Právní režim porostů

Author(s): Milan Pekárek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/1998

S otázkou v jakém právním režimu jsou porosty na určitém pozemku, případně kdo je oprávněn si je přisvojovat nebo si přisvojovat jejich užitky a plody, se lze setkat často. Dalo by se proto očekávat, že na tak frekventovanou otázku najdeme v právní úpravě dostatečně jasnou a jednoznačnou odpověď. Bohužel tomu tak není. Je to důsledek nejen stavu právní úpravy z doby "budování socialistické společnosti", ale i změn, které v právním řešení této otázky přinesl vývoj v letech po listopadu 1989.

Nad problematikou správního řízení v oblasti stavebnictví

Author(s): Pavel Blažek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/1998

Není tomu tak dávno, co byla laická i odborná veřejnost seznámena s některými připomínkami orgánů Evropské unie ke "stavu" našeho státu. Pro ty, kteří se z titulu profese často setkávají s orgány veřejné moci České republiky, bylo ztěží překvapením, že hlavní výtky směřovaly do oblasti výkonu soudnictví a veřejné správy, zejména s ohledem na základní práva fyzických a právnických osob garantovaná jak právními dokumenty EU, tak českým právním řádem. Cílem tohoto článku je nalezení některých problémů v současné právní úpravě a reálné činnosti uřadů a prostřednictvím tzv. správního a ústavního soudnictví i soudů.

Malá úvaha nad účelem zákona o civilní službě a jeho napiňováním

Author(s): Soňa Skulová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/1998

Když byl na jaře roku 1990 přijat tzv. "první" zákon o civilní službě, byl chápan jako jeden z podstatných k celkovému procesu posílení ochrany lidských práv a svobod, jakož i humanizace, zde v oblasti výkonu branné povinnosti, resp. oblasti s ní související. Zákon byl vskutku koncipován, nebo spíše po přijetí pozměňovacích návrhů schválen, jako značně liberální, a to zejména v tom směru, že umožnoval podat písemné prohlášení o odmítnutí výkonu vojenské povinnosti v podstatě v kterémkoliv stádiu po odvodu, a to i v průběhu již vykonávané vojenské činné služby.

Procesy a postupy při pořizování územně plánovací dokumentace

Author(s): Petr Průcha / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1997

Záměr nové právní úpravy územního plánování, jež je předmětem vážně míněných úvah již od samého počátku 90. let, je přirozenou reakcí na společenskou potřebu disponovat takovou právní úpravou na předmětném úseku, která by zohledňovala nejen adekvátní právně filosofické přístupy k reflektování společenských potřeb, nýbrž i tyto společenské potřeby samy o sobě jako takové.

Doporučení (zásady) pro rozhodování veřejné správy v pohledu správní vědy

Author(s): Soňa Skulová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1997

The article represents a certain attempt at treatment of the system of the principles, which are necessary to or should be applied in decision making activities of public administration, if it aspires to achieving the criteria or standards of the Rule of Law, and of the racionality and effectiveness, and the fulfilment of the needs of the citizens. The text elucidates contents and meaning of such principles as imperative fulfilment of objectives and tasks of public administration in the society, systematism, lawfulness, respect to the fundamental rights and liberties, democratism (including participation of the citizens), equality of the addressees of public administration, objectivity and fairness, informedness, providing information about public administration and protection of a delimited (in public or private interest), complex of information, judicial and/or administrative review of the decisions, effectiveness (incorporating efficacy, purposefulness, economy), availability continuity and steadiness.

Vznik vlastnického práva k nemovitostem vydaným na základě dohody o vydání nemovitostí schválené pozemkovým úřadem podle § 9 odst. 2 zákona o půdě nebo soudem podle § 9 odst. 3 zákona o půdě

Author(s): Ivana Průchová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1997

Příspěvek je věnován otázce okamžiku vzniku vlastnického práva k nemovi­tostem vydaným v režimu zákona č. 229/1991 Sb., o úpravě vlastnických vztahu k půdě a jinému zemědělskému majetku, v platném znění (dále jen "zákon o pů­dě"), a to na základě dohod o vydání nemovitostí schválených pozemkovým úřa­dem podle § 9 odst. 2 zákona o půdě nebo rozhodnutím soudu podle § 9 odst. 3 zákona o půdě. Autorka přitom dospívá po analýze ne zcela dokonalé právní úpra­vy k tomu, že obsahu, systematice a logice platné právní úpravy obsažené v zákoně o půdě (při jejím porovnání s právní úpravou v zákoně č. 87/1991 Sb., v platném znění a z.č. 403/1990 Sb., v platném znění) odpovídá podle názoru autorky závěr, že k nabytí vlastnického práva dochází již právní mocí výše uvedených rozhodnutí, a tudíž že zápis vlastnického práva do katastru nemovitostí se provede záznamem.

Otázky uplatňování prevenční povinnosti při výrobě a provozu autonomních vozidel

Author(s): Eva Fialová,Alžběta Krausová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2021

Car production is regulated by a number of legally binding norms, including legally binding technical standards. Their producers must comply with these standards if the vehicle is to operate on the market. However, some components are not regulated by those standards, i.e., new components or modern assistance systems and functionalities. Even if the producer is not bound by any legally binding standard, the producer has an obligation to prevent damage (precautionary obligation). With the development of (partially) autonomous vehicles, the importance of precautionary obligation will increase as vehicles will be equipped with legally unregulated components and systems. This article deals with precautionary obligation and its importance for the safety of autonomous driving. The article also mentions the case law relating to this obligation.

Programy zlepšování kvality ovzduší – právní forma v průběhu času

Author(s): Matěj Mrlina,Ilona Jančářová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2021

This written contribution deals with Air Quality Plans as a strategic legal instrument in the field of air protection. The ambition of this contribution is to analyse the regulation regarding Air Quality Plans in current and past air protection legislation with focus on the legal forms of these strategic legal instruments in each respective legislation regarding Air Quality Plans. This written contribution aims to point out some problematic aspects related with the choice of legal form of these strategic legal instruments and their regulation. Concurrently this contribution aims to stress out existing interpretation difficulties and application pitfalls based on relevant EU’s regulation, development of the regulation regarding Air Quality Plans and also relevant case law of Czech courts and Court of Justice of the European Union.

ДРЖАВНИ САВЕТ КАО НАЈВИШИ УПРАВНИ СУД

Author(s): Dragaš Denković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/1989

Evolution of Forms of Deciding an Administrative Case

Author(s): Janusz Niczyporuk / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

The issue of the forms of deciding an administrative case has not yet been analysed in a comprehensive manner. First of all, attention used to be paid to individual forms of deciding on an administrative case, namely: administrative decision, administrative ruling, administrative settlement and deciding an administrative case in a tacit manner. If there were collective generalizations made, they came down to administrative decision and administrative ruling, which are classified as classic administrative acts, while the recent introduction of non-typical forms of deciding an administrative case, i.e. administrative settlement and deciding an administrative case in a tacit manner, makes us re-consider the characteristics of their catalogue; in particular, it should be noted at this point that they constitute a substitute for an administrative decision, which is considered to be a classic administrative act. The evolution of the forms of deciding on an administrative case leads to the conclusion that their relationship with the administrative jurisdiction has ceased to be so obvious.

Conciliatory methods of settling cases in administrative proceedings

Author(s): Bogusława Dobkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2022

The article presents conciliatory case settling methods in administrative proceedings. These methods are administrative settlement and mediation. The institution of administrative settlement has existed in the CAP since 1980. The institution of mediation, on the other hand, was introduced into the CAP because of the 2017 amendment. The purpose of the article is to present these institutions and to verify them in practice. There is no doubt that the introduction of mediation into the administrative procedure constitutes an implementation of the trend of implementation of ADR methods37, which certainly deserves to be approved of. It appears that the institution of mediation in administrative proceedings has the chance to work out to a greater extent than the administrative settlement.

Wybrane problemy dochodzenia realizacji obowiązków administracyjnych o charakterze niepieniężnym

Author(s): Przemysław Kledzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 57/2022

One of the basic rules of enforcement proceedings in administration is the principle of the legal obligation to carry out enforcement. The essence of this rule lies down in the public creditor’s obligation to take steps to apply enforcement measures if the obliged person evades the performance of the obligation that rests with them and that is subject to administrative enforcement. The consequence of the creditor’s actions may include a subsequent obligation of the enforcement authority to take steps that involve, as prescribed by the law, the application of enforcement measures to ensure that the obliged party performs their administrative obligation. However, the nature of administrative obligations is differentiated. The legislator identifies two basic categories, that is financial and non-financial obligations. Their character also determines the different ways these obligations are enforced. The procedure to ensure them were regulated in the same act and as a rule, apart from implementing actions, is based on uniform rules. Additionally, this procedure has been modified significantly in the last three years. Given the above, the objective of this study is an analysis of the law in force with elements of an analysis of the law in a historical perspective and also a formulation of conclusions on the problems of enforcing performance of non-financial administrative obligations in the context of validity of a common regulation for enforcement of financial and non-financial obligations in administration, also taking into account recent amendments.

Problemy ochrony danych osobowych na tle orzecznictwa sądów administracyjnych

Author(s): Martyna Wilbrandt-Gotowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 57/2022

The aim of the study is to present the most important legal problems that emerged in the jurisprudence of administrative courts in connection with the control of the activities of the President of the Office for Personal Data Protection. The several-year application of the provisions of the General Data protection regulation (GDPR) allows for the identification of substantive and procedural law issues that are particularly important for the control of decisions and provisions, as well as inactivity and excessive length of proceedings in cases of violation of the provisions on the protection of personal data. Noteworthy are the issues raised in the jurisprudence, such as the relationship between the GDPR and national regulations, directives for the interpretation of the provisions of the GDPR, the scope of competencies of the President of the Personal Data Protection Office as a supervisory authority, the forms of its action, the scope of obligations of data controllers and the rights of entities whose data is processed. Also included are procedural issues related to the application of the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure to proceedings conducted by the President of the Office for Personal Data Protection and their characteristic features, such as deadlines for settling cases, control proceedings, single-instance status determination of the amount of an administrative fine, referred to in the judicature.

Realność terminu załatwienia sprawy w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym

Author(s): Grzegorz Łaszczyca / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2021

The efficiency of proceedings is one of the fundamental procedural values in general administrative proceedings. To achieve it, the Code of Administrative Proceedings introduced various legal mechanisms and constructions, both of a preventive and repressive nature. Preventive mechanisms include the regulation setting of maximum time limits for the settlement of cases. It fulfils the primary function, ensuring the dynamics of the administrative proceedings. The term “time limit for the settlement of a case” appears in the provisions of the Code of Administrative Proceedings in two meanings: as a unit of time (period) and as a specific date, as in “a calendar date”. The feature of the time limit for the settlement of a case – resulting from art. 35 § 5 of the Code of Administrative Proceedings – is its reality, effectiveness. The method of calculating the time limit provides the public administrative body with real-time to settle a specific case. The provision indicates five periods that are not included in the time limit for the settlement of a case: a) time limits specified by law for the performance of specific actions, b) periods of suspension of the proceedings, c) periods of mediation, d) periods of delays for which the party is responsible and e) periods of delays for reasons not attributable to the authority. The reality of the time limit does not contradict the essence of the principle of efficiency of administrative proceedings but confirms it. It expresses the legal expectation that the case will be resolved while providing the administrative body with effective time, not apparent time. It also serves to achieve the value that the Code of Administrative Proceedings distinguishes and combines with the requirement of quick and simple action, i.e. insightful action (Article 12 § 1 of the Code of Administrative Proceedings).

Rozprawa zdalna w postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi a prawo do jawnego rozpoznania sprawy

Author(s): Przemysław Krzykowski,Karolina Hrymowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The subject of this publication is an analysis of the currently applicable regulations of the Act of 2 March 2020, on special solutions related to the prevention, counteraction and combating of COVID-19, other infectious diseases and crisis situations caused by them (i.e. Journal of Laws of 2021, item 2095, as amended, hereinafter: the covid act) and an indication of their shortcomings in the context of implementation of the principle of open examination of administrative court cases. It follows from the overriding principles of administrative court proceedings that the trial should be open and the party should have the right to access the court, control the contested acts and actively participate in it. The right of the individual to a fair and public hearing of a case without undue delay, by acompetent, independent and impartial court has a constitutional dimension. The purpose of the principle of openness is to motivate the court to scrupulously and diligently fulfill procedural obligations and to enable third parties to exercise civic control over the activities of the courts. The authors of the article try to answer the question whether the hearing located in administrative courts and its substitute form, which is a closed session, meet the constitutional standards of open proceedings. An invaluable asset for the party is their personal participation in the hearing and the possibility to freely present their position in the courtroom, directly before the court. This constitutes the exercise of the right to active participation in the procedure. The parties then have the opportunity to express their arguments, and this translates into a sense of treating them subjectively. The authors conclude that the legislator should explicitly define the formula for public access to remote hearing,or modify covid regulations in such a way that the court has the freedom to assess the situation permitting or not to conduct a hearing in the court building. Perhaps a greater range of options would allow for more appropriate solutions that would not violate the principle of open court proceedings and would not restrict the citizen’s right to the court.

Work Models in the Ukrainian IT Industry: Between Employment and Contractor Models

Author(s): Ivan Horodyskyy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The field of labour is one of the most dynamic in the society and develops under the influence of the general social progress. Rapid development of digital technologies, to which public regulators appeared not to be ready in many aspects, has also changed the field of labour by stimulating search and application of new forms of employment. Resulting from technological changes, they also often appear to be beyond legal regulation, thus posing risks both for the state or business, and for employees. Normally new, hybrid forms of labour relations are considered in the context of tax and employment law. That is because they are also related to human rights as it is individual rights and freedoms that are exposed to risks. Respectively, all hybrid models and public initiatives require scrupulous attention and analysis, since their effect may go beyond the framework of employment law or fiscal consequences. In the present article we will consider the key factors affecting launching of such hybrid models, their pros and cons, as well as public initiatives aimed at regulating relations in the field, as exemplified by different forms of labour organization in the Ukrainian IT industry.

Glosa aprobująca do wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego (WSA) w Warszawie z dnia 27 listopada 2019 r., sygn. akt: VI SA/Wa 1521/19

Author(s): Dominik Borek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2021

W niniejszym artykule przytoczono stan faktyczny opisany w wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego (WSA) w Warszawie z dnia 27 listopada 2019 r., sygn. akt: VI SA/Wa 1521/19. Glosowane orzeczenie ma duże znaczenie dla rynku usług hotelarskich w Polsce, dotyczy bo- wiem decyzji administracyjnej wydanej pod warunkiem. Nie jest to jednak warunek w rozumieniu art. 162 § 1 pkt 2 k.p.a., co zostało wykazane i przystępnie omówione w ramach analizy prawnej.

Decyzje Prezesa UOKiK dotyczące naruszeń zbiorowych interesów konsumentów za lata 2020–2021 w sprawach niefinansowych

Author(s): Anna Urbanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2021

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wybrane decyzje Prezesa UOKiK dotyczące naruszeń zbio- rowych interesów konsumentów wydane w okresie od czerwca 2020 r. do września 2021 roku. Przeanalizowano i oceniono praktyki przedsiębiorców sprzeczne z wybranymi aktami prawnymi oraz ogólnymi zasadami uczciwości w relacjach z konsumentami. Zestawienie obejmuje naj- częściej występujące naruszenia, a także sprawy szczególnie interesujące ze względu na swoje okoliczności.

Implementacja dyrektywy Omnibus do polskiego porządku prawnego – kilka wybranych uwag do projektu ustawy o zmianie ustawy o prawach konsumenta oraz niektórych innych ustaw

Author(s): Małgorzata Miś,Grzegorz Miś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2021

Opracowanie stanowi ocenę wybranych przepisów projektu ustawy o zmianie ustawy o prawach konsumenta oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Autorzy przyjęli w nim praktyczny punkt widzenia, nie wdając się przy tym w daleko idące rozważania teoretyczne, a kierując się kryteriami utylitaryzmu prawnego i możliwością zastosowania prawa w praktyce. Krytyczne uwagi zawarte w tekście mają na celu przybliżyć, w jakim kierunku może pójść praktyka i judykatura, jeśli przepisy w pro- ponowanym kształcie zostaną uchwalone i wejdą w życie. Wreszcie autorzy formułują postulaty de lege ferenda, mające na celu poprawę projektu w takim stopniu, aby nie stał się w przyszłości martwym prawem.

Nowelizacja przepisów o upadłości konsumenckiej w dobie kryzysu wywołanego COVID-19

Author(s): Wanesa Choptiany / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2021

Artykuł skupia się na analizie zmienionych przepisów dotyczących postępowań o ogłoszeniu upad- łości konsumenckiej oraz o początkach ich funkcjonowania, które to przypadły na okres trwania pandemii i dużych ograniczeń gospodarczych. Liczne obostrzenia i ogłaszane blokady doprowa- dziły do pogorszenia się sytuacji gospodarczej wielu spółek, przedsiębiorców i osób fizycznych, w związku z tym nowe regulacje zostały od razu poddane szczególnej próbie. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części: dogmatycznej i empirycznej. W części dogmatycznej przedstawione zostały nowo obowiązujące, ale również planowane przepisy w zakresie ogłaszania upadłości. Z kolei w części empirycznej analizie poddane zostały statystyki oraz raporty z funkcjonowania nowych przepisów, tak aby zweryfikować ich efektywność. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie czy wprowadzone przepisy sprawiły, że upadłość konsumencka stała się bardziej dostępną i wydolną instytucją, która umoż- liwia dłużnikom w kryzysowych sytuacjach finansowych egzekwowanie ich ochrony.