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The report examines the People's Republic of China's (PRC) new espionage legislation. Attention is paid to the Criminal Code of the PRC, but also to the new Counterespionage Law of 2023, which seriously strengthens the legal measures to protect the security of the PRC. Views are provided on the legal approaches used in China, as well as the degree of risk to foreign persons and entities wishing to conduct business services in that country or employ Chinese nationals in light of possible espionage charges. At the legislative level, measures have been introduced to hinder the activities of foreign intelligence services and to protect state secrets of the PRC, but this creates risks for the normal business activities of foreign companies in PRC.
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The report analyzes the rapidly developing processes in the changed geostrategic environment, which with the beginning of the new century are being activated, changing and emerging as increasingly contradictory. The ever-increasing geopolitical contradictions, both in the global and regional aspects, which pose a threat to the Bulgarian geo space, are investigated. These processes also affect Bulgaria, as a participant in the international security system. For this reason, clarifying their genesis, driving forces and motives would help to build an adequate vision and behavior of the country in an increasingly complicated geopolitical and geostrategic situation. Constantly increasing security threats, risks and challenges have a significant impact on societal security, which is directly dependent on the development of the war in Ukraine and migration processes in Europe.
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The report examines issues related to the establishment and activities of the National Resistance Front (NFS) in Afghanistan. The organizational structure, leadership and ideological platform of the NFS are indicated, as well as the forms of resistance to the rule of the Taliban Movement (TM). The reasons why the NFS is currently the only opposition force opposing Taliban rule are analyzed as well. The report focuses on the Taliban operations in the north-eastern Afghan provinces against NFS forces, with a focus on Panjshir province.
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In recent years, regardless of the reported negative demographic changes in the structure of the population, there has been an increase in the size of the existing Roma ghettoized urban structures, which change, albeit unconsciously, the appearance of several cities and have a significant impact on their development. In the context of European territorial cohesion policies, the view is taken that European cities become places of tolerance and social progress, working towards social cohesion, balance, and integration. Based on a series of in-depth interviews conducted among representatives of the Roma community, educational mediators, non-governmental organizations, and representatives of local authorities in the cities of Lom, Kyustendil and Dobrich within the framework of a project on the topic: „Spatial models of Roma ghettoized urban structures in Bulgaria“. financed by the Scientific Research Fund at the Ministry of Education and Culture, an attempt will be made to answer the research question.
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The region of Southeast and Central Europe faces several key risks in the context of ethno-religious peace and security. Ethno-religious conflicts pose a serious threat to the stability and security of the region. The diversity of ethnic and religious groups in the region can lead to tensions and breaches of the peace. Extremist and terrorist groups using religious motives are also a factor of concern. These groups can pose a serious security threat and violate human rights. The protection of religious freedom and human rights is essential. This principle includes the freedom of individuals to express and practice their religion or belief without discrimination. In addition, human rights include the right to express religious beliefs and convictions, as well as freedom of assembly and the right of conscience. These rights are inseparable from the security and stability of the region. They promote tolerance, diversity and respect for the rights and freedoms of every citizen, while guarding against conflicts and tensions related to religion.
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Every political-military competition, conflict or war after 2014, already is hybrid. “Hybrid threat” is an umbrella term for the coordinated actions of a coalition of military and nonmilitary, state and nonstate, national and supranational actors in the info-cognitive, diplomatic-political, financial-economic and military spheres, in peace, during the crisis and in war, against the interests of a national state (or a coalition of states). Thestate-backed hybrid threat applies the concept of “smart power” in a destructive manner. “The opposing forces”, through public cognitive manipulations, can achieve a national state deception, can blame another actor/s as a hybrid threat and destabilization source, and to excuse their own actions. The counteraction of a Hybrid threat by disunited societies, societies that difficulty formulate common goals and are not unanimous at threat recognition, is extremely difficult and/or impossible.
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The report presents the results of the review and update of the NATO Lessons Learned System and the organization of the overall capability development process.
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