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O „miejscach pamięci” w poezji Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Grażyna Halkiewicz-Sojak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The topic of the article is the analysis of “places of memory” in selected works by Słowacki. The examples have been juxtaposed in such a way as to show, on the one hand, the evolution of motifs and, on the other, to reveal certain permanent features of the author’s poetic imagination. The selection criterion was also the relationship of the interpreted “places of memory” to the poet’s childhood and youth; hence the preference for lyricism, in which the poetic images of Krzemieniec and Warsaw appear: "Godzina myśli" (“An Hour of Thought”), "Uspokojenie" (“Calm”). The subject of interpretation are both youthful works and those written at the end of life – in the mystical period. The interpretations allowed to show the work of the poet’s memory and imagination, thanks to which the literary images become more and more dynamic, gradually detach from memories and become fragments of an apocalyptic vision.

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Księżyc nad miastem

Author(s): Agnieszka Górska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article is devoted to the city of Vilnius represented in the early poem "Księżyc" (“The Moon”) by Juliusz Słowacki. The image of the city is evidently inspired by one of the first books he read, "The Arabian Nights", particularly by the story of Aladdin and his enchanted lamp. In the 18th and 19th centuries "The Arabian Nights" were one of the most important books in Europe, especially their French translation by Antoine Galland, a French orientalist. Słowacki, having drawn on the story of Aladdin, represented Vilnius as fairy-tale-like place, full of wonders and oriental delights. The memory of his home town was connected to the city illumination in 1822. The poet as a teenage boy perceived the city lights and the thousands of lanterns as an extraordinary and fairy-tale-like event. Słowacki’s memory of the illuminated city intertwined with the memory of the book he had read in his childhood. In this lyrical description of the city an important feature of Słowacki’s memory already became noticeable: for the poet a veristic view was not as important as the view seen in his imagination inspired by the Arabian tales.

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Raptularz podróży wschodniej Juliusza Słowackiego – przestrzeń pamięci poetyckiej

Author(s): Zbigniew Przychodniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The retrieval of the manuscript of Juliusz Słowacki’s notebook from his travels to Greece, Egypt and Palestine (1836‒1837) allows us to resume the analysis of this many-texted written document, called "Raptularz Wschodni" (“The Eastern Travel Diary”). It contains travel notes, ready-to-publish creations, drafts and plans of many literary pieces – among others, ["Listy poetyckie z Egiptu"] (“[Poetic Letters from Egypt]”), "Podróż do Ziemi Świętej z Neapolu" (“Voyage to the Holy Land from Napoli”). The question of genesis and timeframe of the entries, the composition rules, its mnemonic function and the role of the notebook in the opus of Juliusz Słowacki is reconsidered. The comparison to other notebooks of the poet points to a special character of this traveller’s silva rerum, and its role as a sort of poetic memory on hand. “The Eastern Travel Diary” by Juliusz Słowacki is a heterogeneous, palimpsest document, an open work with a rich net of internal correlations and both literary and semantic interconnections. It was a space for an intensive poetry-creating work, drawing strongly from the Greek formula of poetic art as poieín.

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Między wspomnieniem a ocaleniem

Author(s): Krzysztof Korotkich / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to one of the most interesting threads related to Juliusz Słowacki’s correspondence addressed to his mother – memory, but also its variation, which is forgetfulness. The poet consciously uses the power of seemingly opposing expressions, constructing a landscape of internal tensions, experiencing changes over time and gaining life experience. In his imagination, the poet links memory and oblivion with transience, displaying discretely, but no less clearly, the inscribed death. For Słowacki, memory is a kind of code, a meta-text, which in his letters to his mother allows the reader to recognize the next layers of meaning of these masterpieces.

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„Ogromna pamięć, z myśli uwita łańcucha”

Author(s): Kamil K. Pilichiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the article is the poem "Godzina myśli" (“An Hour of Thought”) by Juliusz Słowacki. Two distinguishing features of the work are subjected to clarification: autobiographism and metempsychosis. The autobiographical threads of Słowacki’s adolescence are cited, with particular emphasis on his friendship with Ludwik Spitznagel, and unfulfilled love to Ludwika Śniadecka. Memuaristic tendencies are confirmed by fragments of letters to Słowacki’s mother referred to in the article. The poem reveals not only the fate of the poet, but also his reflections, views in which metempsychosis is an important factor. The key factor integrating autobiographism and the aforementioned faith in the journey of souls in the Geneva poem turns out to be memory, in its dual role (the material from which the poet formed the “poem of the heart” and a component of the metempsychosis concept).

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Niepamięć – pamięć o ojczymie, doktorze Auguście Bécu

Author(s): Leszek Libera / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The central place in Slowacki’s life was taken by his mother, Salomea Januszewska. His biological father, Eusebius Słowacki died when his son barely turned 5 and was poorly remembered by his son. The mother got married to doctor August Bécu, who died from lightning, when Słowacki was 14 years old. Słowacki’s scholars treat this man, who appears in Mickiewicz’s "Dziady" (“Forefathers’ Eve”) part III, as a traitor during the Vilnius youth process, as if he was not present in poet’s life. The study shows how great mistake it is. August Bécu did play a great role in Słowacki’s life, he left a great mark on his work, more important than his mother. This paper is an attempt to show the psychological processes pushing the memory of the damned stepfather to oblivion, which is a kind of specific memory revealed in the poet’s literary works. The concept of repression (Verdrängung) allows revealing the power of this creative inspiration in poetic creations of father in such works as "Wacław", "Lilla Weneda", "Beatryks Cenci" (“Beatrix Cenci”), "Ojciec zadżumionych" (“The Father of the Plague-stricken”), "Poema Piasta Dantyszka" (“Poem of Piast Dantiscus”) or "Samuel Zborowski"; it also expounds Jacques Lacan’s theory about defining father’s role over the centuries and the meaning of his death. The killing of father by son (children) is the center of Lacan’s interest (also Simone de Beauvoir) and is regarded both as a nondescript element of the human psyche and one of the biggest hidden fears. Słowacki felt guilty for the death of his stepfather, the father – son and children – father relations shown in his works are inevitably branded by this death.

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Pamięć o Marii i Antonim Malczewskim w poetyckiej refleksji Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Marta Białobrzeska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Marta Białobrzeska in the article Memory of Maria and Antoni Malczewski in the poetic reflection of Juliusz Słowacki writes about the Maria and Antoni Malczewski references in the works of Juliusz Słowacki. Letter from Juliusz Słowacki to Salomea Bécu (15 VII 1833) suggest that the process of mythologisation of the life of Antoni Malczewski was developing along with the career of his poetic tale. In the we can note the indispensable elements of the mythical biography of Antoni Malczewski: romantic journeys, inspiration with the works of Lord Byron, convergence of the facts from his biography with events from the life of the author of "The Corsair", unhappy love, loneliness, underestimation by the contemporaries, and death in poverty and oblivion. In "Beniowski" the author of Maria is presented as the eulogist of Ukraine – the man of the south-eastern borderlands of the Republic of Poland. It was claimed that his work had arisen out of the very soul of the Ukrainian land, where the achievements of the ancestors were still echoing. We witness equating the existential experience of Malczewski with the vision of the world contained in "Maria". In "Beniowski" Malczewski was perceived also as the second bard – the greatest poet of his epoch next to Adam Mickiewicz. "Maria" was seen as the creation of the great national literature. Glorification of Antoni Malczewski in poetry is related to the exceptional popularity of Orpheus myths in Polish culture, both of the first and the second half of the 19th century.

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Słowacki czyta Krasińskiego

Author(s): Maciej Szargot / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is about the issue not yet examined: how Zygmunt Krasiński’s texts were an inspiration for Juliusz Słowacki. The example of such intertextual relations is the connection between the lyrical fragment in the incipit ["Mnie smutek zabił, mnie gorzkie koleje…"] (["Sadness killed me, the bitter course killed me…"]) which is a part of two poems: "Fantazja konania" (“The Fantasy of Dying”) published after the poet’s death and the edited "Dzień dzisiejszy" (“Today”) with the fragment of "Król-Duch" (“The Spirit King”) where the three motives connected with each other are present: one about the temporary sleep of the character, one about the sleeping kingdom and one about the sleeping knights.

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W poszukiwaniu „twórczej psyche Słowackiego”

Author(s): Joanna Dobrowolska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main subject of my article is the reception of Słowacki’s literary heritage by Cezary Jellenta, one of the most important figures of the Young Poland’s literary criticism. The basic source texts for me are: "Juliusz Słowacki dzisiaj: szkic konturowy", 1900 (“Juliusz Słowacki Today: A Contour Sketch”), "Druid Juliusz Słowacki", 1911 and the article "Fizjognomia polityczna Juliusza Słowackiego", „Młodość” 1901, no. VI (“The Political Physiognomy of Juliusz Słowacki”). The crucial problem for my interpretation is the memory issue analysed in two aspects. On the one hand, it is the memory discourse on Słowacki, as well as the strategies and mechanisms of its creation used by modernist criticism. On the other hand, I pointed the figures of cultural memory in Jellenta’s studies, especially archetypes (the title metaphore of Słowacki as a wizard) and myths of the beginning. I tried to define their influence on the reinterpretation of Słowacki’s works and make the topics more appropriate for the 20th century point of view. I also thought about their importance for the creation of the Polish national identity in the times when our country did not exist. Jellenta’s literary research is placed in the context of studies of the romantic genealogy of modernist criticism. In my interpretation I refer to three conceptions: Carl Gustav Jung’s of archetypes, Maurice Halbwachs’s of social memory and Jan and Aleida Assmann’s of cultural memory.

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Pamięć alternatywna

Author(s): Andrzej Fabianowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Paweł Goźlinski’s historical novel Jul was published in 2010. It centres around the life and works of Juliusz Słowacki, the Polish emigre community in Paris in 1845, unusual events, crime and detective work to find the truth. Literary fiction and truth are interwoven, thus creating a space for so-called alternative memory. The significance of the work as a whole is a way of paying homage to Słowacki, expressed in the language of a contemporary novel.

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Nad trumną bohatera romantycznego

Author(s): Maria Makaruk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The essay is an analysis and interpretation of Juliusz Słowacki’s "Kordian" directed by Jakub Skrzywanek at the Polish Theatre in Poznań in January 2018. Although it is a discussion with romantic stereotypes and myths, rather than another classical staging of the play, Skrzywanek’s staging is one of the most interesting voices in the "Kordian" case in years. This essay is an attempt to reconstruct the performance, made on the basis of its reviews and statements of the staging’s creators.

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„Znudzeni wonią kwiatów”

Author(s): Paulina Abriszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to analyse and interpret Juliusz Słowacki’s "Godzina myśli" (“An Hour of Thought”) in order to show how its play of memory and imagination is rooted in its intense sensuality. The stress is particularly put on those fragments where one finds totality of senses that make a sort of sensual panorama, synesthesia, and surprisingly important role granted by the poet to smell.

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"Anhelli" – pamięć i tożsamość

Author(s): Wacław Pyczek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The character of the hereby presented essay is an aspectual interpretation of Juliusz Słowacki’s narrative poem Anhelli, where the perspective of observation is set by the category of memory viewed in the context of identity. Memory motifs, important in the epoch of Romanticism, perform a significant and complex role in the described narrative poem. They are present in numerous layers of the literary work. First of all, they determine the nature and destiny of literary characters, they also shape the narrative mode, the image of the historic and religious alignment of the literary work. For the author of the presented considerations it was more important to concentrate upon the existential contexts than the political ones, so often underlined earlier. The presented interpretation of the Siberian narrative poem memory was pointed out as a value and, at the same time, a factor forming the identity of the characters and especially the title character. Complexity of the topic is revealed in the very multitude of memory types – narrative (biographical and autobiographical), intimate, individual, collective and also biblical. Introducing the particular categories and their description allowed determining more closely the layers of the basic meanings of the narrative poem and also the image of the exile culture marked with the tragic stigma.

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Juliusza Słowackiego pamięć ciała (przyczynek do refleksji nad stosunkiem poety do materii w okresie genezyjskim)

Author(s): Anna Rzepniewska-Kosińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper concerns the manner in which Juliusz Słowacki referred to the body (primarily his own) in the correspondence from the 1840s. The article contains a review of current research proposals, largely shaped under the influence of the still vivid stereotype of this poet, who after a spiritual change would begin to despise the material sphere of life. Based on the interpretation of his letters, it was possible to verify this stereotype and show Słowacki as an artist struggling with the issue of corporeality, having an ambivalent attitude towards it, but without any contempt. The conclusions indicate that the poet’s correspondence as well as his literary texts can be read as a multi-threaded treatise on the body and its place in the Genesian system.

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Pamięć a życie pozagrobowe

Author(s): Ewa Szczeglacka-Pawłowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article addresses the issue of memory in the lyric, which in the editions of Juliusz Słowacki’s poems is titled "Do Franciszka Szemiotha" (“To Franciszek Szemioth”), but in his notebook ["Raptularz 1843‒1849"] ([“Diary 1843‒1849”]) begins with the words: ["Nie zapominaj, że kiedyś ubogi…"] ([“Do not forget that once a poor…”]). The analysis of this manuscript is conducted taking into account other texts from the notebook, including the note about Homer’s "Odyssey".

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Testament ducha

Author(s): Olaf Krysowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an interpretation of the lyric "Wspomnienie pani de St. Marcel z domu Chau[mont]" (“The Remembrance of Madame de St. Marcel nee Chau[mont]”) by Juliusz Słowacki. In the poetic reminiscence of the deceased woman, life is intertwined with death, space with time, the real with misty afterimages. It can be noticed that Słowacki’s poem does not tell about the shape of the remembered past, but rather goes towards the present where the act of remembering occurs. The words “remember the broken parliaments”, addressed to the heroine of the poem, seem to be a testamentary message, containing a hint on how to fight for salvation or how individual spirits should lead to salvation. In the poem, veto can be a synonym of opposition to stagnation – according to the ideas of progress and freedom, which this measure of individual objection was to serve in the parliamentary system of former Poland, and at the same time in spite of the infamous tradition of using it to stop social or political reforms.

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Pastereczka i cyganiątko, czyli pod jakimi warunkami jest możliwa komparatystyka tekstów genezyjskich?

Author(s): Karol Samsel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The study heads to frame the Genesian Juliusz Słowacki’s lyric "Do pastereczki siedzącej na druidów kamieniach w Pornic nad Oceanem" (“To Shepherdess, sitting on Druid’s Stone in Pornic over the Ocean”) in the perspective of numerous intertexts corresponding with each other, creating peculiar for the poem system of comparative relations locating the Słowacki’s “Shepherdess” in the field of the most representative children’s-epiphanic poems of William Blake ("Songs of Innocence: Little Girl Lost. Little Girl Found"), William Wordsworth ("Ode. Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood and To a Highland Girl") as well as Matthew Arnold ("To a Gypsy Child by the Seashore"). Multi-faceted and referring to many intertexts at the same time, realised and accomplished in that way, comparing of Słowacki’s Genesian pieces enables to look at all Genesian works of poet not from the traditional one, idiomatic perspective as at the articulation of extremely individual and unique experience, but from the universal perspective, where Genesian text applies to widely understood phenomenas of existential and philosophical romanticism, including here the categories of maturation, initiation, transgression and transcendence, cognition and metaphysical participation of being in the world. Oriented in that way, philological and microphilological close reading of Słowacki’s poems, letters and diary, Wordsworth’s poems and letters, Blake’s letters equipped with special plates from "Songs of Innocence", finally Arnold’s poems – because of its multi-genericality and multi-facetility – can lead the comparative scholar of Słowacki much further than it was facilitated earlier in traditional comparative studies (in study represented by known and valued essay of Maria Cieśla-Korytowska about Słowacki and Wordsworth).

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Tożsamość medytującego oraz jego „wspomnienie niby”, „rewelacja” i „śnicie niby” w "Genezis z Ducha"

Author(s): Grzegorz Kubski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

"Genezis z Ducha" (“Genesis from the Spirit”) shows formal affinity with Saint Augustine’s "Confessiones" in the use of Hexaemeron and biblical figures as a figure of the subject’s personal experience. But in Słowacki’s work, the self that speaks is sylleptical. At the same time, it is both a biographical „self” and „I”, literally constructed. The subject writes down visions in the state of theopneustia, but also ostentatiously creates images of the world. He has knowledge resulting from participation in the pre-existence of the Logos, but in the meditation he will save figures of aporia. It is identical with the Logos, but shares the fate of Lucifer. “Placed” by God on the “Ocean rocks” (see Ps 40), or rather Oceanus – it is unknown whether he is only there “out of the body” (see 2 Cor 12,2‒4). Chosen by God, he is not among the chosen people, but among the Egyptians who are “deceived” by Him. In the distant forms of nature, he finds a “memory”, discovers “revelation” and prophetic dreams, but it is not known whether they are all his states as persons, or completely external to him.

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Dwie pamięci o pięknie w "Samuelu Zborowskim" Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Natalia Szerszeń / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the question of the different varieties of beauty and the forms of art in which beauty exists in Juliusz Słowacki’s Genesian system. Beauty can manifest itself in the work of human hands, in bodies, in acts and, what is the most important, in the transcendent beauty of God and the Heavenly Jerusalem. In the history of Eolion and Atessa, the aestheticisation of funeral rituals and death is a compensation: the beauty of the tomb and sarcophagus alleviate the fear of dying and uncertainty about the future. Sleeping as anticipation of the next incarnation is peaceful because coffins are full of beauty. The memory of the beautiful last moments before death allows Eolion and Atessa to find themselves disconnected in the next incarnation. All these forms of beauty are adapted to the needs of spirits entangled in matter, still making a metempsychosist journey upwards. Samuel Zborowski, as an old, wise spirit, guided in his actions not by the needs of the body, but by the care of his nation, represented a higher state of consciousness, so he was not afraid to sacrifice his life. Such a sacrifice is beautiful, and both the individual spirit and his fellowship of spirits bring him closer to God. A similar task is set by Juliusz Słowacki for Genesian art, which is to lead spirits to transfiguration (called “transformation into an angel” – “przeanielenie”).

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Pamięć i projekt kultury: "Król-Duch" Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Jarosław Mariusz Ławski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article analyses “Rhapsody I” from Juliusz Słowacki’s long mystical poem "Król-Duch" (“The Spirit King”). Contrary to numerous, well-known, and established interpretations of the poem, this one does not pose questions concerning, e.g. its mystique, the ontology of the represented world, the poet’s vision, or his view of nature. Rather, it focuses on a set of other intriguing issues: What human culture does “The Spirit King” show? What cultural picture of the poet is suggested by Słowacki? And last but not least: what type of human culture is required from the reader of the mystical poem? In conclusion, it is argued that that “The Spirit King” demonstrates an escape from the framework of culture to explore the divine, “mystical world.”

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