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Following article reviews the work of painters of Georgian manuscripts and the terms related to the manuscript illustrations.Names of painters are rarely mentioned in testaments-writings of Georgian manuscripts due to their humility and modesty. Basically, there are known some testaments of scribes, where narration occurs by the mouth of a commissioner. The commissioner used to be on the foreground, as beautiful writing and manuscript adornment greatly depended on the commissioner’s taste and ability.There are only a few names of painters indicated in testaments-writings of manuscripts.The painter of Jruchi I Gospel, Teodore (H-1660, 940) is known from the testaments-writings of manuscripts; Matthew the painter (A-496) is mentioned alongside a culminating head jewellery of the Gospel of Matthew in one of the Gospels of the XIII century; Michael Korreseli (A-1335, XII-XIII CC), who illuminated the Gospel of Vani, ordered by Queen Tamar in the Constantinople; Avgaroz Bandaisdze is named a painter in the testament of the XIV century Gospel etc.The scribe would also performan illumination of the manuscript. The fact that a scribe-calligrapher was also educated in painting is confirmed by the testament of the scribe-calligrapher Avgaroz Bandaisdze in the XIV century "Paracliton" (A-575).In later times, the family dynasties of calligraphers (Tumanishvili, Mikadze, Bedismtserlishvili, Gabashvilis, Meskhishvili) were formed, where calligraphic art, artistic illumination of texts and tradition of composinghistorical documents would pass to generations.The identification of the scribe and artist is based on the close compositional connection between the text and illumination, in particular when text breaks through the ornamental adornment, when scribe’s testament is artistically engaged, relates to the adornment or when capital letter illumination grows into the head jewellery. On the basis of the artistic-stylistic characterization, professional miniaturists and artist-decorators (composing ornaments) are distinguished, whose works associate with folk artifacts.After the identification of the scribe and the artist, plenty of names of unknown painters were added to the gallery of Georgian masters.
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The article is a research of Maria Teresa Horta’s literary text The Lights of Leonor, Marquesa de Alorna, Seductress of Angels, Poets, and Heroes (2012). It focuses on a critical-analytical reading of the fictional text and tries to emphasize the development of its transgressive nature within the hybridisation of history and fiction. The theoretical focus falls mainly on the studies of Cristina Vieira (2008), Carlos Reis and Ana Lopes (2007), and Vanda Anastácio (2009, 2012). The analysis reveals that the heroine’s development is marked by oppression and how her resistance is directly drawn from the Enlightenment period.
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The article discusses three functional-linguistic categories: temporality, causality, and affectuality, that are analyzed through the theoretical formulations and methodology of the structural-functional approach in linguistics. The results are based on research, conducted in the last twenty years covering French and international scholarly projects, dissertations, and diploma papers, carried out under my scholarly guidance. All these exhibit the close ties and relationships between language forms, their meaning and usage, in French: forms, sens, and usages.
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The present article introduces the concept of cultural bifurcation in Arabic and Islamic studies, exemplifying it through an account of ongoing collaborative research initiated by the Department of Arabic and Semitic Studies at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski Building on notions such as cultural diglossia as adopted by some Medievalists, cultural bifurcation is foregrounded as a common foundation that helps achieve a deeper understanding of three entangled key dichotomies in Arabic and Islamic studies: continuity versus change, norm versus practice, and sacred versus profane. This approach allows us to accomplish a two-fold objective - to test the suggested concept of bifurcation by discussing an interdisciplinary work in progress undertaken by a group of scholars in the fields of history and cultural studies, linguistics and literary studies under the Sofia University program on Contemporary Trends in Arabic and Islamic Studies. Hence, the analysis sheds light on internationally lesser-known aspects of the activity of Arabists and Islamicists in Bulgaria vis-à-vis some major topics in the field, combining such theorizing with approaches from history and the anthropology of science. Instead of seeking to arrive at “definitive” conclusions, this article proposes an “open-ended” reflection to encourage further research.
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In Shida Kartlian, as in literary Georgian language, in common Kartlian and other dialects of the Georgian language, subordinate conjunctions as well as relative adverbs and pronouns member-conjunctions are used to combine simple sentences contained in a complex sentence. From subordinate conjunctions the conjunction "rom"(that) and its variants -"roma"and "ro"are noticed, which are actively involved in the construction of subordination -to link different types of subordinate clauses to the principal. They perform the same function but differ in the place of use in the subordinate clause. "Ro"can be found both in the beginning and in the middle of the subordinate clause, and the "Roma" conjunction is always in the beginning of the subordinate clause. It is obvious to use the conjunction "Roma" when we have a pause. For example: “tanisamoss roxdida, khalatis jibidan surati gadmouvarda” ("Whenshe wastaking off the clothes, a picture fell out of his coat pocket"); “karebi iseti itsis, rosheagonebs khalkhsa” ("there are such kindsof winds thatit will bother people"); „zogi iseti magali izrdeba, roma karepshi ver shemoeteva“ ("Some grow so tall that they can not be fitted in the door.").We often find paired member-conjunctions in Shida Kartlian dialect: The paired member-conjunctions are noticed in Shida Kartlian dialect: “vints rom”//”vints roma”//”vints ro” (who that); “rats rom”// “rats roma”//“rats ro” (what that); “rogorits rom”// “rogorits roma”// “rogorits ro” (like that); “sadats rom”// “sadats roma”// “sadats ro” (where that). In these complex conjunctions,"that" has the function of particle"even". "That" strengthens the meaning of the word to which it refers.For example: “vints rom movides, karebi ar gaugo” –“vints ki movides, karebi ar gaugo” ("Whoever came, did not open the door"). In Shida Kartlian, like in Old Georgian, the function of "rom" (that) and “tu” (if) conjunctions is not divided, and often conjunction“tu” (if) are found instead of “rom” (that). For example: “movidnen kaltan da utkhres, tu ai movrchit im sakmes” (They came to the woman and told her if we had done that job) –“movidnen kaltan da utkhres, rom ai movrchit im sakmes” (They came to the woman and told her that we have done that job). There are also cases when conjunction “rom//ro” (that) changes conjunction “rotsa”(when) in a subordinate clause. For example: “rom chaartkan, khom barakinai una ikves” (If they hit, it should be a strong hit) –“rotsa chaartkan, khom barakinai una ikves” (When they hit, it should be a strong hit). Changing the conjunction causes changing of the syntactic function
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This article is about the challenges associated with the use of textbooks for teaching Polish in classes for Chinese-speaking students. In the first part, which reviews the history of the development of Polish language teaching at Chinese universities, Rui Mao and Tomasz Ewertowski discuss the determinants of Polish glottodidactics in the People’s Republic of China. The flourishing of Chinese Polish studies in recent years is the result of cooperation between Poland and China as part of the Belt and Road Initiative. Starting in 1954 and for a period of almost 60 years, the Beijing University of Foreign Languages was the only university center offering Polish studies. However, between 2012 and 2021, new courses were opened with Polish language in the study programs at 17 other universities. This rapid expansion has been accompanied by great challenges, one of them being the development of a variety of teaching materials. These challenges are presented here on the basis of a case study in the second part of the article, which treats of the use of teaching materials in teaching Polish at the Shanghai International Studies University (SUSM/SISU). Although Polish has been taught at university level in China for 65 years, the Chinese publishing market does not boast of many local textbooks. For this reason, teachers have availed themselves of books published in Poland. However, these textbooks have been prepared for people who know European culture well, and their emphasis on communication does not correspond to the habits of Chinese students. These and other difficulties prompted teachers of Polish at SISU to work on their own teaching materials. The third part of the article, treating of textbooks developed at SISU, discusses the following textbooks created in the above-mentioned context, Bliżej historii Polski [Closer to the History of Poland] and Praktyczna gramatyka języka polskiego [Practical Grammar of the Polish Language]. The first one has two main goals, i.e., to familiarize students with basic information about the history of Poland and to develop students’ ability to understand written texts. The book is intended for students from China. For this reason, explanations of difficult vocabulary are given in Chinese, and the content takes into account the Chinese cultural context. In turn, the Practical Grammar of the Polish Language has been developed with the intention of providing a comprehensive, accessible, and practical compendium for teaching grammar to native Chinese speakers.
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This article aims to present the challenges faced by Polish language learners during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic and reflects on the possibilities that appeared with Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT). The research is focused on students, in an attempt to give voice to them and understand their vision of the challenges and opportunities in the virtual environment. The adopted methodology presents mixed analyses with interpretive qualitative and quantitative data, based on the application of a questionnaire with open and closed questions, both available on Google Forms from the perspective of Applied Linguistics. The data points out difficulties in implementing digital technologies, as well as specific limitations of the remote modality, but also presents new possibilities such as learning the language anywhere in Brazil, especially in places where there are no regular courses. However, it also reveals a mostly positive adaptation to the new format. These reflections suggest the need to (re)think about the transformation of the space for teaching and learning the Polish language in Brazil, according to the limits and possibilities that still need to be discussed in the face of the new context.
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The suprasegmental characteristics of English speech constitute a well-known area of difficulty even for fairly advanced Bulgarian learners of the language. However, no systematic research has been carried out into these problems, not least because of the lack of an established theoretical and methodological framework for such investigation. The present study makes a first step towards filling this gap. It presents results from a contrastive study of stress and intonation in the speech of tertiary-level Bulgarian students of English. Six students read and recorded the Bulgarian and the English version of Aesop’s fable “The North Wind and the Sun” – a standard text used in phonetic research. The recordings were analyzed acoustically and labelled intonationally in Praat using ToBI A number of long-term distributional measures were obtained, namely, mean and median fundamental frequency (F0), pitch minima and maxima, pitch span, temporal characteristics such as mean syllable, intonation phrase (IP) and pause duration, as well as number of IPs, pauses, stressed and unstressed syllables. The results were next compared with data from recordings of the fable by native English Received Pronunciation (RP) speakers. Differences between Bulgarian, Bulgarian English and British English RP were found in terms of F0 measures, IP duration and number, as well as in the number of pauses, stressed and unstressed syllables. These results are discussed within the framework of a newly proposed model of L2 intonation learning (Mennen, 2015).
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Quite a few of Agatha Christie's detective novels and stories contain metaphors that serve as a guide to the content of the story. Especially Hercule Poirot, but also other Agatha Christie detectives, can often reveal the perpetrators in the novel with the help of a parallel between these metaphors and real life. The metaphors are only easy to decipher at first glance in the story, because they require the reader to have knowledge of the fable genre. It is always a challenge for the researcher to interpret metaphors and determine their role in the text. This article aims to examine the role of fables in the interpretation of animal metaphors in the German translation of some of Agatha Christie's novels, and to see how these animal metaphors contribute to the solution of the mystery in the detective novel. The purpose of this research though is not simply to determine the function of metaphors in a given text, but also provide an analysis that gives space to a complex philological interpretation.
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The paper puts forward the analysis of natural phenomena metaphors used to show different aspects specific to the human being. The approach makes a comparison between three Romanic languages: Italian, French and Romanian. To observe how and if these meanings are expressed in the three languages, an onomasiological approach is adopted, which has as starting point the analysis of the conceptual metaphorical structure, at deep level, and, at surface level with the metaphors that linguistically express such elements of conceptual structure in the three languages. The structural elements are the result of equivalence between the two conceptual domains of the metaphor: NATURAL PHENOMENA and HUMANBEINGS. The meanings of the metaphors are the reflection of the language of these elements of conceptual structure, thus of our way of seeing and understanding reality, the human sphere (the human being characteristics, feelings and/or passions, conflicts and vicissitudes), in terms of a different reality, natural phenomena (storms, gales, thunders, lightnings etc).
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In the present paper, synonymous relations are analyzed in contrastive terms, and two oppositional characteristics are accepted as a basis for comparison, the so-called tertium comparison: long-term-short-term and repeatability-one-time. With the help of integral semantic features, lexical fields of basic similarity are distinguished, but, at the level of semantics, specific interlingual differences stand out. The semantic function of the prefixes in the composition of the prefixed verbs for cognitive actions is the structuring feature, through which the new semantic quality of the derived verbs is formed.
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The study proposes an analysis of Leonid Dimov’s canonical poetry, within the framework of the ‘60’s generation of poets that he belongs to and by identifying milestones in the critical reception, in the modernist evaluation grid of some ’60 generation analysts and postmodernist evaluation grid of others from the ’80 generation. A different critical interpretation of the oneiric author poetry is outlined, offering suggestions from Sistematica poeziei by Eugen Negrici, a parallel with the poetry of Arghezi and the study of the mechanism of Dimov’s poetry.
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The study presents the Romanian ecopoetry in the context of the Western nature-writting. The features of ecopoetry and some landmarks of its development worldwide are presented, followed by the most significant works of Romanian poets who can be classified in this current. The possible causes of the delayed development of this niche in the Romanian poetry are discussed: the social-historical framework, the cultural peculiarities and the specificity of the literary market in Romania.
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In this article we aim to trace the repercussions of the passage of time for the protagonist of the novel Chéri. The man characterized by immaturity, in the first part of the novel, becomes a responsible adult, in perpetual search of the lost universe. Not finding his stability, he declares himself a loser in front of time, thus ending up resorting to reckless actions.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze Graham Swift’s poem The Anatomist while using, as a main approach, the experiential reader response theory, which will be further detailed using literary analysis, and knowledge of literary features such as experimentalism, mixture of genres, multiple perspectives, references to other texts, and questioning which have been started by Modernism and Postmodernism and then continued further on. Psychoanalytical and psychological theories will also be used when they can explain various experiences of the main character, such as grief work. References to philosophical topics such as death and mortality will be taken into account with respect to the context of modern philosophy.
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Russian postmodernism maintains a permanent dialogue in absentia with classical literature due to certain elements of intertextuality. The present study is devoted to the analysis of the novel Medea and her children, while following its intertextual affinities with the ancient myth so well known. This article shows that, through the intertext, the author of the novel succeeds in creating the image of a modern Medea at different levels of his narrative. Mythical reminiscences are found in the name, in the description of the physical appearance, character traits and behavior of the heroine of this novel. Through certain allusions, the Russian writer compares Medea Mendes with ancient Medea, while highlighting her magical powers, her mythical thinking, as well as her perception by relatives as being a divine help. However, the model of modern Medea is demythified, since Ludmila Ulitskaya abandons the fabulous in favor of the ordinary. Therefore, the Russian novelist does not summarize the multisecular tradition of ancient mythology, but reinterprets the myth in a polemical way, while creating a modern Medea.
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In our first session of the Writing Exercises Part 2 seminar, we learned about the Historical Images project in Bulgaria and Austria. When the lecturer told us what it was all about, we thought it was a good way to communicate with Austrians online. You always learn a foreign language better when you come into contact with native speakers. Some of us have already taken part in a student exchange and this has made a significant contribution to overcoming the language barrier. The regular exchange with native speakers helps above all, because it promotes our speaking skills, which are important for our studies and our professional prospects. Since we are studying German philology and not history, the topic sounded strange at first, but we wanted to know more about the culture and history of Austria, so we were willing to take part in this project.
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At the beginning of the semester we found out that we would be working on a project. Before we started with the actual topics, the seminar leader had taught us the most important knowledge; we learned how to most efficiently take notes using the Cornell method; in addition we learned how to write logs, why there are different types of logs and when to use them, e.g. history, experiment, result and seminar log. After that we had a seminar on the topic of the project - historical images. First, we defined the subject in general terms: an image that someone has of history or the sum of the historical conceptions of a person or a group and expands it with examples from textbooks, historical photos etc.
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Our topic of history of minorities and their rights is very timely and important, especially in this day and age as we grow as a society. The world should be changed to a better place for all who are different. Almost all of us are becoming more liberal in some way and developing into good and respectful people. In order to become an expert in the field of language and culture of the German-speaking countries, one must consciously inform oneself about the current situation and problems of these countries, and especially about those that influence people's societal attitudes. In view of this, the minorities and the prejudices against them are of course a mainstay of understanding the cultural landscape. We hoped to raise awareness of the problems of the minorities - in this country as well as in Austria - to a certain extent.
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