0.00 €
65 de ani de cercetare în construcţii, arhitectură şi urbanism
History of NIRD URBAN-INCERC: research in civil engineering, architecture and spatial planning.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
History of NIRD URBAN-INCERC: research in civil engineering, architecture and spatial planning.
More...
Both the 2008 global economic crisis and the crisis caused by the COVID 19 pandemic have had a significant impact on the domestic economy and society. The aim of the analysis is to explore the extent to which the impact of the two crises was similar in Hungary, through the evolution of the proportion of registered jobseekers and the number of tourism nights spent in commercial accommodation establishments. The study examines the main trends at the national level, by legal status of settlements, as well as at the settlement level, and by tourism region. The authors also seek to answer the question of how the two crises have influenced the evolution of territorial disparities in Hungary.
More...
The Szekelys of Bukovina were settled in Hungary in the spring of 1945, when about 20,000 people received the homes of Germans displaced or sentenced to displacement in 38 settlements. According to the data of 2019, the number of inhabitants of 22 of these 38 settlements did not reach one thousand, the number of inhabitants of another 7 settlements was less than 2000.According to the research, the number of small settlements in Hungary is increasing, The situation of small settlements with declining population has been studied from several perspectives. Related problems include the emigration of young people, an aging population, low employment, isolation,barriers to meeting needs, and the risk of depopulation of small settlements. Using the data published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the paper shows how the population of the settlements where the Szekelys of Bukovina were settled in 1945 changed in about 70 years.
More...
The paper examines the flash floods that may appear in a representative river basin occupying the south-western Romania and also feature an example of the most recent flash flood from 2005–2006, more specifically, its causes and consequences. In order to accomplish the objectives, hydrological data were used to identify the characteristics of the floods. Finally, the case study of the flash flood was delivered through the field research, observational method, discussion with the authorities and investigation of the meteorological and hydrological available data. The research offers an insight on the dimension of damages triggered by a flash flood event, based on the statistical data provided by the village hall and the few remaining places preserving the traces of the floods (houses, bridges). Because we could not provide all the necessary data in order to determine the frequency and scale of such risk phenomena, the analysis is assessed on general hydrological statistics of flood events between 1964 to 2011. By leading the research, it resulted that the specific feature of the upper basin of Desnatui River is its temporary drainage and that in the periods of high flow, the capacity of the river channels is diminshed and the floods may occur. The paper succeeds to revive the insufficient scientific concerns on this kind of hydrological risks issued in the space occupied by the upper basin of Desnatui River and eventually, to supply the need for such study in the context of modern hydrological research preoccupations.
More...
This paper considers the growing role of regions in the current stage of globalization and demonstrates the need to move away from the economic aspects of regional studies that dominate the discipline today to the socio-psychological aspects – to perceptions, attitudes, value preferences, orientations and dispositions that characterize the mass consciousness which underlies the activities of people to further the socioeconomic development of regions. The author analyses the sociological phenomenon of ‘regional consciousness’ and why we should study it and, within the framework of a new area of regional science – cross-border regional studies, presents the findings of the first comparative study covering the features of regional consciousness. Russian graduates from leading universities in the eastern and western border regions of the Russian Federation were chosen as the subjects for this research, as they represent the most active and high-potential population group in the country.
More...
The COVID-19 pandemic, emerging at the end of 2019, hit hard countries all over the world – including Central Europe. Nevertheless, both infection rates and fatalities have significant spatial differences. The aim of this paper is to reveal the spatial patterns of COVID-19 in Central Europe on various spatial scales. During the first wave in the spring of 2020 some of the countries encountered relatively low levels of infections and fatalities. The second wave of the pandemic caused significant health and health care problems in the whole region. The first wave hit Austria, Germany and Switzerland harder, and the dense urban agglomerations had the most outstanding concentrations of coronavirus infections. The spatiality of the pandemic changed during the second wave; the number of infections and fatalities grew in the Eastern countries of the region as well as in rural areas. By this token the second wave had a more severe effect on areas which were less affected before. The factors shaping these spatial processes are diverse and fluctuating over space and time, creating a complex spatial system of causes and consequences.
More...
Several researches highlighted the outstanding importance of security and trust in tourism. Natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil,all have their influence on trust and security intourism. As the experiences of the last decades show, pandemics have significant and immediate negative effects on travel decisions. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related travel restrictions influenced both global and national tourism flows in 2020, e.g., through the occupancy rates of hotels and P2P accommodations. However only a handful of studies dealt with the spatial aspects of these effects. This paper aims to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on the Airbnb market in Budapest using data from AirDNA, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the decline in Airbnb offers and bookings. The significance of the study comes from the widely debated social and rental market effects of Airbnb. As our results show, similarly to the previous years, Airbnb occupancy had a certain seasonality in 2020. Both the number of guests and the overall revenue decreased compared to2019. Consequently, many hosts decided to leave the platform, thus the number of available Airbnb listings decreased significantly. The long-term effects of this decrease are uncertain – and the same applies for future effects of P2P accommodations on the rental market of Budapest.
More...
The two waves of the COVID-19 outbreak in Hungary in 2020 led to economic crisis and to changes in employment. This article presents the changing spatial patterns of unemployment as well as allocation of two crisis mitigation measures of the Hungarian government: the public works programme and competitiveness-increasing subsidies. According to the results, spatial inequalities of unemployment diminished during the spring– first – 2020 wave, but not during the second wave in autumn. The roll-out of the public works programme did not take place as originally planned, but contributed to retaining employment in some areas, including Northeast Hungary. Allocation of competitiveness increasing subsidies for companies corresponded to the spatial structures of the economy, thereby solidifying existing spatial divisions of labour in Hungary.
More...
The demographic and health effects and consequences of socio-economic development are examined by various theories. Using the theoretical findings of the epidemiological transition as a starting point, this study examines the 2020 values of the three main indicators of cancer (incidence, mortality,and prevalence). The author compares these values with variables expressing socioeconomic development for 170 countries. The defining conclusion of the study is that living standards and socio-economic development levels are positively correlated with incidence and prevalence indicators. However, there is a weak, unidentifiable correlation between socio-economic development and mortality. Regarding the available large databases raising additional questions, the author considers it particularly important to examine the relationships with territorial structures and differences in the future.
More...
Nowadays, the development of the digital economy is gaining ground, changing consumer expectations through the opportunities offered by the internet and ICT, and requiring continuous improvements from financial service providers. The aim of this paper is to examine the regional dimension of banking services analyses by comparing the financial digital modernisation clusters and rankings of EU Member States with the traditionally accepted overall digital development analyses. After describing the impact of digitalisation on financial geography, the paper presents the European Union's (EU) digital transformation efforts and the financial relevance of digitalisation, as well as the major past changes and the current situationof the financial intermediation system. The findings of the empirical analysis show that the clustering of the EU28 Member States based on their overall digital development shows a partial correspondence with the results of studies focusing on digital banking services. The research confirms the advantages of the Northern European countries in digitalisation, but also reveals the divergent nature of the Western and Eastern Member States.
More...
Ayoub and Malika Amrani are husband and wife, former farm workerswho, for many years, came to France on OMI contracts to do seasonal work for a farmer in the Bouches-du-Rhône area. In the early 1970s, the young woman’s father and uncle, fellahs2from the Moroccan Prerif who had emigrated to the city, found a contract in the city of Grans, on the Crau plain, and gradually “sponsored” the next generation of migrants. In 1990, when Malika was recruited to join them, there were about ten family members already working on the farm. Though she was formally employed as a farm worker, she actually worked as a “servant” for the farmer and his family. Against the advice of her employer, who wanted nothing to distract her from her work, she got married and held a big wedding in Fez, to which her employer was invited. Ayoub, her husband, was recruited to work in the orchards. As a newlywed, Malika had more and more trouble accepting the abuse and bullying her parents had endured until then. She became increasingly opposed to her employer. 2000 marked a breaking point, when Ayoub fell from an apple tree and was seriously injured. His pelvis was fractured. Their employer was reluctant to report it as a work-related accident. The couple stood up to him, and the following year, none of the family’s contracts were renewed. It was a form of retaliation. It was a collective punishment, as if to remind the migrants that they were bound to their employer by the same duty of loyalty. This incident would have lasting consequences on Malika’s relationship with her family, who accused her of being selfish. In the meantime, Malika became a prominent figure in the movement to defend seasonal migrants’ rights, almost in spite of herself. Her story was the subject of several articles in the media and was taken up by the Collectif de défense des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers (Collective for the Defense of Seasonal Agricultural Workers) (CODETRAS).
More...
The role of cities and urban regions in the global economy is growing in tandem with globalization trends. With the rise of the knowledge economy, the ratio of young and well-educated people can be an indicator of the success of a settlement, as they make up the social group that is the most mobile and the most able to change their place of residence and work. Urban competitiveness and socio-economic sustainability are fundamentally determined by the number of available young and well-educated people, so keeping and attracting this group is a priority for cities. In Hungary, the medium-sized and large towns of the country are mainly confronted with the attraction of Budapest and foreign cities. In order to solve the monocentric (‘primate city’ dominated) settlement structure of our country, a development concept was worked out for the outer city ring around Budapest (Dunaújváros, Gyöngyös, Kecskemét, Salgótarján, Székesfehérvár, Szolnok, Tatabánya). In their research, the authors compare the population attractiveness of these cities (with particular reference to the young, educated population) applying a complex index developed by them based on official statistics and Big Data like sources. A complex index of 70 indicators (creative knowledge attractiveness index) is used to rank these cities in terms of their potential to retain and attract creative people and how this potential changes. According to their results, Kecskemét is ranked first, Székesfehérvár ranked second and Szolnok ranked third.
More...
In the context of Hungary's purchase of a port and concession in Trieste, the author seeks to answer the question of whether it was worth for Hungary having its own seaport. This study examines how much of Hungary's foreign trade turnover by tariff class was generated by its own port in a market environment similar to the present one, in the period 1896-1914. For the most important commodities of Fiume's trade, the author also explores the role of the Hungarian merchant navy. The study can contribute to the development of economic knowledge of the 'port-sea' trade through economic history.
More...
Nowadays, the concept of smart cities and the measurability of their performance are becoming more and more the focus of interest. Smart cities can have a number of different interpretations that tend to emphasize resource optimization, using innovative strategies and solutions to address growing urban problems and improve quality of life for the population. In addition, smart cities need to be able to adapt to rapidly changing external conditions and to deal with shock-like externalities, i.e. to show resilient behaviour.The present study examines the relationship between smart cities and resilience by interpreting urban resilience, defining its concept, and describing its measurability issues. Using literature and methodological recommendations, the study presents the distribution and components of a complex resilience index for the Hungarian urban network, exploring territorial characteristics and examining the relationship between the resilience values of Hungarian cities and the networks of urban migration. Based on the results, significant regional differences can be observed for the complex resilience index and its components, with different focus areas. Towns in the Budapest agglomeration perform outstandingly in all components and form a hotspot area. The relationship between the complex resilience index and the network centrality of towns is basically significant in towns with more than 20,000 inhabitants, the improvement of centrality within the urban network is accompanied by a high resilience value.
More...
Montenegro is facing significant changes in tourist turnover. Tourism activity has become increasingly more skewed toward the Montenegrin coastal area, which confirms the concern about regional inequality of tourism. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of foreign and domestic tourists in Montenegro, based on spatial statistical tools as a set of Geographical Information Systems. The results indicated that during the analyzed period (2007–2016), the spatial distribution of domestic and foreign tourists was different. Main geographical center of foreign tourists is Budva and of domestic tourists is Cetinje. Therewas apparent uneven dispersion of tourist demand between Coastal (on the south) and Northern region. Moreover, the results revealed tourist distribution clusters in order to identify the tourism centers with the highest number of tourists in different geographical areas of Montenegro. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution is a very important tool for the reduction of regional economic inequality. Also, the resultsof the spatial distribution of tourists can be used for the forecasting of future tourist behavior.
More...
The COVID-19 epidemic first appeared atthe end of 2019, and it became a worldwide pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. The new coronavirus pandemic made it clear that infectious diseases are able to significantly influence morbidity and mortality data of countries in the 21st century, too. There are many complex and profound socio-economic consequences of the restrictions in relation to the coronavirus pandemic. This epidemic also resulted in an economic crisis with multiple effects on the economy and society. It is said that spatiality has a determinative role in the geographical spreading of the pandemic and on regional differences of the economic crisis. The scope of this paper is to compare the most important features and regional inequalities of the epidemic waves in Hungary based on epidemiological data. Besides statistical analysis, the study examines short-, medium and long-term effects of the pandemic on health and health care, too. The literature review presents some regional features of the coronavirus epidemic, and it also defines the role of this pandemic on non-communicable diseases for the future. The used content analysis investigates the Hungarian restrictions and their regional relevance. The main results of our research show that there are marked differences between the three epidemic waves in Hungary based onthe number of confirmed cases and regional inequalities regarding restrictions. There was a longer interim period during the summer between the two epidemic waves of spring and autumn of 2020. On the other hand, the longer improving tendency of the second wave suddenly stopped in mid-February 2021 resulting in a third epidemic wave in Hungary. The first wave was a ’flat curve’ while the second wave resulted in an epidemic plateau. The third wave started during the decreasing process of the second wave. The first wave was more linked to geographical (Budapest capital city and Pest county) and institutional (hospitals, nursing homes) hotspots,however in the second and third wave nationwide infection ranges became more determinative. The results of our research call the attention to the regional relevance of restrictions regarding the pandemic. When this paper was finished, on the 4th of March 2021, the pandemic did not end yet in Hungary, so its evaluation can not be complete at this time. The ascending trend of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is due to the spreading of new coronavirus variants and mutations.
More...
This study briefly highlights the role and significance of micro-, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the economy. After presenting the most important regional characteristic features of the enterprises, the authors demonstrate how and in what way the sales revenue realized by Hungarian SMEs contributes to the growth of the economy, and then they analye the spatial structure of SMEs using spatial statistical methods. The article presents the characteristics of SMEs by sector of national economy, highlights the different capital dependencies of each sector and their extent, and creates different spatial clusters. The authors also examine the extent to which spatial differences in the turnover of SMEs are related to population distribution. Finally, the study is closed with an analysis of the main components of revenue development.
More...
Analysing Hungarian shopping behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study seeks answers to the following questions: Did people really hoard goods and if so what kind of goods? How did the outbreak of COVID-19 change shopping behaviour? How and how fast did retailing respond to the suddenly arising demand for online shopping? Can respondents be identified or typified based on traditional customer behaviour? The authors overview anomalies detected in Hungarian “panic buying” concerning shopping frequency, spending and product avoidance.
More...
Hundreds of thousands of traditional producers with several generations of agricultural backgrounds continue to farm in Hungary. While the consumer demand in favor of farmers products has also emerged, and more and more alternative food networks are serving them, these traditional producers are only participating in these networks in very small numbers. Looking at the historical roots of this problem using the notion of “parallel separateness,” we demonstrate that the social distance between producers and consumers has increased to a much greater extent in recent decades than before. Traditional producers lack the knowledge needed to connect to alternative food networks. As a result, the role of reflexive agents increased. These institutions can connect the two separating subsystems and incorporate the perspectives of both producers and consumers into their operation and fill the missing knowledge. Based on the operation of the Association for the Living Tisza and the Nyíregyháza Basket Community, we demonstrated how such an institution can play the role of the missing link.
More...
The historical development of the common borders took place in many respects simultaneously since the epoch of the two states’ establishment. The territories and borders of both states have greatly changed ever since, yet during the periods of joined kingdom the common borders always showed a high degree of stability. The first description of the common state borders can be found in the Anonymous Latin Gesta by around 1200 AD. From the 15th century on, the Hungarian Parliament on several occasions appointed and sent different committees by legal acts to the borders of neighbouring countries, including Poland, in order to delimit or adjust its state borders. Due to the threefold dissolution of the Polish State, the former common border fundamentally changed. After the First World War, the common state border between the reborn Poland and the historical Hungary completely vanished after the latter lost some two-thirds of its territory. During the Second World War the common borders were restored for a short time through which thousands of Polish escaped to Hungary. Thus, the partially shared state history and the changing (disappearing and reappearing) common state border represent an international singularity in many respects.
More...