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Kontroverzni diskuse zmítá současnou vnitropolitickou scénou ve Spolkové republice Německo. Důvodem je zamýšlená komplexni reforma právních předpisů upravujicích problematiku státního občanství.
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Súdna moc sa v Slovenskej republike zriaďuje siedmou hlavou Ústavy Slovenskej republiky. Prvý oddiel ústavy upravuje Ústavný súd Slovenskej republiky. Druhým oddielom sa upravujú súdy Slovenskej republiky. Právomoc Ústavného súdu Slovenskej republiky ustanovuje čl. 125 až 129 a čl. 130 ods. 3 ústavy. Právomoc všeobecného súdnictva je predmetom úpravy čl. 142 ods. 1 ústavy, podľa ktorého: "Súdy rozhodujú v občianskoprávnych a trestnoprávnych veciach; súdy preskúmavajú aj zákonnosť rozhodnutí správnych orgánov."
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Problematika, které se v příspěvku věnujeme, patří k podmínkám, jejichž existence je zkoumána v souvislosti s posouzením možnosti zahájit řízení (proces) vůbec. Figuruje však také jako obecný předpoklad smysluplné normativní regulace. Přestože zaujímá tuto důležitou pozici jak v souvislosti s hmotným, tak procesním právem, zdá se při bližším zkoumání sub specie obecné teorie práva, že existují "bílá místa", která pak komplikují zejména aplikační činnost Ona "bílá místa" však nejsou dílem obecné teorie práva či odvětvových disciplín. Jak příklad ke konfrontaci jsme si vybrali jeden rozsudek Vrchního soudu.
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The author focuses on the comparison of Slovak and Czech legal regulation of criminal offenses related to public procurement. The comparison consists of a closer analysis of the crime of machinations in public procurement and public auction according to Sections 266 to 268 of the Slovak Criminal Code and criminal offenses of obtaining an advantage in awarding a public contract, public tender and public auction according to Section 256 of the Czech Criminal Code and machinations in public procurement and a public tender pursuant to Section 257 of the Czech Criminal Code. The comparison also takes into account the decision-making activity of national courts, resp. Court of Justice of the EU.
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This article acknowledges the contribution of the book Domestic Judicial Treatment of the European Court of Human Rights Case Law: Beyond Compliance (KOSAŘ, D. et al. Routledge, 2020), especially when read as a case study of the use of the European Court of Human Rights' case law by Czech apex courts. It points out, however, that the authors do not fully explain its contribution to current knowledge. The article also draws attention to some of the book's findings, which would benefit from more elaborate argumentation and more convincing linkages between the data and the conclusions drawn from them.
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The last will as an instrument of succession law is one of the means of disposing property upon death. Around the world particular legal regulations of American, Australian, European or other countries generally provide for different specific formal requirements for the valid preparation of will. The inappropriateness of this kind of solutions was shown, among others, during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the need for making last wills has increased significantly and has rarely been executed in a manner consistent with the formalities. Reflecting the intent of a testator, often expressed informally, seems to be a more important value of the law of succession than respecting the formalities. This has already been noticed in some countries, especially in common law jurisdictions in Australia and America, where solutions based on substantial compliance doctrine or its variations, contrary to the pan-European strict compliance standard, were adopted. These solutions, however, do not take into consideration plenty of circumstances that may occur in the testation practice and are indifferent to new possible ways of making wills. Meanwhile, the range of mechanisms and proposals for statutory changes in the area of wills formalities is constantly growing. However, there are no proposals to cover all possible legislations in this area, as regards Anglo-American, European or other countries. Yet such a solution seems possible and desirable in order to reconcile the doctrines of substantial compliance and strict compliance. This proposal is the subject of this study.
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The Roman origin of the lien more precisely the Praetorian one, explains the fact that this atypical means of guarantee is found in most European legal systems and implicitly globally through the cultural and political influence exerted by the old continent on the whole world. It is interesting to observe which of the regulations is more effective and whether similarities can be found between the systems of continental law and those of jurisprudential one.
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The work was created as a sublimation and a cross-section of the basic institutes of English criminal law. The first thing that needs to be defined is what is a crime or criminal offense in English law. In English law, unlike continental law, little influence on law came from the reception of Roman law and the works of legal theorists, and more arose from the activity of the courts. This does not mean that the philosophical approach is not at the core of criminal law. Common law consists of rules established on the basis of decisions of judges called precedents and applied before courts lower than those before which they are established. Legislation consists of the statutes or acts of Parliament and delegated legislation to another body by Parliament. This legislation is made up of statutes that are subject to the interpretation of judges and these interpretations are an integral part of the law until Parliament or a higher court itself questions such a judicial interpretation. The paper will discuss the basic institutes of general substantive criminal law. The paper is an analysis of the terms actus reus and mens rea including terms such as negligence, gross negligence, recklessness, intention and criteria for their distinction with respect to case law.
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Bail represents one of the measures to ensure the presence of the suspect or accused and the successful conduct of criminal proceedings. This paper analyzes the quality of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian (hereinafter: BiH) norm for standardizing the bail, and as a hypothesis that was tested, the statement was defined that the bail is not well standardized in the laws of Bosnia and Herzegovina and there is a need for improvement. The aim of the paper and hypothesis testing was conducted through the analysis of the norm in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in comparative law, and finally empirical research has been conducted within the judicial community on the quality of the norm. The analysis of the norm shows the differences between the standard of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the norm of the surveyed countries in terms of bail. Special differences were observed in terms of detention grounds for which bail can be imposed as a substitute for detention, the existence of a conditional bail and some other specifics that are defined in the analyzed countries in a way different from the BiH norm. The conducted empirical research showed that the judicial community is not satisfied with the quality of the norm and that it needs to be improved, which is a confirmation of the research hypothesis.
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The paper aims to indicate possible methods of applying the end-of-waste status, which is permitted under Polish law, which is important for the implementation of the circular economy. Scientific research was dogmatic. Such a goal results from doubts existing in Polish doctrine and jurisprudence. It is worth emphasizing that the application of this institution is the result of the implementation of the European law directive. Interestingly, also in the other Member States, there are difficulties with the practical application of this institution. The analysis is carried out taking into account European law. The views are supported by reference to the jurisprudence of European and Polish courts as well as the judgments of national courts of other Member States. Four cases of using this institution are presented. The first is when the criteria are defined at the Union level through general rules. The second case concerns the setting of criteria by the authorities of the Member States. Such a possibility was provided for in Polish law relatively recently. To date, not a single act has been issued on this matter. The third case involves national authorities deciding on a case-by-case basis. This possibility does not arise directly from the Polish act. The article indicates that in this case the directive can be applied directly. The article also considers a fourth possibility. It consists of the loss of waste status without a prior decision of the authorities. However, the obligation to obtain consent for recovery on an industrial scale is problematic in Polish law. Therefore, it was proposed to introduce only the obligation to inform about their processing for some types of waste.
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The issue of the content of the crime is treated through the prism of two criminal legislations and doctrines - of Romania and of the Republic of Moldova in the present study. The objective pursued by the authors is the substantiation of the perspective of a unique concept of approaching crime as a basic institution of criminal law in the Romanian space. The criminal legislation of the Soviet Union had an excessive impact on the evolution of the criminal legislation of the Republic of Moldova. Even today, some Moldovan criminal law institutions, including crime law, are approached from the perspective of concepts and perceptions that characterized the Soviet doctrinal system. As a result of this research, the authors, using mainly the comparative method of studying law, have argued the theoretical foundations that may constitute the basis for the approximation of the above-mentioned doctrines in addressing the content of the crime. However, the good knowledge of the issue of the legal content of the crime allows the description of the crimes by the strict observance of the quality standards of the criminal law, thus ensuring the principle of legality of the incrimination.
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The Act CXXX of 2016 on the Code of Civil Procedure introduced the image of the managerial judge into the Hungarian civil litigation. This perception means that the judge has to take an active part in the litigation. It is not just the notion of the Hungarian legislator, but it is also an international requirement. The new principle – so-called the court’s duty to manage the case – entitles and obligates the judge to offer some kind of support to the parties so that they can perform their procedural obligations properly. This means the judge has to guide the parties if their preparatory statements are incomplete, not sufficiently detailed or contradictory. However, this support is not equal to giving advice like a legal counsel does. The judge cannot overtake the functions and tasks of either the party or the legal counsel. The judicial guidance is meant to provide the parties an opportunity to enforce their claims and to get a proper level of legal protection. This image of an active and managerial judge originates from the Austrian social model of litigation, which goes back to 1895. But it is also not unfamiliar to the Hungarian litigation because the Act I of 1911 on the Civil Procedure was based on an active role of the judge too. My goal is to determine what the real essence and function of the active role of the judge is. I also examine that in what kind of situations and in what procedural phases the judge can offer support to the parties. Furthermore, I intend to define the limits of judicial management. In addition, I analyse how some interpretations view the issues that appeared in judicial practice.
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Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i porównanie polskich regulacji dotyczących klastra energii oraz austriackiej Bürgerenergiegemeinschaft. Zgodnie z polityką energetyczno-klimatyczną Unii Europejskiej proces transformacji energetycznej polega na dekarbonizacji oraz decentralizacji rynku energii. Obywatelska społeczność energetyczna w rozumieniu dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2019/944 z dnia 5 czerwca 2019 r. w sprawie wspólnych zasad rynku wewnętrznego energii elektrycznej jest postrzegana jako klucz do osiągnięcia wyżej wymienionych celów. Klaster energii to polskie rozwiązanie mające wypełnić wskazania powyższej dyrektywy. Umożliwia on partycypację polskim obywatelom w procesie wytwarzania i sprzedaży energii, wy- produkowanej za pomocą instalacji OZE. W celu wykazania czy polski klaster energii odpowiada koncepcji obywatelskiej społeczności energetycznej oraz spełnia ideę energetyki obywatelskiej poddano analizie unijne, polskie i austriackie akty prawa określające działanie klastra energii i Burgernergiegemeinschaft.
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In this article, the author presents an analysis of the organized criminal group, as described by article367 of the new Romanian Criminal code. The study starts by investigating the social value at stake, along side the origins, rationale and the evolution of this offence in the national legal system. The author then examines each incriminated conduct, emphasizes the characteristics of said criminal groups, while also focusing on the distinguishing elements of the various forms of plurality of offenders. The research takes into consideration comparative criminal law, relevant case law, as well as legal literature. Finally, the author presents her own conclusions and adds, succinctly, de lege ferenda proposals for improving the current Romanian criminal legislation.
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