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№85: Trends in Force Posture in Europe

Author(s): Jacek Durkalec,Anna Maria Dyner,Artur Kacprzyk,Wojciech Lorenz,Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski,Marcin Terlikowski / Language(s): English

Two opposite trends in force posture in Europe became evident in the last decade. Out of the six biggest military spenders among the OSCE participating States, four—France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom—have been on a downward trend in regard to their force posture: reducing the number of personnel, downscaling high-end capabilities and decreasing force readiness; the same is true for the U.S. military presence in Europe. The outlier was Russia. While the Russian armed forces were shrinking and disposing of large quantities of legacy equipment, the military capabilities required for high-intensity conventional operations were revamped, force readiness improved, and scenarios involving a large-scale conflict in the OSCE area practiced.

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№80: Germany’s Marriage to Austerity: Little Chance of a Quick Divorce

Author(s): Sebastian Płóciennik / Language(s): English

The German government’s belief that the best recipe for return to growth in the euro area is a combination of budget cuts and reductions in wages is one that is faced with constant, if not rising scepticism in Europe. However, hopes that Berlin will drop its austerity approach should be kept in check. The country’s economic culture, doctrine, form of capitalism, as well as economic interests all speak to the policy’s durability than its quick departure.

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The End of “Black Zero”: The Second Wave of Anti-Crisis Measures in Germany

Author(s): Sebastian Płóciennik / Language(s): English

The prospect of dire economic repercussions from the coronavirus pandemic has prompted the German government to expand its intervention tools. The latest package puts the emphasis on helping the smallest companies and self-employed, offering more loan guarantees, as well as the possibility of temporary state purchases of shares in companies. The crisis is a challenge for fiscal policy—it will lead to a large deficit in public finances and to rising pressure on the German government to accept joint financial measures in the eurozone.

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Koniec „czarnego zera” – druga fala działań antykryzysowych w Niemczech

Author(s): Sebastian Płóciennik / Language(s): Polish

Perspektywa coraz poważniejszych reperkusji gospodarczych pandemii COVID-19 skłoniła rząd RFN do rozbudowy narzędzi interwencyjnych. Kolejny pakiet kładzie nacisk na pomoc dla najmniejszych firm i samozatrudnionych, zwiększenie gwarancji kredytowych oraz możliwość czasowego wykupu udziałów w firmach przez państwo. Kryzys oznacza wyzwanie dla niemieckiej polityki fiskalnej: pojawia się duży deficyt w finansach publicznych, rośnie też presja na władze RFN, by zgodziły się na wspólne narzędzia finansowe w strefie euro.

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The U.S. Fight against Coronavirus

Author(s): Mateusz Piotrowski,Marek Wąsiński / Language(s): English

The coronavirus outbreak is spreading throughout the United States. After its initial underestimation of the threat, the Trump administration has acted to fight against the pandemic, including the introduction of a national emergency. The effectiveness of these actions will be an important factor in whether Trump is re-elected. The limits on social life despite the enormous financial support from the government and the Federal Reserve have dramatically slowed the economy, heading into a recession. Public debt will increase much more rapidly, which may force budget cuts in the coming years.

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Stany Zjednoczone w walce z epidemią COVID-19

Author(s): Mateusz Piotrowski,Marek Wąsiński / Language(s): Polish

Epidemia COVID-19 rozprzestrzeniła się na terenie całych Stanów Zjednoczonych. Po początkowym bagatelizowaniu zagrożenia administracja Donalda Trumpa podjęła walkę z epidemią, m.in. wprowadziła stan wyjątkowy. Skuteczność tych działań istotnie wpłynie na starania Trumpa o reelekcję. Ograniczenie życia społecznego, pomimo ogromnego wsparcia administracji oraz Rezerwy Federalnej, dramatycznie zahamuje gospodarkę i doprowadzi ją do recesji. Wzrośnie też dług publiczny, co wymusi cięcia budżetowe w kolejnych latach.

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EU Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic

Author(s): Melchior Szczepanik,Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

Differences in Member States’ approach to the coronavirus pandemic have led to misunderstandings between them, making it more difficult to counteract the spread of the disease in Europe. Although the Union’s competences in public health are limited, EU institutions are supporting the Member States in the fight against the pandemic and encouraging greater coordination. The need to deal with the pandemic will not only affect the European Commission’s work but it will also have an impact on the shape of the multiannual budget for 2021–2027, the development of EU sectoral policies, as well as the schedule of the Conference on the Future of the EU.

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Reakcja Unii Europejskiej na epidemię koronawirusa

Author(s): Melchior Szczepanik,Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): Polish

Różnice w podejściu państw członkowskich do COVID-19 doprowadziły do nieporozumień między nimi, utrudniając przeciwdziałanie rozprzestrzenianiu się choroby w Europie. Choć kompetencje UE w zakresie zdrowia publicznego są ograniczone, unijne instytucje podjęły działania, by wesprzeć państwa w walce z pandemią i zachęcić je do lepszej koordynacji. Konieczność sprostania pandemii nie tylko wymusi modyfikację programu Komisji, ale też wpłynie na kształt wieloletniego budżetu na lata 2021–2027, rozwój polityk sektorowych oraz przebieg konferencji o przyszłości UE.

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Reforms Prospects in Lebanon in Light of the Mass Protests

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): English

In October, protests broke out in Lebanon following a proposal to introduce new taxes. The demonstrations, which were unprecedented in uniting members of all religious groups in Lebanon and led to the resignation of Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri, increased the chances the state will make economic reforms and fight corruption. The protesters demand new elections, which are highly unlikely because Hezbollah holds the dominant position in the government and has rejected this idea. A stable situation in Lebanon is in Poland’s interest as it provides aid to the country and Polish soldiers take part in the UNIFIL mission.

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Perspektywy reform w Libanie w świetle masowych protestów

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): Polish

W październiku w Libanie wybuchły protesty wywołane propozycją wprowadzenia nowych podatków. Bezprecedensowy charakter demonstracji, które zjednoczyły członków wszystkich grup wyznaniowych w Libanie i doprowadziły do rezygnacji premiera Sada al-Haririego, zwiększa szansę na reformy gospodarcze i walkę z korupcją. Protestujący domagają się nowych wyborów, które jednak są mało prawdopodobne ze względu na sprzeciw dominującego w rządzie Hezbollahu. Ustabilizowanie sytuacji leży w interesie Polski, która przekazuje Libanowi środki na pomoc rozwojową, a jej żołnierze biorą udział w misji UNIFIL.

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The Centre-Right Returns to Power in Greece

Author(s): Maciej Pawłowski,Melchior Szczepanik / Language(s): English

Greece’s centre-right New Democracy (ND) party took power after the parliamentary elections on 7 July. It advocates a change of economic strategy based on cutting taxes and eliminating red tape. The main challenge will be to persuade the European Commission (EC) and eurozone members that its approach will not endanger the Greek public debt-reduction programme. The new government will also need the EU’s support in the country’s conflict with Turkey over the extraction of hydrocarbons off the coast of Cyprus.

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Conflict over Italy’s 2019 Budget: Implications for European Policy

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): English

Italy submitted a draft budget for 2019 to the European Commission (EC), which is, however, not in line with the Stability and Growth Pact. The Commission can launch the excessive deficit procedure (EDP) and impose financial sanctions but that remedy is unlikely because the Commission would rather adopt a conciliatory stance to avoid the growth of anti-European sentiment in Italy. Given this ongoing conflict, adoption of a reform package for the eurozone will be delayed.

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Konflikt wokół budżetu Włoch na rok 2019 – implikacje dla polityki europejskiej

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): Polish

Włochy przedłożyły Komisji Europejskiej niezgodny z paktem stabilności i wzrostu projekt budżetu na 2019 r. Komisja może uruchomić wobec nich procedurę nadmiernego deficytu i nałożyć na nie sankcje finansowe. Jednak taki finał jest mało prawdopodobny: Komisja przyjmie raczej postawę koncyliacyjną, żeby uniknąć wzrostu antyeuropejskich nastrojów we Włoszech. W obliczu trwającego konfliktu opóźni się przyjęcie pakietu reform dla strefy euro.

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Polityka naukowa i kulturalna Węgier

Author(s): Veronika Jóźwiak / Language(s): Polish

Po wyborach parlamentarnych z kwietnia br. rząd Węgier rozpoczął reformę finansowania nauki. Polega ona na ograniczaniu autonomii budżetowej Węgierskiej Akademii Nauk oraz określaniu wybranych obszarów badawczych za priorytetowe. Wiąże się to m.in. z ograniczeniem badań podstawowych, co w dłuższej perspektywie może wpłynąć na jakość nauki i poziom konkurencyjności gospodarki. Równolegle w sferze kultury postępuje ideowa homogenizacja, co może doprowadzić do ograniczenia rozwoju społecznego.

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Korona i Keynes

Author(s): Robert Skidelsky / Language(s): Serbian

Interview with Robert Skidelsky (Project Syndicate)

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Rad u doba korone II – Superhik država

Author(s): Mario Reljanović / Language(s): Serbian

Privredu i državu u vreme korone održavaju radnici, a ne poslodavci (ili daleko bilo političari, kako oni sami pokušavaju da nas ubede). Pa opet, ti isti radnici će proći najgore. Jer sistem je kalibriran tako da bogati postaju još bogatiji, a siromašni još siromašniji. U redovnom stanju, kao i u vanrednom. Takva logika ne samo da nije normalna, već nije ni održiva.

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Inside Ukraine, № 2014 - 22

Author(s): Vira Nanivska,Iaroslav Kovalchuk,Vasyl Filipchuk,Olena Zakharova,Volodymyr Prytula,Vasyl Povoroznyk,Kateryna Dedelyuk,Angela Bochi,Anatoliy Oktysiuk,Svitlana Sudak / Language(s): English

1. The Government Policy // 1.1. Wins and semi-wins of the government // 1.2. Lack of reforms is a major government defeat // 1.3. Flourishing corruption in times of war // 2. Economic Situation // 2.1. Outcomes of the government program implementation: economy // 2.2. Outcomes of government program implementation: energy sector // 3. Political Competition // 3.1. The coalition breakup as a result of agreements // 3.2. First ratings reveal current front-runners of elections // 3.3. The influence of public activists on electoral process

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Skupština Crne Gore: koliko je građane/ke Crne Gore koštao rad njihovih predstavnika/ca u 2012?

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Montenegrine

Pilot istraživanje „Skupština Crne Gore: koliko je građane/ke Crne Gore koštao rad njihovih predstavnika/ca u 2012?“ osmišljeno je u okviru potprograma Centra za građansko obrazovanje(CGO) Odgovornost i transparentnost vlasti sa ciljem da doprinese podizanju svijesti o odgovornom trošenju novca iz Budžeta Crne Gore. Specifični cilj istraživanja je utvrđivanje i objavljivanje iznosa koji se iz skupštinskog budžeta isplaćuju poslanicima/ca ma za potrebe izvršavanja njihovih radnih obaveza.

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Skupština Crne Gore: javne nabavke i ugovorene usluge

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Montenegrine

Projekti «Koliko, što i kome poreski obveznici u Crnoj Gori plaćaju kroz javne nabavke?» i «Sa kim i za koje svrhe se ugovara i plaća novcem poreskih obveznika?» osmišljeni su u okviru potprograma Centra za građansko obrazovanje (CGO) Odgovornost i transparentnost vlasti sa ciljem da doprinesu podizanju svijesti o odgovornom trošenju novca iz Budžeta Crne Gore. Specifični cilj ovih projekata su utvrđivanje iznosa koji se troše na javne nabavke i ugovorene usluge u Crnoj Gori, zakonitosti ili nezakonitosti sprovedenih postupaka, identifikovanje mogućih privilegovanih korisnika ili neracionalnosti u samom trošenju sredstava.

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Percepții despre fiscalitatea din România

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romany

The paper presents the results of a sociological research carried out in Romania on a national sample of 1,104 subjects. The data was collected between 9-14 June 2022, and the research was funded by the Tax Pact. The paper presents data on Romanians' preferences for a stable tax code, for merging some taxes and simplifying tax legislation, for certain legislative measures and proposals for the economic recovery of the country, about the progressive tax and about the perception of fiscal administrations.

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