Przestrzeń jako uwarunkowanie rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w Polsce

Author(s): Krystian Heffner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

There are no revolutionary changes occurring and expected to occur in the spatial structures of rural areas. They have rather an evolutionary format of differing nature and intensity. These processes have often far-reaching consequences for rural development. The influence of European Programmes and funds has effected a process of rural areas modernization and reorganization, however, economic growth has resulted in spontaneous investment and the expansion of urbanization and urban sprawl not only in the immediate vicinity of urban areas but also in many remote regions, which are peripheral and until recently dominated by agricultural production.This article presents elements of a vision of the spatial development of the Polish countryside in the next decades. It has as its context the main factors which will result in changes (or no change) of the rural areas and the current and future affect on rural inhabitants and how this will shape their future behaviour. The effect on residents and users of rural areas will depend largely the structure of rural spatial organization, its intensity and form of its development, and the preservation of the villages natural and cultural assets.Artykuł jest próbą oceny zmian, jakie zachodzą w przestrzeni wiejskiej w okresie po 1990 roku. Wskazano wpływ przekształceń w zagospodarowaniu obszarów wiejskich na możliwości i kierunki rozwoju wsi w kontekście uwarunkowań historycznych, wizji zagospodarowania przestrzennego oraz nowych form zabudowy pojawiających się na wsi. Zwrócono uwagę na lokalizację zmian przestrzennych wsi – dotyczą one zarówno obszarów zabudowanych, jak i stref użytkowanych rolniczo, obejmują również użytki ekologiczne. Przekształcenia przestrzeni wiejskiej oddziałują bezpośrednio i pośrednio na warunki życia i pracy mieszkańców wsi, na ich relacje społeczne i kulturowe, ponadto kształtują ich przyszłe zachowania ekonomiczne i społeczne. Od użytkowników obszarów wiejskich w znacznym stopniu zależy struktura przestrzeni wiejskiej, intensywność i formy jej zagospodarowania, a także uporządkowanie i stopień zachowania walorów, zarówno przyrodniczych, jak i rolniczych oraz krajobrazowych i kulturowych wsi. Zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie czynników zewnętrznych – funkcjonowanie systemu planowania zagospodarowania przestrzennego, systemu przyciągania inwestycji na wieś, oddziaływanie europejskich środków i dokonywanie wyboru głównych kierunków rozwoju wsi.

Polityka migracyjna jako element polskiej polityki społecznej

Author(s): Brygida Solga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

Utrzymująca się wysoka skala migracji zagranicznych i wzrastający napływ cudzoziemców do Polski, a także prognozowane zmiany demograficzne ożywiły dyskusję nad kształtem polityki migracyjnej kraju. Obecnie brakuje jeszcze spójnego systemu takiej polityki, choć od lat 90. XX w. podejmowano wiele działań związanych z tym zagadnieniem. Wydaje się jednak, że do tej pory przeważały działania o rozproszonym charakterze, w dodatku nie zostały uregulowane sprawy podstawowe z punktu widzenia sytuacji migracyjnej kraju oraz jej możliwości w tym zakresie. Można jednak zauważyć, że ostatnio polityka migracyjna staje się elementem kompleksowego sposobu rozwiązywania problemów rozwojowych państwa.Celem artykułu jest analiza dotychczasowych działań podjętych w związku z kształtowaniem się w Polsce polityki migracyjnej. System ten osadzono w szerszym kontekście wielosektorowej polityki społecznej, zakładając, że naturalnym kontekstem zarówno badawczym, jak i praktycznym dla zagadnień związanych z polityką migracyjną czy szerzej: zagadnieniami migracyjnymi jest polityka społeczna.

Krovinių ir keleivių gabenimo Lietuvos kelių transportu 2000–2012 m. sąsajų su automobilių transporto infrastruktūros plėtros tendencijomis analizė

Author(s): Erika Gegelevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: -/2015

The theme of this article is relevant because in today’s world, road transport is the fastest growing mean of transportation which carries approximately 98 % of passengers and 43 % of freight when compared against other means of transportation. Based on current road maintenance and development programs, it is apparent that over the next several years most gravel roads are planned to be paved and new roads developed. Main aims of this article are to examine road transport infrastructure in Lithuania, provide analysis of passenger and freight movements by road between the years of 2000 and 2012, and reveal road transport development key trends for the future. This article revealed that the current road network in Lithuania is relatively dense and well developed, and that the passenger and freight movements have increased the most after Lithuania’s accession to the EU in 2004, and began to decline during the economic crisis of 2008 and 2009. However, the 2011–2012 year has already indicated that the number of passenger and freight movements started growing. Lastly, through the use of sophisticated transport planning software, the article revealed several development opportunities and key trends for the Lithuania’s road infrastructure.

Tarptautinių viešbučių sistemos Lenkijoje funkcionavimas ir jų ryšiai

Author(s): Dorota Chudy-Hyski,Wojciech Chudy / Language(s): English Issue: -/2015

The beginning of Polish hospitality dates back to the twelfth century, so the subject of the paper concerns particular International hotel systems emerging and conducting their activities in the country since the twelfth century. The aim of this paper is to present the development of international hotel systems in Poland. The study emphasizes the role and nature of the global hotel industry which has been played in the development of the hotel industry in Poland. International hotel systems have played an important role in developing and shaping the hotel market in Poland. Polish hotel industry alone would not be able to meet the expectations of foreign visitors. The construction of modern hotel facilities on the principles of the system have a significant impact on the development of Polish hotel industry by introducing new building solutions, technologies, methods of training of staff and management methods and organization. Poland became a friendly country and attractive to foreign tourists, offering them the standards to which they are accustomed.

Darnus vystymasis visuomenės geografinių ir kultūrinių skirtumų požiūriu

Author(s): Tomasz Trojanowski,Jan Długosz / Language(s): English Issue: -/2015

The essence of development is the sustainable development in terms of geographical and cultural differences of societies. The article contains definitions and concepts of sustainable development. The effects of geo-cultural differences in the implementation of sustainable development among societies are determined. The following part of the paper presents the types of cultures oriented positively and negatively to the introduction of the principles of sustainable development. At the end of the article is a summary. The contents included in the article can assist in creating an action strategy of sustainable development in both the micro and macro scale.

Vilniaus universiteto hidrometeorologų baigiamųjų darbų tematikos plėtra 1931–2014 metais

Author(s): Gintaras Valiuškevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: -/2015

In the article are analysed the problems of development the hydrometeorology in Lithuania. For the investigation used the Vilnius University hydrometeorologists’ (Department of Hydrology and Climatology) masters’ theses from 1931 to 2014. The study showed that in the development of students final work objects and quantitative indicators of work content conspicuously shown four phases: 1) from 1931 to 1939; 2) from1947 to 1959; 3) from 1960 to 1991; 4) from 1992 to 2014.These stages related to the study programs reform. Brightest changes in the rangeof analyzed problems (reflected the shift of hydrometeorology paradigm) took place in 1960. Since 1960 masters theses has focused not only on meteorological but also on hydrological themes, has expanded study area and the qualitative and quantitative parameters of used data. A significant impact on the quantities and format of data had the information and communication systems development. Between 1931 and 2014 the masters theses has been characterized by the several improvements: 1) decline of basic data amounts, 2) increase of the summary information, 3) the growth in number of references.The data of Vilnius University Hydrology and Climatology Department’s masters theses archive can be used to analyze different questions dealing with the formation of Hydrometeorological schools in Lithuania.

Geografijos studijos Lietuvos edukologijos universitete geografijos mokytojų poreikio kontekste

Author(s): Saulius Stanaitis,Darius Česnavičius,Jolanta Butkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: -/2015

The article represents a discussion about the demand for teachers of geography in Lithuania in recent years. It contains a survey of the territorial distribution of students in the full-time and extended geography studies in 2006–2014. The role of geography study program in the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences (LUES) is evaluated. The opinion of geography graduates about the studies and the possibilities of employment are highlighted. Conclusions: 1. The demand for teachers is predetermined by two factors: 1. The necessary number of teachers depending on the number of comprehensive school students and weekly number of geography lessons, 2. The available and predicted number of teachers predetermined by the ratio of higher school graduates versus teachers of pensioner age. 2. The LUES has always been the main Lithuanian high qualification geography teachers training centre. The total number of its graduates amounts to 4150. Over 65 % of geography teachers in comprehensive schools have graduated from the LUES and almost all of them belong to the qualification category of senior teachers. Most of them have long teaching experience. This circumstance allows predicting the lack of geography teachers in the nearest future due to an increasing number of teachers approaching the pensioner age. 3. The territorial distribution of entrants to geography studies at the LUES after the restoration of Lithuania’s self-dependence is assuming a regional character – the university becomes the centre of attraction for the entrants from the eastern and southern Lithuanian regions. 4. In 2013–2014, geography was one of the most popular specialties in the LUES and the most popular subject in the new (established two years ago) Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Technology. 5. Analysis of the links between the professional activity and geography study program and striving to find out the opinion of respondents about the bachelor studies revealed that the LUES geography graduates rather positively rate the geography study program. The survey of possibilities of employment performed in 2014 showed that 34.0 % of respondents work as teachers of geography and 27.0 % are occupied in activities related with geography.

Aktyvieji mokymosi metodai: naujos formos ir galimybės

Author(s): Edvinas Simonavičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: -/2015

The article discusses the active teaching methods, the value of motivation in theirtraining by learning the discipline of geography. This investigation I chose, becauseshifting the paradigm of modern learning results and affects fundamental change educatorand in students activities. The current school devotes a lot of the time for the presentationof knowledge and conveyance. This is doing for that, because students couldacquire general education competencies. However, all this doesn’t have a deeper connectionwith other relevant things for the student, and after all in our life it is importantto apply the knowledge in practice. It is obvious that for the teacher isn’t enough toperform only knowledge convey and assessor roles. On the basis of a new understanding,training is considered to be an active process, during the time learner who on thebasis of previously acquired knowledge and their unique experiences, forming a newconcepts, ideas or meanings. The teacher’s role is understood as a helper who take careof the learner’s knowledge creation process, as well as communicating and watchingstudents, in a flexible and creatively include them to teaching process.The modern teaching demands to organize a teaching process, that would be targetedand adapted teaching methods in classes, that students correctly uptake knowledges,themselves do mentally active work, contemplating in self and deliberately acting.So it’s particularly important step for the correct choice of the method. To organizethis learning in which the student immersed and incurred the feeling, far more likelythat learning quality would be better. For that is applied active learning methods. Theinvestigation had shown that teachers know of the education change trends, requirementdocuments, and therefore claims that they use active teaching methods, but quiteoften they don’t look to the pupil as an active developer of the equivalent of the learningprocess, or a participant, but like a teachers tasks and commands executer. Meanwhilethe students consider themselves more active than my teachers and as it shown by theresearch that they are able to raise themselves personal learning objectives and pursuethem, so they have more time for lessons on their own active learning activities

J. Dewey ir A. Maceina apie geografijos ugdomąją reikšmę

Author(s): Zigmas Kairaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: -/2015

By a mere coincidence, both in the USA and Lithuania, the first half of the 20th c. was marked by the works of prominent philosophers, and a portion of these works were devoted to education philosophy and pedagogy. The philosophers under discussion are Johan Dewey (1859–1952) and Antanas Maceina (1908–1987). Referring to their papers, education systems of the USA and Lithuania were developed. Through reasoning the objectives of school education, a particular focus was made by J. Dewey and A. Maceina on teaching of geography and history. Geography and geographical conditions were interpreted by J.Dewey as a premise for public processes, background and even component thereof. Educational significance of geography was related to display of interfaces between nature facts and social events. A. Maceina worked out the paper National Geographic Education that today could be considered a conception of prewar geography education. Particularly for geography, the task of the unity related to teaching of landscape and anthropogeography was applied. This is the article that discusses the attitudes of J. Dewey and A. Maceina towards the educational significance of geography teaching and searches for parallels between thoughts of the philosophers.

Geographical field trips by students of the faculty of science of J. E. Purkyně university (Czech)

Author(s): Ivan Farský,Jiří Riezner / Language(s): English Issue: -/2015

The article provides a review of the pedagogical and didactic significance of geographical field trips. During the trips, students are given a real possibility to have a look at geographical features, therefore, motivation of studies is increased and versatile professional competences are trained. Although geographical field trips were included in the education programmes of secondary school a long time ago, they are still not widely used. Thus, encouragement of students to travel later makes a positive influence on organisation of the training process at school. Today, we may maintain that our students have visited 2/3 European countries as well as Turkey. An additional opportunity to travel is also provided by Erasmus Programme. The present article introduces the programme and content of a particular field trip.

Меѓународна научна конференција „Кавказот ‒ Карпатите ‒ Балканот: геополитички, етноконфесионални, регионални и локални компоненти на националниот менталитет на населението 18-20 век“

Author(s): Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2015

Miasto zwarte, rozproszone, zrównoważone

Author(s): Lidia Mierzejewska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 19/2015

Sustainable development is a conception of development that takes into account the necessity to meet the needs of the present and future generations, limitations imposed on the economy by the natural environment, as well as intra- and inter-generational social justice. Its principal assumptions have to be adopted at all the various levels of territorial organisation, also that of a city. What decides about the efficiency of measures taken by the authorities of a city to ensure this type of development is largely its spatial form. It determines the possibility of meeting everyday needs of inhabitants concerning access to various types of services (the shopping and service network, public transport, educational, health, sport and tourist services, public spaces, etc.) and social justice in this field (eliminating social exclusion), as well as an improvement in the relations between socio-economic development and the state of the natural environment, especially concerning higher energy efficiency (in construction, transport, etc.), rational management of resources (including land) and waste, protection of nature and the landscape, the economic efficiency of a city’s spatial form, and its impact on the quantity and quality of environmental resources. Thus, the city’s sustainable development requires its spatial form to be properly organised, since the consequences generated for this type of development by a compact-city conception will be different from those of a dispersed city. It is an open question, however, whether any of those forms allows putting the assumptions of sustainable development into practice, or whether a city well-balanced in its spatial form is one that is a resultant of a compactand a dispersed city.

Planowanie miasta zwartego na przykładach konkursowych projektów urbanistycznych: przypadek dzielnicy Stargardu Szczecińskiego Giżynek

Author(s): Tomasz Bradecki / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 19/2015

The issue of shaping the compact city in Poland has been presented in the article. Urban design competitions may be a tool for finding a proper solution for a urban site, area or plot. Case study of urban competition for ideas for 100 ha site Stargard Szczeciński (from 2014) has been discussed. The competition for Giżynek quarter has been called in 2014 and over 25 entries have been submitted, prizes have been awarded. Author proposes original research method to compare different masterplans. The research method has been introduced and tested on several competition entries to verify possible future solutions and its consequences. Questions have been rised whether actual trends in urban planning in Poland follow the theoretical basics for shaping of the truly compact cities.

Współczesna interpretacja idei poznańskiego systemu zieleni miejskiej w kontekście strategii miasta zrównoważonego

Author(s): Elżbieta Raszeja,Anna Gałecka-Drozda / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 19/2015

The Poznań wedge-ring green system, developed by Czarnecki and Wodziczko, is one of the most permanent elements in the spatial structure of the city. However, the present development processes and investment pressure pose a serious threat to the stability of the system, while stipulations in binding planning documents, postulating its protection and enforcement, are superficial. In view of the contemporary concepts of the sustainable city, green infrastructure or ecosystem services, and the need to implement European legal solutions it is necessary to re-interpret the “classical” concept of the Poznań urban green system. This pertains both to its internal structures and ties with the supporting external ecosystems.

Zmiany poziomu życia w Wałbrzychu na tle większych miast Dolnego Śląska

Author(s): Katarzyna Przybyła / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 19/2015

The article involves an analysis of the changes in the standard of living in Wałbrzych in comparison to the larger cities in Lower Silesia: Jelenia Gora, Legnica, Wrocław. This included the establishing of taxonomic growth measures based on a set of features characteristic ozf the selected cities with regard to the standard of living of their inhabitants (including residential conditions, status of the natural environment, labour market determinants, the safety of the residents). Temporal and spatial data sets have been collected for the purpose of research. The study is important for the determining of the distance between the studied cities with regard to the selected aspect of social development and also allows to distinguish cities with a similar standard of living. It will allow to determine whether the utilised pro-developmental instruments have made it possible for Wałbrzych to limit this distance.

Problemy wzrostu i rozwoju złożonych układów osadniczych

Author(s): Jerzy Runge / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 20/2015

The aim of the presentation is discussing some methodological problems of identification of the process of growth and development in complex settlement systems with special reference to Katowice conurbation (Poland). According to the Author, the investigation of complex settlement systems requires considering such phenomena and processes as coincidence (territorial overlapping of social-economic relations), functional fragmentation (significant spatial and functional differentiation within a settlement system), and multiplier effects (creation of additional growth as a consequence of coincidence). In the hitherto social-economic investigations of various areas, usually growth and development trends were stressed, whereas the revealing problems of the world’s economy as well as depopulation and population ageing require including these phenomena in growth and development models in various territorial scales. Katowice conurbation is an illustration of the complexity of the discussed problems. Due to such factors as – 1) inconsiderable predominance of social-economic potential of the central city in relation to other cities, 2) historically concentric-decentralizing direction of transformations which is against the model of urbanization, 3) importance of polycentric structures in social-economic transformations, and 4) poorly revealing processes of external suburbanization – it is necessary to start different methodological approach in growth and development investigations as compared to classic agglomeration systems. The results of investigations of transformation processes in Katowice conurbation and also these observed in other complex settlement systems of the Silesian Province (Rybnik conurbation, Bielsko-Biała agglomeration, Częstochowa agglomeration) emphasize territorial and hierarchical (local and regional scales) complexity of growth and development processes.

Efekty aglomeracji – czynnik czy bariera rozwoju miast? Analiza wybranych aspektów w świetle literatury przedmiotu

Author(s): Aldona Harasimowicz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 20/2015

The paper presents the concept of agglomeration economies in the context of urbanization. The benefits and costs resulting from the aggregation of many diverse subjects in urban areas were characterized. Based on the research on agglomeration economies presented in the literature one indicated the role of some agglomeration effects in the light of cities functioning. This article attempts to answer the question whether these factors underlying the creation and growth of cities can also be a barrier to their development.

Wpływ zapisów miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego na rozwój strefy podmiejskiej Wrocławia

Author(s): Dariusz Ilnicki,Piotr Michalski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 20/2015

Polish cities and their suburban zones are constantly changing. The process of suburbanization along borders of polish cities has been started since the beginning of 90s. On the one hand suburbanization could be considered as an uncontrolled process but on the other side there are several points against such a statement. One of them is the fact that suburbanization is an effect of spatial decisions made by local authorities. The following article examines housing decisions from local spatial management plans which were adopted by five municipalities located in Wroclaw district: Kobierzyce, Kąty Wrocławskie, Czernica, Siechnice and Długołęka. Planned housing development were compared to existing housing development in spatial and statistical context. The results let answer the question if the municipalities support suburbanization process consciously by their spatial decisions.

Ślady kultury materialnej i duchowej Tybetańczyków na obszarach współczesnych prowincji Syczuan i Qinghai

Author(s): Elżbieta Papińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2014

W artykule przedstawiono przykłady pozostałości kultury materialnej i duchowej Tybetańczyków w prowincjach Syczuan i Qinghai, znajdujących się współcześnie poza granicami Tybetańskiego Regionu Autonomicznego. Przedstawiono wieś tybetańską Jiaju z rejonu Danba i obiekty kultury sakralnej. Jednym z nich jest klasztor Kumbum (Ta’er Si), odgrywający znaczącą rolę w buddyzmie tybetańskim. Obiekty te ocalały pomimo ogromnych zniszczeń, jakich dokonano podczas rewolucji kulturalnej, i dowodzą ciągłości osadniczej Tybetańczyków na tych ziemiach. Zwrócono także uwagę na pielęgnowanie tradycji ludowych (śpiewu, tańca, strojów), które są bardzo istotne w zachowaniu tożsamości narodowej. The paper presents examples of residual material and spiritual culture of the Tibetan people, surviving in the areas that are today outside the Tibet Autonomous Region, in areas of Sichuan province and Qinghai. These are examples of Tibetan villages, for example Jiaju of Danba area and the area of Jiuzhaigou. The monastery of Kumbum (Ta'er Si), which plays a significant role in Tibetan Buddhism, is shown as example of cultural sacred sites. These objects survived in spite of the enormous devastations which were made during the Cultural Revolution and demonstrate the continuity of the Tibetan settlement in these lands. It also highlighted the preservation of traditions of folk (singing, dancing, costumes), which are very important in maintaining national identity.

Ziemia Kłodzka jako region kultu św. Jana Nepomucena

Author(s): Aneta Marek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2014

W artykule zaprezentowano kult św. Jana Nepomucena na Ziemi Kłodzkiej. Historia tego regionu kształtowała się odmiennie niż sąsiedniego Śląska. Obszar ten często stanowił terytorium sporne między Czechami a Polską. Ziemia Kłodzka kilkakrotnie zmieniała swoją przynależność państwową, czego konsekwencją były zmiany religijne. W baroku, podczas prężnych działań kontrreformacyjnych rozpowszechnił się kult XIV wiecznego męczennika – św. Jana Nepomucena. Rozprzestrzeniał się on od czasu śmierci jego oprawcy –króla czeskiego Wacława IV (1419 r.), by w XVIII w., po dokonanej kanonizacji męczennika, osiągnąć apogeum, co ma odzwierciedleniew liczbie stawianych figur świętego zarówno w Czechach, jak i w różnych regionach Polski. Do rozpowszechnienia kultu przyczynili się duchowni, głównie jezuici, iprzedstawiciele dworu cesarskiego, zamożnej szlachty orazmagnaterii.W krajobrazie Ziemi Kłodzkiej znajduje się ponad 220 jego wizerunków. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i inwentaryzacja obiektów architektury sakralnej związanych z opisywanym męczennikiem. The article presents the cult of St. John of Nepomuk in the Klodzko Region. The history of this region evolved differently to neighboring Silesia. This area was often the disputed territory between the Czech Republic and Poland. The Klodzko Region changed its nationality a few times and it caused the religious changes. In the Baroque period, during resilient Counter­Reformation activities there was spread of the cult of St. John of Nepomuk, the fourteenth century martyr. The cult has spread since the death of his murderer – Waclaw IV, the Czech king (1419) to reach its zenith in 18th century, which can be reflected in the number of figures of the saint both in the Czech Republic and many regions in Poland. Clergy, mainly Jezuits, the representatives of the tsar’s court, rich gentry and aristocracy contributed to the spread of the cult. The landscape of the Klodzko Region has 220 images of him. On the basis of literature research and field inventory some objects of religious architecture connected with Nepomuk were pointed out.