Okolnosti případu a jejich vliv na posuzování vad žaloby

Author(s): Karel Svoboda / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2010

The author of the article analyses if and to what extent the courts take into consideration the circumstances of the given case and if they judge whether the legal action should be denied for its imperfections. Primarily he takes into account the up-to-date judicature of the Supreme Court and of the Constitutional Court. He measures the judicature with the opinion of the prominent Czech processualists at the same time. He comes to the conclusion that our courts, as far as the imperfections of the legal action are concerned, prefer the objective point of view without taking into consideration the reason of the imperfection. Never the less in the exceptional cases, when the imperfections of the legal action can not be laid to the plantiff´s charge, it is possible to deal with the legal action which should be denied under standard circumstances. The same extraordinary action comes into question in the case that the court must compensate the deficit of the equality between the procedural subjects or if with regard to the extent, complication or long-term lasting of the legal relationships between the participants, it is not possible to call for having all the relevant legal facts being described in the legal action.

Nad jedním rozhodnutím aneb trocha teorie ani Krajský soud nezabije

Author(s): Milan Pekárek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2010

The practical example is used by author to clarify the difference between specific charakteristics of lessor - lessee relationship and essential elements of a noctract of lease. This issue deserves attention and clarification, because these cases are quite frequent and the difference is not unedrstood not only by law students, but also lawyers and judges.

Google, právo být zapomenut a Listina základních práv EU

Author(s): Jaromír Fronc / Language(s): Czech Issue: 21/2020

Annotation of the case by Bundesverfassungsgericht, case no. 1 BvR 276/17.

Nikdo nesmí vlastnit právo

Author(s): Jakub Harašta / Language(s): Czech Issue: 21/2020

Annotation of a case by Supreme Court of the United States, no. 18-1150.

Přehled aktuální judikatury I/2020

Author(s): Dominika Collett,František Kasl,Jakub Klodwig,Ivana Kudláčková,Pavel Loutocký,Jakub Míšek,Anna Stárková,Jan Svoboda,Petra Vydrová,Veronika Příbaň Žolnerčíková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 21/2020

Overview of the recent case law in the field of law and technology in a form of short annotations.

A Kolozsvár-tábla ügye

Author(s): Sándor Attila Szőcs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

The present case study points to the arguments of those lawsuits that lasted for years, which resulted multilingual town nameplates on the city limits of Cluj-Napoca, after decades of omissions. In addition to describing the related rules of both domestic and international law, the study not only explores the legal arguments developed on the basis of them but also points out the controversial points of the regulation and the omissions of the Cluj-Napoca municipality. It also presents the activities of civic initiatives and organizations that, in addition to legal conditions and mere statistics, demonstrate a real societal need for multicultural cooperation and peaceful coexistence.

ЈЕДИНСТВЕНО СУПАРНИЧАРСТВО ПРОНАЛАЗАЧА У СПОРУ О РАСКИДУ ЛИЦЕНЦНОГ УГОВОРА - Коментар решења Врховног суда Србије Гж. 853/91 од 10.7.1992. године

Author(s): Zoran Ivošević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 6/1993

ОДЛУКЕ ВРХОВНОГ СУДА СРБИЈЕ

Author(s): Zoran Ivošević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 6/1993

ОДЛУКЕ ОКРУЖНОГ СУДА У БЕОГРАДУ

Author(s): Dimitrije Milić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/1993

ОДЛУКЕ ОКРУЖНОГ СУДА У БЕОГРАДУ

Author(s): / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/1993

ОДЛУКЕ ВРХОВНОГ СУДА СРБИЈЕ

Author(s): Ilija Simić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/1993

ОДЛУКЕ ОКРУЖНОГ СУДА У БЕОГРАДУ

Author(s): Dimitrije Milić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/1992

UJEDNAČAVANJE SUDSKE PRAKSE - STAVOVI EVROPSKOG SUDA ZA LJUDSKA PRAVA I STANJE U SRBIJI

Author(s): Dušica Palačković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2-3/2017

There is an obvious need for the harmonization of court practice that will provide legal security, that is legal certainty, as well as legality and equality of citizens under the law. Even a glance at the mechanisms known to our legal system which are used for the harmonization of court practice and unique interpretation of law lead us to conclude that there are many of such mechanisms, meaning that a lot of efforts have been invested in normative sphere. However, the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights point to the fact that there are some problems in this field. Also, a number of cases brought before the Supreme Court of Cassation and other courts of second instance (appellate courts) suggest that the existing mechanisms are not efficient, or, better to say, not applicable to the full extent. Therefore, some of these mechanism need to be more precisely regulated. Not suggesting that we should introduce the court practice as a new, non-traditional, source of law in our legal system (which upholds European continental tradition), a higher level of harmonization is definitely something that must be secured. This seems to be possible to execute without radical changes, just by introducing a more firm mechanism of horizontal and vertical harmonization. In both cases there is a number of prerequisites that need to be met, from technical ones, such as an automatic procedure of tracking cases, a unique information system, better skilled staff, up to substantial prerequisites, the most important being: stronger role of the Supreme Court of Cassation in the harmonization process through a system of additional remedial measures, as well as through special procedures of issuing opinion in relation to disputable cases referring to applicable law. Judicial independence and autonomy must be maintain in any case.

ENCROCHAT I SKY ECC KOMUNIKACIJA KAO DOKAZ U KRIVIČNOM POSTUPKU

Author(s): Vanja Bajović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2022

Technological development and new forms of crime require redefinition of existing legal frameworks at domestic and international level. EncroChat and SkyEcc cases highlighted these problems, throwing the courts before the old Packer’s dilemma, whether to give priority to crime control or due process model. While the protection of citizens’ rights prevailed for many years, guided by the maxims that ”the democracy of a society is measured by the provisions of its criminal procedure” and that ”it is better 100 guilty persons to escape than that one innocent person suffer“ it seems that in the era of information technologies, another model prevails, legitimizing almost unimaginable concepts such as mass surveillance of communications with derogation of the principle of territorial sovereignty. The ”problem” escalated and came to the attention of many European countries after the ”breaking” of the communication platforms EncroChat and SKY Ecc, which certainly contributed to the detection (and prevention) of numerous criminal acts by criminal groups, while at the same time opened many questions, starting from the method of discovering communication, delivering material to other countries and using it in criminal proceedings, the validity and admissibility of the so-called of ”mass surveillance” that affects not only ”criminals” but also ”ordinary citizens”, i.e. all users of certain communication platforms.The first part of the paper deals with the issues how these networks were break down, the legal basis for such actions, the legal basis for providing the obtained data to other countries, their evaluation and further use in criminal proceedings. As different countries have different procedural rules, the question is whether a domestic judge is authorized to evaluate the legality of evidence obtained abroad and according to what criteria? In this regard, a distinction is made between EU member states where European investigative orders and the principle of mutual recognition apply and other countries in the system of mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. In the second part, we deal with the legal nature of the obtained data through the dilemma of whether it was targeted surveillance in criminal proceedings, or mass surveillance carried out by the intelligence services, as well as the ECtHR’s practice related to these issues. Bearing in mind that these investigations are still under the ”veil of silence”, the study was based on Europol/Eurojust data and few publicly available decisions of courts in Germany and the United Kingdom about the admissibility of these evidence.

THE ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS UNDER THE ICSID CONVENTION AND PUBLIC POLICY

Author(s): Kristina Stevanović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

International arbitration emerged as a response to cross-border trade and foreign investments. It is an instrument which enables the uninterrupted flow of foreign capital which has a significant impact on the national economy, particularly considering that arbitral awards are enforced in national jurisdictions. The profit-oriented economic trend and its impact on individual states is even more visible in international investments, given that the foreign investor who operates on the territory of a Host State is included not only in economic but also in social affairs of that State. This poses a challenge: how should a State preserve national interests? Referring to the relevant provisions of the New York Convention (1958) and the ICSID Convention (1965), the author elaborates on the idea that public policy may be used in the enforcement stage as justification for non-compliance with the rendered arbitral award. The author introduces relevant arbitration practice that has challenged the interpretation of Article 54 of the ICSID Convention, and analyzes the impact it has had on the ICSID system.

CHANGING THE LEGAL STATUS OF ANIMALS: LEGISLATION AND LITIGATION

Author(s): Zorana S. Todorović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This paper addresses the issue of the legal status of non-human animals and the possibility of changing it from the status of things or property, to the status of nonthings, or better, sentient beings. Key arguments for the change of their status are discussed, including the argument from marginal cases, and the scientific evidence indicating that many animals are sentient beings. Two ways of initiating such changes seem most promising: legislation, i.e. the modification of civil codes, and litigation, i.e. filing lawsuits on behalf of individual animals. It is argued that legislative changes are necessary for moving animals out of the legal category of things and into the category of sentient beings that can bear rights. On the other hand, litigation could bring about a more radical change of the legal status of some animals.

Realistic view of mediation in penal matters: The reasons for the failure and remedial measures

Author(s): Olga Sitarz,Dominika Bek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The authors are mediators in penal matters, and at the same time they are involved in criminal law and criminology scientifically. From this perspective, they undertook research on the low interest of victim-offender mediation in the practice of Polish justice. They searched for reasons both in imperfect legal solutions and in attitudes of lawyers and parties. They conducted a series of in-depth interviews with practitioners: prosecutors, judges, advocate and mediator with psychological education. They also referred to the results of their previous surveys and conclusions presented by other researchers. On this basis, they formulated several postulates for the legislator. It should be emphasized that they also remain valid outside the Polish legal system. They may also be valuable to mediators, judges and prosecutors, especially those operating in the area of continental criminal law.

Odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza za szkody antymonopolowe wyrządzone przez spółki powiązane – rozwój koncepcji jednolitego organizmu gospodarczego

Author(s): Marta Mackiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

Przedmiotem niniejszej glosy jest analiza i ocena wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (dalej: TSUE) wydanego dnia 6 października 2021 r. w sprawie C-882/19 z powódzwa Sumal SL przeciwko Mercedes Benz Trucks España SL. Wyrok w sprawie Sumal dotyczy istotnego zagad- nienia w obszarze prawa konkurencji zarówno publicznego, jak i prywatnego (private enforcement), tj. ustalenia kręgu podmiotów odpowiedzialnych za naruszenia prawa konkurencji działających w ramach jednego organizmu gospodarczego. Dotychczasowe orzecznictwo TSUE w tym za- kresie koncentrowało się przede wszystkich na ustaleniu odpowiedzialności spółki dominującej (matki) w grupie spółek. W wyroku w sprawie Sumal, TSUE podjął kwestię odpowiedzialności spółek zależnych (córek), w sytuacji naruszenia prawa konkurencji przez spółkę matkę. TSUE nie przekreślił w żadnym wypadku dotychczasowego orzecznictwa TSUE dot. single economic unit, uszczegółowił jedynie warunki odpowiedzialności spółek zależnych. Owe doprecyzowanie było niewątpliwie pożądane. Niemniej stawia pod znakiem zapytania zasadę odpowiedzialności spółek zależnych w sytuacji, gdy nie brały one bezpośrednio udziału w naruszeniu, ale w sposób pośredni lub nieformalny.

Glosa krytyczna do wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego (WSA) w Warszawie z dnia 9 grudnia 2016 r., sygn. akt: VI SA/Wa 721/16 (granica pomiędzy decyzją o wykreśleniu z ewidencji a decyzją o nakazie wstrzymania świadczenia usług hotelarskich)

Author(s): Dominik Borek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

W glosie przytoczono stan faktyczny opisany w wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego (WSA) w Warszawie z dnia 9 grudnia 2016 r., sygn. akt: VI SA/Wa 721/16. Glosowane orzeczenie ma duże znaczenie dla rynku usług hotelarskich w Polsce, dotyczy bowiem postawienia granicy pomiędzy decyzją o wykreśleniu z ewidencji w przypadku niespełniania wymagań ustawowych a decyzją o nakazie wstrzymania świadczenia usług do czasu usunięcia uchybień (Borek, 2021).

Glosa do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 25 maja 2022 r., sygn. akt III OSK 2273/21

Author(s): Dariusz Walencik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Glosowany wyrok dotyczy dwóch istotnych zagadnień związanych ze stosowaniem przez jednostki organizacyjne Kościoła katolickiego na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej autonomicznych, szczegółowych zasad ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem ich danych. Pierwsze odnosi się do możliwości dalszego stosowania tychże autonomicznych, szczegółowych zasad po wejściu w życie RODO. Drugie – zdolności powołania i statusu niezależnego odrębnego organu nadzorczego – Kościelnego Inspektora Ochrony Danych. Aprobując stanowisko zawarte w wyroku NSA, w glosie przedstawiono argumenty przemawiające za tym, że w momencie wejścia w życie RODO w Kościele katolickim istniała regulacja dotyczącą przetwarzania danych osobowych, zawarta przede wszystkim w normach Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r., którą Kościół katolicki w terminie określonym w art. 91 ust. 1 RODO dostosował do przepisów tego aktu prawnego. Ponadto tryb działania, sposób powołania lub odwołania Kościelnego Inspektora Ochrony Danych nie muszą mieć podstaw wynikających z prawa powszechnie obowiązującego i mogą wynikać z prawa wewnętrznego Kościoła katolickiego, pod warunkiem że zostaną zachowane wymogi określone w rozdziale VI RODO, czyli: niezależność, spełnianie ogólnych warunków dotyczących organów ochrony danych, zachowanie tajemnicy, wykonywanie zadań i realizowanie uprawnień określonych w RODO (odpowiednie kompetencje). Argumentacja ta znajduje swe źródło w gwarantowanej przez przepisy Konstytucji RP zasadzie autonomii i niezależności kościołów i innych związków wyznaniowych. Potwierdza to również motyw 165 Preambuły RODO, zgodnie z którym rozporządzenie o ochronie danych szanuje status przyznany kościołom oraz związkom lub wspólnotom wyznaniowym na mocy prawa konstytucyjnego obowiązującego w państwach członkowskich i nie narusza tego statusu – jak uznano w art. 17 TFUE.