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Архитектура жилых дворцовых сооружений Верхней столицы чжурчжэньского государства Восточное Ся

Author(s): Nadezda G. Artemieva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The archeological excavations of the walled towns dated back to the period of the Jurchens’ State — the Eastern Xia (1215—1233) — have been conducted on the territory of Primorye for about fifty years. Archeologists have already found more than five hundreds of different types of buildings, including living units, household buildings, administrative and palatial constructions. The Jurchen people used three architectural technologies: column-frame technique, pillar-supported system and a column method. The construction technology helps to determine type and functions of the building. Column-supported buildings with tiled roof were classified as palaces. Some of the palatial residential premises that were excavated on the territory of the Upper Capital City of the Eastern Xia State (Krasny Yar fort) were constructed with use of column and pillars — this type of architectural technology was previously unknown for the researchers. Although the Jurchen architecture was developing within the mainstream Far Eastern architectural tradition, it had their own specific architectural style within the framework of that tradition.

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Культовая архитектура золотоордынского Крыма: версия Э. Д. Зиливинской

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In her monograph Golden Horde Architecture. Part I. Cult Architecture (Kazan: Otechestvo, 2014), E. D. Zilivinskaya focuses on the Crimean sites. Along with a presentation of buildings from the main regions of Jochi’s Ulus, there searcher also communicates some separate data about mosques, minarets, madrasah, mausoleums and Christian churches on the peninsula, which are often obsolete, distorted or unreliable. The Crimean content of the monograph is based on some scarce sources, while numerous relevant archival materials and publications seem to be unknown to the author. Frequent mistakes in comments to illustrations and an attempt to offer for scientific discussion some blueprints with false graphic information about plans and orientation of the buildings should be treated as some serious shortcomings of this work. In spite of the obvious relevance of this research, an overview of the cult architecture of the Golden Horde Crimea, which is offered in this monograph, should be examined rather critically and requires a review of almost all published data.

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Immured Vessels in the Church of Panagia Eleousa, Kitharida, Crete

Author(s): Anastasia G. Yangaki / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper focuses on the detailed presentation of the numerous vessels which are immured in the main wall of the narthex of the church of Panagia Eleousa. The church is located to the north of the village of Kitharida, southwest of Herakleion (Crete). Given their number, their state of preservation, the various categories of pottery to which they belong which were imported from regions of the western and eastern Mediterranean, the particular interest in their disposition and possible hidden symbolic meanings behind their decoration, the vessels constitute one of the most representative groups of bacini immured in Cretan churches. This is corroborated by comparison with the immured vessels from other sites in the Herakleion prefecture and based on the data collected by the research programme focused on bacini in Greece implemented by the National Hellenic Research Foundation in collaboration with the local Ephorates of Antiquities from other Cretan churches.Their detailed study contributes to the history of the church and to the presentation of the types of pottery that were in circulation on the island in the 15th c. AD. Some of these bacini were produced in Byzantine workshops, while most belong to glazed categories imported from the Iberian and Italian peninsulas or the Near East. Special reference is made to their seemingly careful disposition, which would have required specific planning. This observation, combined with the particular decoration on some vessels, which seems to incorporate symbolic meanings, leads to suggestions as to the possible donor who played the leading role in this decoration.

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О некоторых предметах декорировки костюма и украшениях конца XIII — начала XV вв., связанных с золотоордынской традицией

Author(s): Svetlana S. Ryabtseva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The items of costume decoration and adornments, produced in conformity with the Golden Horde traditions were spread quite widely, from the Volga region to the Balkans. They were worn by both the elite and the plain people. In some cases, local imitations are presented. Some of them (for example, metal tops of caps, earrings in the form of a question mark, a number of plaques for clothes, belt and bag) could be worn by the Adygei, Polovtsi, Early Russians, Lithuanians, East Romance and mixed Balkan population (up to Bulgaria and Macedonia).

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Терминологический аспект в изучении однонефных храмов средневекового Крыма

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Smaller churches with one apse and the nave rectangular in plan — undomed and without pillars to divide its internal space in bays — are the most common type of medieval churches in the Crimea. Such religious structures, rather diversified, are spread across the peninsula and include the majority of all existing churches today. The choice of terminology plays an increasingly important role in their studies, due to controversial use of such terms as ‘basilica’, ‘single-nave basilica’ or ‘basilica-type building’ to define them. The present study led to the following three conclusions. 1. When making a choice between functional and architectural approach, if a definition of an archaeological object is required, the second approach should be preferred. 2. It is unacceptable either to refer to those church structures, which do not have such characteristic features as ‘basilican section’ and ‘basilican lighting’, as basilicas, or to attribute them to ‘basilican type’, in order to avoid distorting the mere idea of it as a structure and its architectonic. 3. ‘Single-nave temple’ seems to be the most suitable term to use for the typological identification of such buildings (or, the full term would be: ‘a church, rectangular in plan, with one-part nave and a semicircular/faceted ‘apse’), or a ‘chapel’.

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Образно-сюжетный репертуар восточноевропейского скифского звериного стиля: принципы и результаты классифицирования и кодирования

Author(s): Anatoliy R. Kantorovich / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the context of steady growth of the archaeological material, the systematization and classification of the array of images of the Scythian-Siberian animal style becomes very important in order to create the uniform language for its description. The article presents an algorithm for classifying this source and substantiates the taxonomy and hierarchy of classification levels. The article presents main results of the classification of 2207 full-figured and reduced images of the Eastern European Scythian animal style (within the Scythian archaeological culture), identifying 345 morphological types. It is demonstrated by what way a set of images of the Scythian animal style can be formalized with the help of alphanumeric code. It is proposed to apply these principles of classification and coding to other local variants of the Scythian-Siberian animal style, which will provide a consolidated basis enabling their comparison.

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К изучению жeнcкиx украшений из могильника с трупосожжениями Пржитлуки культуры с керамикой пражского типа

Author(s): Dagmar Jelínková / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with some adornments from cremation graves of the Prague-type pottery culture (PTPC) in Přítluky. Written documents reveal that 3 graves yielded objects identifiable as bronze pendants. One grave contained a trapezoidal sheet-metal pendant with two rows of points at the lower edge, and fragments of another pendant, the second grave most probably contained fragments of a pendant of the same type, and the third grave yielded a part of an unspecified bronze pendant. Similar, mostly undecorated, trapezoidal pendants occurred, sometimes together with large trapezoidal pendants decorated with two rows of tiny points at their lower edge, in contexts of cultures of the Eastern European forest zone since the 5th century. Occurrence of such pendants among the finds of PTPC might represent a contribution of these cultures to emergence of new cultural units during migrations from the east to the west in the 2nd half of the 6th and in the early 7th century. The contacts in opposite west-eastern direction might be indicated by the occurrence of several Merovingian artefacts in Eastern Europe. Attention in this regard has been paid to buckles with trapezoidal shield with crosswise grooves at the base of the tongue, which occur with several cultures of the forest zone and one specimen was also found in a cremation grave of PTPC in the cemetery of Großprüfening, Bavaria.

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Об особенностях морфологии и декора «волынских серег» с тиснеными подвесками

Author(s): Svetlana S. Ryabtseva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The “Volhynian type earrings” are typical for the full jewelry dress of the population of Eastern Europe in the 10th — the beginning of the 11th century. We put the attention for the decorations with a hollow pendant, welded from two halves, which we selected in type “A” of “Volhynian earrings”. Their production on the territory of Old Rus’ is confirmed by finds of dies from the burial of a jeweler in the Peresopnytsky cemetery in Volhynian and at the Gnezdovo settlement in the upper reaches of the Dnieper River. Outside Eastern Europe, such decorations are known from the territory of Poland, Hungary and Sweden.The studied items vary by overall dimensions, design of the rings and suspension. The rings are especially different in size and set the decorating parameters, whereas the suspension, for all its morphological differences, does not differ much in length. There are two variants for rings. The first is a smooth ring. The second one is a smooth ring, unchained in the lower part; one more element is attached to it, creating the effect of “lunula”. Rings with lunula are very characteristic for this type of jewelry. Variants with simple rings are less common, but they bring these products closer to other varieties of “Volhynian earrings”. Pendants are significantly different in proportion (there are more elongated, there are broad, squat) and decor characteristics. Judging by the sufficient variability of the pendants, there were quite a few masters with dies and skills for making these complex elitist ornaments.

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Дворцовая архитектура чжурчжэньских городов Приморья

Author(s): Nadezda G. Artemieva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The archaeological studies of the hillforts that are dated to the period of the Eastern Xia State existence (1215—1233) have been conducted in Primorye (Russia) for about fifty years. The study of the Nikolaevskoye and Krasnoyarovskoye hillforts made it possible to reveal certain typical features of the Jurchen style of palace architecture that developed within the general course of the Far Eastern architecture, forming its own original canons.

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Новые открытия в средневековой археологии Приморья: городище Кокшаровка-1

Author(s): Nikolay A. Kluyev,Irina V. Gridasova,Maxim A. Yakupov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This report analyzes results of excavations at Koksharovka-1 medieval hillfort in Primorye jointly conducted by Russian and Korean archaeologists in 2008—2014. Their main result is the study of an architectural complex consisting of seven buildings that is unique for the archaeology of Primorye. On the one hand, the architectural complex of Koksharovka-1 hillfort site has some analogies with the famous Bohai palaces (the layout, the presence of kangs, etc.); on the other hand, there are some differences (the absence of the tiled roofs and pillared constructions). Multiple artifacts, including original ceramic pagoda-shaped stands were found in excavations. The authors conclude that the architectural complex was probably built in the 10th c. AD. The obtained data allow assuming that the Koksharovka I hillfort was a large administrative centre in this period.

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Мечеть и караван-сараи Пульжая (памятники Золотой Орды в северном Каракалпакстане)

Author(s): Omar-Sharif Kdirniazob / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeological studies are used to examine architectural and constructive design features of a mosque and a caravanserai at the Puljai hillfort site. In the context of available analogies from the Central Asian region, the mosque can be attributed to the category of pray kiosk-mosques with aivans (terraces). The peshtak portal, residential and household structures are typical of the caravanserai. These structures were used in the Golden Horde era.

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Крымский контекст золотоордынской архитектуры в научных трудах современных исследователей

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The chronological scope of the study encompasses the years 1946-2016. The period is characterized by a gradual revival of interest in the Golden Horde sites present in the region and consolidation of th this field of studies. In 1978, archaeological excavations were resumed, alongside with a purposeful architectural study of construction remains of individual structures and selective publication of results. Besides sporadic publications on the architecture of the Crimea, where the Golden Horde component was usually fragmentarily treated on the basis of outdated and often erroneous information, there also appear works of generalizing character, where this component, despite the differing degree of elaboration, is already present as an integral part of the building culture of the Ulus of Jochi as a whole. The majority of field research materials have not been involved in scientific circulation, the access to them being restricted for experts. A significant event of the period was the publication of the monograph “Architecture of the Golden Horde. Part I. Cult architecture” (Zilivinskaya 2014), which provides a clear understanding as regards the current state of the topic elaboration.

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О форме и декоре ременных бляшек в раннесредневековой Болгарии

Author(s): Stela Doncheva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The production of art metal in the early medieval Bulgaria became known after the discovery of three metal-plating centers in the vicinity of the capital of the First Bulgarian Kingdom — Preslav, from the beginning and middle of the 10th century. Along with technology and jewelry, the origin of raw materials and the chemical composition of the metal, necessary to fully comprehend the extremely numerous material found so far, there are some issues related to the shape, proportions, elements of the ornament and the method of manufacturing individual decorative details. Combination of all these components leads to one exceptionally rich palette of various belt jewelry, at the same time reflecting the fashion trends of the era, the individual approach of the craftsman and traditions in the art of artistic metal.The original combinations of shapes and ornaments found on the belt adornments of metal-plastic manufacturing centers are nowhere to be found in such a variety during this period, neither in the country nor abroad. In the various settlements and fortresses of medieval Bulgaria in the early period, only a few representatives of certain types are known, and not in such great diversity. A similar picture exists outside the country: numerous finds from various places in Hungary, Serbia, Russia and Southeastern Europe cannot be compare with the richness of shapes and ornaments originating from the one place near Preslav. This is somewhat explainable by the place of production, but it seems to be not the only reason. There are many industries outside the country, which do not show this diversity of products.

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De Van Eyck à Vermeer : à la recherche d'une symbolique de l'espace

Author(s): Cristina Poede / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

From the fervent universe of “The Mystic Lamb” to the tranquility of bourgeois interiors hiding secrets, Dutch painting evokes an ever more symbolic space marked by thresholds, doors and stairs, cautious or exuberant windows, interior courtyards conducive to melancholy and meditation. French writers have often revealed their attraction for Flemish and Dutch masters: Théophile Gautier (“A Tour in Belgium and Holland”), Gérard de Nerval (“Lorely. Souvenirs d'Allemagne”), Baudelaire (“Les Phares”), Marcel Proust (“The Prisoner”), Paul Valéry (“The Return from Holland”), Marguerite Yourcenar (“L’oeuvre au noir”) comment on the works of these painters, with whom they experienced subtle aesthetic affinities. The paper is an attempt to achieve a diachronic division of two centuries in order to observe certain modifications concerning the representation of space in Flemish and Dutch painting, modifications which took place from the late Middle Ages to the Golden Age, including the Renaissance.

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Türk Müziğine Maruz Kalmak ya da Kalmamak, Bütün Mes’ele Bu...

Author(s): Lale Akay / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

This article on “to be exposed or not to be exposed to Turkish experiences”; Starting from the 1970s with a little more precision until today, the properties of Turkish Music, where people listen to it, in what environments, by which instruments, and what quality of music listening to the ears of our people are exposed to have been examined. During these periods, the importance of mass media such as radio and television was emphasized. Starting from the beginning of the period when radio and television were single-channel, it was explained how our Turkish Music came to the present day, with the multi-channel mass media following each other, how to run the competition. It was stated that the first Turkish Music Conservatory, which was established in Istanbul in 1975, is important for living under the roof of the state, that our music is one of the most valuable elements of our cultural values, and that we have a very valuable treasure such as classical Turkish Music and Turkish Folk Music. In the conclusion part, we tried to explain our thoughts and recommendations such as what kind of way should be followed in order to spread and keep our national music protections alive, what kind of music policy should be followed, which institutions should cooperate in these needs.

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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Çağdaş Seramik Sanatının Gelişim Süreci

Author(s): Selda Alp,Aysel Kürtoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Ceramics, which has taken place in human life in Anatolia since the Neolithic period, has reached the present day by taking shape and developing according to the lifestyle of the societies it belongs to. Ceramic, which takes place in human life as functional architectural elements and auxiliary materials, has become a material that draws attention by painting and sculpture artists in the middle of the 20th century and is used to embody emotions and thoughts, by getting rid of functionality. The modernization process of ceramics, which developed with this European-centered innovation in the use of ceramics, was also reflected in Turkey, and ceramic production, which has a deep-rooted history in Anatolia, took on a new face. In the 1950s, ceramic works began to be produced by contemporary Turkish ceramic artists, which developed in parallel with Europe, completely moved away from the functional aspect, and completely embodied forms of artistic expressions. The adventure of contemporary Turkish ceramics continues today, thanks to ceramic artists, who show creativity and productivity in the country and around the world.

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Türk Halk Giyim Kuşamında Kullanılan Suzeni Tekniği ile İşlenmiş Uçkur Örnekleri

Author(s): Şerife Doğan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanların örtünme hissinin insan üzerinde büyük etkisi olmuştur. Hem insanların estetik değerlere olan bakış açısını değiştirmiş hem de süsleme kültürünü ortaya çıkarmıştır. Asıl maksadı bedeni muhafaza etmek olan giyim, toplumun kültürel değerlerini, sosyo-ekonomik yapısını, yaşadığı coğrafyayı, kullanılan malzemeleri, iklimi, inançları vb. yansıtır. Zamanla faktörlere göre şekillenmiş ve biçim, malzeme, kullanım ve süsleme özellikleri bakımından çeşitlenmiştir

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Beyond the Penthesilea Painter: Status of Issues at Limits of the Attribution

Author(s): Pedro Luís M. Sanches / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

An attribution is, first and foremost, an interpretative category. With the anonymous pottery painter identificated as the 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 would not be different, but this “creative personality” was implicated in unexpected workshop practices, stylistic transitional peculiarities and crossover involving parietal painting. Throughout the second half of the last century, the Penthesilea workshop generated less and less interest among the specialists in the field of Greek vase painting. The dominant interpretation that the “ethical” aspect of it’s contemporarie parietal paintings could be seen in the Penthesilea Painter’s works has given way to doubts and academic disinterest. This paper compiles main understandings on the subject.

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Българското изобразително изкуство през XIX век: скок от средновековна образност до европейска визуална култура

Author(s): Nana Melkonyants / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study "Bulgarian Fine Art in the 19th Century: the Leap from Medieval Imagery to European Visual Culture" provides a comparative analysis of the development of Bulgarian painting in relation to European art. The study is carried out through a juxtaposition and visual comparison of the characteristics and visual qualities of certain works taken for analysis. The methods of painting, the construction of the composition, and the borrowed techniques taken by the Bulgarian masters from the artists in Europe are compared. One of the most complex and remarkable periods in Bulgarian history is brought into focus as how the artists managed after a long stagnation to catch up with already developed European standards in art. In an effort to overcome cultural backwardness - a new generation of artists made a great and important leap in the development of Bulgarian fine art. A parallel is drawn between Europe, which has had time to quietly shape its art, and Bulgaria, which after a long slumber is decisively uplifting and transforming its cultural heritage. On the basis of this analysis, we get a visual example of borrowed practices and the development of Bulgarian painting. We trace how it progressed along with socio-cultural changes.

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Dvorske dame izvan bečkoga dvora: kako su kreirale društveno-političko ozračje ugarsko-hrvatskoga ranonovovjekovnog prostora?

Author(s): Ivana Jukić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Socio-political everyday life of the Habsburg Monarchy was heavily shaped by the activities and life styles of the elites, their mutual relations and connections. It was not before the last two decades that the historiography has paid some attention to the “personal” in the affair of ruling as well as to the role of the ladies-in-waiting, very often owners of the wealthy estates, whose role has manifested as very important. Offcourse, the area of the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia was not an exception. Nevertheless, these ladies are still rather unknown in Croatian historiography. Hence, the main goal of this paper is to point out the influence of the two of those ladies-in-waiting who were also the owners of the very wealthy estates in the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia: Countess Batthyány and Countess Althann. Both were married to the much influential magnates, but also close friends and partners of the two of the most powerful men of the Habsburg Monarchy in the first half of the 18th century - the emperor and the king Charles VI of Habsburg and Eugen of Savoy. In the paper the author asks if these relations could positively reflect on socio-political relations within the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia, or to the interests of the individual members of the Hungarian or Croatian estates’ corporations. To answer to these questions the author did her research not only based on the preserved written historical materials or secondary literature, but the author also analyses the allegorical fresco on the ceilings in one room of the Čakovec castle. This fresco was made in the 1720s on the initiative of Countess Althann, the owner of the castle. This fresco itself as well as the circumstances of its fabrications depicts the historical evidence of the importance of the associations of the political magnates in the creations of the political intrigues of the Habsburg Monarchy of that period.

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