of the guarantees of the law effectiveness and the legislator deciding on their wider use should properly balance the degree of “saturation” of tax law with sanctions taking into account its nature.

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An Organised Part of an Enterprise: The Legal Definition Limiting the Imprecision

Author(s): Paweł Borszowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

One of the key legal definitions introduced into tax law, i.e. the definition of “an organised part of an enterprise”, was analysed in the study. It is an example of a definition under which a tax legislator expresses the tax consequences of business trading. According to the author, this legislative measure may be qualified as a legal definition limiting the imprecision in the provisions of tax law. The fulfilment of certain determinants becomes important for the construction of this definition, on the basis of which it should be constructed. The study specifies these determinants and shows that the tax legislator does not always use them when formulating the analysed definition. Therefore, in the article the author indicates solutions aimed at implementing these determinants.

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POSIBILE SOLUȚII DE MODERNIZARE ȘI INFORMATIZARE A CONTROLULUI FINANCIAR PREVENTIV PROPRIU ÎN MINISTERUL APĂRĂRII NAȚIONALE ÎN CONTEXTUL PANDEMIEI DE CORONAVIRUS

Author(s): Marian Jianu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 03/2021

The own preventive financial control is also carried out in entities of the Ministry of National Defence based on a customized normative framework, starting from the one established for all public institutions. This normative framework that applies in the army must be updated with the new normative acts adopted at national level (we have in mind OMPF no. 103/2019, Law no. 133/2021 and OMF no. 555/2021), which bring important elements of novelty, especially regarding the integrity of the person designated to exercise the activity of preventive financial control and the performance of the own preventive financial control in electronic form. The exercise of preventive financial control in electronic form was introduced this year by a separate normative act (OMF no. 555/2021), following the Coronavirus pandemic triggered in 2020 (which continues in 2021) and obliges public institutions to adopt specific methodological rules for application, in addition to the general framework configured by this regulation. In order to support these provisions, we have set out in this article certain solutions that can be considered by military entities in the process of setting up the own procedures for conducting preventive financial control in electronic form.

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ORGANISATION PROBLEMS AND AUDIT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERBUDGETARY RELATIONS

Author(s): Aigul Alibekova,Lyazzat Sembiyeva,Aleksandar Petrov,Aldanysh Nurumov / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

The development and implementation of budgetary policy is impossible without effective financial control, which is a tool for ensuring effective management of resources and property of the state in compliance with the principles of economy, efficiency, performance, and transparency. It becomes even more relevant nowadays, when new trends in the development of financial control emerge in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state financial control sphere narrows down, while non-state control expands. There is a shift from the next to the previous financial control. The object of financial control gradually transforms. Scientific novelty of this study lies in the development of theoretical and methodological provisions and practical recommendations for defining the nature of financial control, its subject matter, goals, and classifications for studying the effectiveness of low-budget organisations in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). Rules, regulations, procedures, and costs are being replaced by planned goals, results, and efficiency. This requires a new conceptual approach to the essence of financial control and its place in the public finance management system. The practical significance of the study results lies in their use for the efficiency improvement of budgetary institutions’ cooperation.

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PROGRESSIVE TAX SCALE AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC STABILITY OF THE BUDGET SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Author(s): Azamat A. Baimagambetov,Serik M. Omirbayev,Temirgali K. Mayekenov,Maira M. Valieva,Leonid A. Bogunov / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

The purpose of the study is to cover the main theoretical aspects related to the concept of a progressive tax scale; to analyse the history of the development of a progressive tax scale; to substantiate expediency of application of a progressive scale of the taxation as the factor of economic stability of the budgetary system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study is based on the methodology of scientific knowledge, systematic analysis of the theory of progressive taxation. In addition, the study also used the following leading methods – the method of scientific abstraction, generalisation, comparison, analysis and synthesis, grouping, formalisation, historical and logical analysis of theoretical and practical material. For example, with the help of the method of scientific knowledge, the tendency of development and functioning of a progressive tax scale was studied. Methods of abstraction and generalisation allowed identifying the main aspects that need to be taken into account when introducing a progressive tax scale in the tax system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The method of comparison helped to compare the practice of other countries in the field of functioning of the progressive tax scale. Using the historical method, the evolution of the formation of a progressive tax scale was revealed. The article presents a detailed analysis of the evolution of the progressive tax scale. Researchers are trying to reveal the meaning of basic concepts and categories, to characterise the progressive tax scale, as well as to justify the necessity of its application for the purpose of economic stability of the budget system of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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BUDGET FEDERALISM AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF UKRAINE’S GLOBALIZATION INTEGRATION

Author(s): Iryna P. Ustynova,Iryna A. Tolkachova,Sofiia Ya. Lykhova,Olga A. Husar,Viacheslav V. Stepanenko / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

The relevance of the researched problem is conditioned by the civilizational need of globalization entry of Ukraine in the European and world community with further reforming of its system of state administration in the financial sphere. The purpose of the article is based on the study of current world experience and the consequences of budget federalization as a phenomenon, analysis of the current reform situation in Ukraine and the development of useful recommendations for further approbation. The basic method is comparative, which allowed to compare different state and legal systems, in order to identify similarities or differences between them, resulting in a qualitative state of the legal system as a whole and individual legal institution. This allowed us to consider the problem in a holistic manner and from every side. The article analyzes the policy and experience of budget federalism of Ukraine and other countries, analyzes the development of budget legislation of Ukraine and develops recommendations for the Ukrainian legislator for further structural changes in the administration of the financial sector. It is claimed that Ukraine has done significant work in adapting its legislation to European and world practices through the introduction of budget (fiscal) federalism. Recommendations, analysis and review are aimed at adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to world economic systems during the process of globalization and embedding Ukraine in it.

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