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This paper analyses imperfective, telic situations in English and Romanian in the attempt to explain the contradiction which implies a situation which tends towards a well specified goal, butthe use of the imperfective aspect excludes and neutralizes the mentioned endpoint. This paper also aims to determine the correlations between the semantic category of telicity and the imperfective aspect in English and Romanian. The telic/atelic distinction is one of the basic semantic characteristics of verbs and as such it can be considered a language universal. It exists in the Romanian language as well, but it has not been thoroughly examined nor clearly defined. Thus, one of the aims of this analysis is to examine the influence of the semantic characteristic of telicity on Romanian verbs. It is a well known fact that telic situations tend towards a specified goal or endpoint after which the situation naturally ends. This paper attempts to further specify the mentioned hypothesis. It argues that telicity implies a change of state of the situation, i. e. a qualitative change of a situation. The paper also argues that the imperfective aspect does not only imply duration, but it views the situation as a structure which may have segments and development, as well as tend towards a goal, but it will never be reached since imperfectivity does not include the end of a situation. A certain correlation exists between the semantic category of telicity and the Romanian distinctive feature [change] which in some contexts denotes a change of state and in other a change of position. The analysis has shown that imperfective accomplishments are in fact unbounded telic situations, i. e. situations which tend towards a goal, but it is not reached since the imperfective form (progressive in English and imperfect in Romanian) is used. The notion of an endpoint is a part of the meaning of accomplishments and achievements. The analysis has also shown that imperfective achievements do not involve the preparatory activity before reaching the goal, like accomplishment do. With accomplishments the preparatory activity is given lexically, whereas with achievements it is contextually implied and it is not a part of the meaning of an achievements. The analysis of imperfective achievements has shown that it is the preparatory activity that lasts in time, not achievements themselves. On the other hand, imperfective accomplishments entail the preparatory activity in their meaning, thus implying duration. In conclusion, imperfective aspect does not exclude the goal, it only specifies that it is not attained since the situation is in progress. Naturally, the goal can potentially be reached.
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L’objet de la présente communication est l’expression de la postériorité des temps verbaux par rapport au point de référence au présent. L’analyse du corpus montre que le serbe, en s’ppuyant sur les temps du futur dont il dispose et les usages relatifs d’autres temps, réussit à couvrir les mêmes champs sémantiques que le français.
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Although Catullus’ relevance may appear diminished to modern audiences, his themes of intimacy and vulnerability still find echoes in newer works, notably Anne Carson’s translation of “Ad Inferias”, included in the book Nox. This analysis examines the debate about the perceived untranslatability of this poem. Catullus’ oeuvre is well known for its linguistic intricacies and explicit motifs, which often pose translation hurdles. “Ad Inferias”, a traditional elegy, seems to lack such complexities and has been frequently translated. As indicated, an existential interpretation of the verse “et mutam nequiquam alloquerer cinerem” (and that I would talk in vain to the silent ash), contextualized within Carson’s metaphysical silence concept, reframes the discussion. The article underscores the untranslatability as a primarily philosophical aspect, arising from the incommunicability of experiences centred around transcendence, death, mourning, and suffering, and presents examples of translations that maintain the emotional and thematic intensity of the piece.
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The anthropic principle, which emphasizes the role of the human observer in the observation of the universe, is accepted here as the fundamental principle operatingwithin the ‘human condition’ (conditio humana, CH). A four-step model of CH is postulatedhere. The model comprises a synergy of the following steps/degrees: sensing, the anthropicprinciple, language, and sources of natural language feeding/strengthening. The model isassumed to be relevant in the description and assessment of the following components ofthe ecological approach to natural language: natural language resources, natural languageresource management, communicative wellbeing, degree of conservation of natural language resources in a particular natural language habitat, and ecological support for the life of natural language.
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The conditions under which the borrowing and diffusion of Carpathian vocabulary of Romanian origin in the mountain dialects of Lesser Poland and the Sub-Carpathian region, as well as the morphological properties of Romanian nouns, seem to favor the phenomenon of agglutination (integration) of a defi- nite article in loanwords. The study of lexemes (common nouns and toponyms) considered by some linguists to be of Romanian origin has led to the conclusion that the agglutination of the Romanian definite article is a sporadic phenomenon in the case of toponyms present in the Polish part of the West- ern Carpathians (region of Polish dialects). As for the common nouns, none continue the Romanian articulated form, and the endings that can be confused with the masculine definite article are Polish suffixes of Slavic origin.
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The aim of this paper is to research, based on our own linguistic material, as well as accessible publications, the influence of the Hungarian language on the Transylvanian dialect of Boyash Romani- an in Croatia or, more precisely, to identify Hungarianisms that appear in the lexicon. In this regard, it is necessary to distinguish between at least two main categories of Hungarianisms – those that are present also in the Romanian language from Romania and those that are specific only to the Transylva- nian dialect of Boyash Romanian spoken in Croatia.
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The aim of the article is to explain the origins of the Saami words: (northern dialect) ruohtti ‘thick layer of soot’, (Inari dialect) ryetti ‘soot’, derived from the Proto-Saamic *ruottē ‘soot’. It is uncertain whether the Proto-Saamic word is inherited or borrowed from a foreign source. The article takes into account both possibilities. Firstly, PSaa. *ruottē ‘soot’ may be derived from the Finno-Ugric *rata (*rota) ‘hot steam, vapor, fog’ attested in Permian and Ugric languages. The juxtaposition is phonologically impeccable and semantically acceptable, as long as we assume the following cycle of semantic changes: ‘hot steam’ > ‘fog, vapor’ > ‘smoke’ > ‘smog’ > ‘incomplete combustion residues’ > ‘soot’. Secondly, the Proto-Saamic term can be considered to have been borrowed from a Germanic source, cf. OS. hrot m. ‘soot’, MDu. roet n. ‘grease, soot’, Du. roet n. ‘soot’, OHG. ruoz m. ‘id.’, G. Ruß m. ‘id.’ (< WG. *hrōta- m./n. ‘soot’). This etymology is possible for phonological and semantic reasons; however, it is not easy to indicate the ways of adopting the Germanic appellative, attested only in West Germanic languages, into Proto-Saamic. On the other hand, the possibility that WG. *hrōta- was borrowed in prehistoric times from a Saami source should be strictly excluded.
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