![[Recenzja]: Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Christian East (second edition, revised and expan-ded), edited by Edward G. Farrugia S.J., Pontifical Oriental Institute (Pontificio Istituto Orientalne), Rome 20152, ss. XXXVIII + 2006 (mapy, tabele)](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2018_46613.jpg)
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![[Recenzja]: Лев Р. Концевич, Хронолoгия стран Восточной и Централной Азии • Lev R. Kontsevich, Chronology of Far Eastern and Central Asian Countries, t. [1], Издательская Фирма «Восточная Литература» РАН, Москва 2010, ss. 808; t. [2] – Аd-denda, Изда](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2018_42995.jpg)
One of the most important inner seas of world, the Black Sea reaches to Mediterranean Sea by Istanbul and the Çanakkale Straits; to the to the interior of Europe by the Danube, Dnieper and Dniester Rivers; to Asia by Caucasus. It connects sea and land trade in the shortest distance between Asia and Europe by its strategic and geographic location. Trabzon was the most important ports of the Black Sea and lived the brightest periods in when trade was condensed. Trabzon, a major transit port in the Ottoman Empire, has become a trade center to East by the 18th century with the opening of the Black Sea to international maritime trade and arrival of the foreign merchants. The East was to provide raw materials to the burgeoning industry in Europe by Trabzon-Erzurum-Tabriz Road. In 19th century, Trabzon became the busiest port of Black Sea in a very short time with the increasing volume of trade, opening embassies, the shipping agents and merchants. During this period, vinegar, wine, olives, soap, cotton, textiles, coffee, wheat, iron ore, fish, meat, fur and etc. were bought, sold and transported to other regions by non-Muslim, Turkish and foreign merchants. In this study, an attempt has been made to explain to merchants, campaigns, merchants, goods and commercial activities in the port of Trabzon in the 19th century by archive documents.
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The Balkan countries forming alliance with the guidance of the imperialist states attacked the Ottoman Empire from October 1912 for expansionist desires. In the Balkan Wars lasting until September 1913 and occurring in two phases, the Ottoman Empire sustained a great defeat and lost 83% of its Rumelian territories. In this war, the Fortress of Edirne under the rule of Şükrü Pasha had served as a glorious defense point with great sacrifices against advantageous enemy forces. However, draining food stocks, worsening weather conditions, and the increase in enemy attacks had made military defense impossible. Therefore, Edirne surrendered to the Bulgarian and Serbian forces on March 26th, 1913 after a resistance lasting for 160 days. Şükrü Pasha and high ranking officers were taken to Sofia whereas low ranking officers were sent to concentration camps. After the surrender of the city, all of the 45,000 soldiers defending the city were taken captive. According to official records, 13.000 soldiers became martyr during the siege. After the silence of Edirne, the city was looted; horrific atrocities were committed against both its people and its soldiers. Moreover, thousands of captive Turkish soldiers were systemically slaughtered. One of the most serious carnages was committed within the walls of Sarayiçi concentration camp on Tunca Island. About 20.000 Turkish captive lost their lives there due to starvation, cold, infectious diseases and cruel treatments. Surviving Ottoman soldiers were taken to the prison camps of Harmanli, Haskovo, Stara Zagora and many others in Bulgaria. However, cruelty continued in these prison camps and groups of 3.000-4.000 people were collectively slaughtered. The number of captive soldiers slaughtered or with unknown fate are about 35.000. The present study examines this heartbreaking issue in order for all of us to learn a lesson from history since the atrocities to Turks during the occupation of Edirne in the Balkan Wars have been forgotten and especially our young generation doesn’t know the incidents happened a century ago in detail.
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The world which rapidly globalizes and where the boundaries diminish day by day, the foreign direct investments affect many diverse macroeconomic variables, specifically economic growth and unemployment. Most current studies support that there exists a strong causality relationship between foreign direct investments and economic growth.On the other hand, there exists a weaker positive causality relationship between economic growth and foreign direct investments. Moreover, it is an undeniable fact that the economic growth leads to a decline in unemployment. This study aims to compare the foreign direct investment trends of seven Eurasian countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) in the period of 1995 and 2011. The results are compared to both the world foreign direct investment trend and the other Central Asian countries.
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The theory of proxy warfare became intense foci of international relations after the war in Syria which has been continuing since 2011, and the crisis between Russia and Ukraine. Both conflicts have been regarded as a global competition between the West, especially the US, and Russia rather than a regional competition between. However, conflicts between Russia-Georgia in 2008, which has not been regarded as proxy warfare, also has characteristics of the proxy warfare. Therefore, this article analyzes the crisis within the theory of proxy warfare, which emerged during the Cold War as the most prevalent method of competition between the US and the former Soviet Union. The paper argues that the process that led to the warfare and the warfare itself present example of proxy warfare between the West, especially the US and NATO, and Russia for global hegemony, rather than a regional war between Russia and Georgia, and that its result will affect not just Eurasia but security world-wide.
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After approval of the programme of national geography maturity examination by the order of Minister of Education and Science in year 2010 there were changed strategical and methodical provisions of geographical education. The article is applied for analysis of national geography maturity examination results. This article tries to define the candidates composition, which have taken examinations in year 2013 and territorial distribution of results. The results of analysis represent that the candidates composition, which have taken examinations in year 2013 and territorial distribution of results are related to territorial distribution of Lithuanian population and depend on peculiarities of school systems. Therefore almost the half of candidates, which have taken national geography maturity examinations, are the graduates from the five biggest municipalities of Lithuanian cities.
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Court registers are the notebooks in which Moslem judges recorded the orders they gave at the courts, the documents that came from the center and the important incidents they were responsible for. Court registers include the orders, nomination certificates, imperial orders, the registers of the important incidents that happened in the county, towns and villages where essays were traversed as scripts, verdicts by the court register judges and regents at the courts. The subjects in the court registers include all kinds of incidents, regulations, historical facts that can happen in a county administration. It is possible to reveal out the economical, social, cultural and legal conditions, the in formation related to military service of that period, the social incidents before and after the war. This study we found there views on Manisa Sharia record number of 242 entries.
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Początków geografii komunikacji w Polsce należy szukać przed II wojną światową. Znaczący rozwój tej dziedziny geografii nastąpił w latach 70. i 80. XX wieku za sprawą m.in. profesorów Teofila Lijewskiego, Krystyny Warakomskiej, Marii Kozaneckiej, Tadeusza Hoffa czy Stanisława Dziadka. Jednak powstanie samodzielnej komisji w ramach Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego nastąpiło dopiero w latach 90. ubiegłego stulecia. Zostało to opisane w pracach T. Lijewskiego i M. Schielego (1996) oraz J. Kitowskiego (2008).
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March occurrences can be observed in the contexts of vehement underground work of international ideologies aimed at the manipulation of Yugoslav national politics for its interests by sacrificing Serbian people and the state of Yugoslavia. The foreign agitators of March occurrences were led by their pragmatic ideologically political objectives. By organizing Yugoslav joining Triple alliance, the German fascists obsessed by corporation ideology, endeavoured to bring isolated Yugoslavia to their ideological tribe, keeping the elements of political impartiality. The Western liberal democracies (Great Britain and the United States of America) with the participation of Serbian followers of such ideology (gathered in political parties, Serbian orthodox church, Masonic and Soko organizations, warriors’ and knights’ associations) endeavoured to “set the Balkans on fire” with military putsch and in this way increase considerably the German war pressure on Great Britain. The role of Moscow and the communists in these occurrences is not very clear but the cooperation between Soviet Union and the Western democracies, led by the secret military actions through Ankara, is obvious. The followers of the idea of joining Triple alliance were not numerous and did not have a great influence in the time of Belgrade coup d’etat. These followers were much more numerous in Roman Catholic areas where the awareness of belonging to the German and Habsburg-Roman ideological, political, religious and cultural environment had been cherished for centuries.
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When did Schulz’s presence in the Gdańsk humanities discourse become permanent and programme-like, if it may be described as such? Much seems to indicate that this took place in 2012 – the year of the publication by Stanisław Rosiek of an article-manifesto in the first issue of “Schulz/Forum”. The postulates outlined therein assume work conducted on three mutually supplementing levels, which should result in: (1) the emergence of a periodical dedicated to the person and works of Schulz, (2) the publication of a critical edition of Dzieła zebrane, and (3) a further reconstruction of the writer’s autobiography. The presented note is an attempt at a summary of some of the outcomes of this undertaking. Seven years later, the planned research and publishing tasks are still being pursued although it has proved possible for some to be already distinctly advanced. They include primarily: (1) the semi-annual “Schulz/Forum”, which fulfils the function of a platform-meeting place of both Polish and foreign researchers and readers of Sklepy cynamonowe (The Cinnamon Shops), (2) three of the nine prepared volumes of a critical edition of Dzieła zebrane, and (3) an Internet timeline of the life, works, and reception of Bruno Schulz, published in Polish, Ukrainian, and English – www.schulzforum.pl.
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The report examines the main issues solved by the Bulgarian Air Force Safety Authorities for the entire history of their existence.
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Written sources reveal that a political power shift and an excessive change of population took place in Pannonia in 568. Archaeological data suggest, however, coexsistence between communities different origins despite the community level realignment of society. The author would like to highlight some neglected examples that could provide details of vital importance for the topic and connect it to well known sites, all too often having complex and unclear interpretations. Continuity is analysed through the last phase of Langobard Period cemeteries, presuming that they were still in use during the last third of the 6th century, and through the early phase of Avar Period cemeteries, as their connection networks are the same: an intensive interaction with the western Merovingian and the Mediterranean world. This connection is evident in certain arte fact types (belts, weapons, brooches) and in attireas a whole as well.
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. Since the late 1950s, regional local and local authorities in Europe have become involved in cross-border cooperation schemes, with the European Commission and the Council of Europe as main driving actors. Especially over the last decade, cross-border cooperation, both within Europe and at its external borders, has been booming.Cross-border cooperation can be initiated for a number of reasons. Based on literature review, this paper presents a contextual model which includes four main drivers or rationales for cross-border cooperation: reconciliation, re-unification, reconstruction and re-scaling. This typology is based on two dimensions. First, we look at the extent to which cross-border cooperation is instrumental (aiming at problem solving) or normative (i.e. addressing identity issues). Secondly, cross-border cooperation different, depending on how much it questions and challenges existing borders and governance structures. This results in four contexts for cross-border cooperation.Cross-border cooperation for re-scaling involves instrumental cross-border cooperation, which is additional to the existing structures and often limited in scope. Cross-border cooperation for reconstruction is a type of cross-border cooperation, which has a broader (multi-purpose) scope, challenges existing structures and intends to replace them. Cross-border cooperation for reconciliation aims at establishing good ‘neighbourly´ relations between regions with separate identities, within existing governance structures, and is often also limited in scope. Cross-border cooperation for re-unification is politically driven, aiming at doing away with borders that divide regions with shared identities, and intending to replace them with new comprehensive structures.
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The Kadıasker Notebooks, also known as Şer`iyye records, are one of the most important sources of history research. Between 1666 and 1670, we examined the Crimean kadiasker book with the number 67 A 90 and made evaluations about the cases by examining the cases of the Jews’s routine lives in the Crimean region. These cases led us to understand and evaluate the social structure of the Jewish community living in Crimea in social, economic, administrative and legal fields. We have reviewed all kinds of details, from the names of the places where the Jews live, from the professions they work to, from their own cases to the cases of Muslims. We tried to put all aspects of the relationship of the İslamic law with the Jews.
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Studies on regional innovation systems in various geographical levels are gradually increasing. The aim of this study is to reveal the importance of region spatially in the development of innovative capacity. By the regionalization of innovation policies, needs of a specific region or company are exhibited more effectively and it becomes easier to monitor and apply the precautions to be taken. Creating a regional advantage starts with identifying the environments where knowledge production, innovation and entrepreneurship actualise. From this point of view Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) play a strategical role on competitive ability and innovation ability of regions. Systematic malfunctions than can prevent innovation system from operating efficiently can be in question. In this case the intervention of the public need to focus on the malfunctions in the relations, not to overall system. In this sense the regulatory role of the government needs to focus on process-based issues such as developing regional knowledge infrastructure, catalysing to access external knowledge sources, increasing the human capital quality, supporting clusters, establishing networks among innovative actors and supporting them.
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The touristic utilisation of the greatest lake of Central Europe, of the Lake Balaton started from the middle of the 19th century getting a greater impulse in 1861 and in 1909 when the southern and northern railway lines were established. In Hungary at this time tourism exclusively meant hiking tourism so for the other branches of tourism they used another term (foreign traffic) until the recent decades. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and within that the Hungarian Kingdom abounded in well-built thermal water spas with high standards of services to such an extent that parallel with them the spa resorts of Lake Balaton could not become the same level competitors at that time. The guest turnover of Lake Balaton was already measured by the Royal Hungarian Central Statistical Office, yet the analysis of the presented data is not simple, however, using an adequate methodology the development of the tourism of Lake Balaton can be well presented until the outbreak of World War II.
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According to a commonplace in scholarly literature it is unachievable to write the history of the Bar Kochba revolt. This paper does not attempt the impossible, it merely attempts to take into account the way in which our evidences, that came to light in the last half-century, repaint the traditional picture of the insurrection. The first five chapters discuss the antecedents of the revolt, i.e., the short and long-term consequences of the churban; the uprising under Trajan (the so-called “war of Quietus”); the administrative, economic and military situation of Judaea from 70 to 132 C.E., mainly on the basis of the Babatha-archive. The immediate cause of the Bar Kochba revolt is still debated, as both the foundation of Colonia Aelia Capitolina (ch. 5), and the ban on circumcision, introduced by Hadrian’s legislation (ch. 6), can be taken into account. It is not clear, however, whether these oppressive measures were taken before or after 132; in other words, whether they were causes or consequences of the war. The following chapter is dedicated to Bar Kochba’s messianic pretensions, which, among other things, can be verified with the strong halachic orientation of the papyri produced by the administration of the revolt (ch. 8). Ch. 9 examines the character and magnitude of the Roman military participation in the Bar Kochba revolt, as these are illuminated by the extant epigraphic material. The last chapter deals with the Jewish guerilla tactics and bases: the rebels’ hiding complexes that from the 1990’s have been explored in the territory of Judaea.
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The Baradla was the first cave to be examined archaeologically in Hungary, yet it is not fully documented still. We will attempt to construct the archaeological topography of the cave, collecting the data from previous studies and from our own survey. The data from the literature contains several misinterpretations according to our in situ examinations, because the authors has limited or incorrect information on the speleological circumstances. The cave is an important archaeological site compared to the sites on the surface, and other neighboring caves. The only archaeological site known on the surface is at the Aggtelek entrance, and the Domica and Ördög-lyuk (Čertova diera) are the known caves with archaeological finds. The Baradla Cave System is a hydrologically continuous unit from the Domica Cave in Slovakia to Jósvafő, but the archaeological site can only be associated with Aggtelek, because the Jósvafő entrance was opened only recently, and the connection with Domica is hardly passable, at same places only underwater connections exists. There is a clear logical connection to the neolithic site at the Domica, but these are separate sites – the distance is 2 km. The strong erosion of the karstic surface makes the archaeological sites in the caves more important – nothing is preserved on the surface. The finds are usually washed down to a cave, but that can not be considered an archaeological site in a cave. In the smaller caves the strata and other phenomena could be easily damaged because of an improper excavation. In the Baradla Cave the strata and other phenomena are intact on large areas. The cave is located at the Aggtelek karstic region. There are only temporary lakes and streams close to the Aggtelek entrance. Secular changes in the climate or the geomorphology (as filling up of the gullies) could result in different surface hydrological situations after a few centuries. This obviously affects the habitability of the region. We consider the water systems in the caves more stable.
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