![[Recenzja]: Лев Р. Концевич, Хронолoгия стран Восточной и Централной Азии • Lev R. Kontsevich, Chronology of Far Eastern and Central Asian Countries, t. [1], Издательская Фирма «Восточная Литература» РАН, Москва 2010, ss. 808; t. [2] – Аd-denda, Изда](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2018_42995.jpg)
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Początków geografii komunikacji w Polsce należy szukać przed II wojną światową. Znaczący rozwój tej dziedziny geografii nastąpił w latach 70. i 80. XX wieku za sprawą m.in. profesorów Teofila Lijewskiego, Krystyny Warakomskiej, Marii Kozaneckiej, Tadeusza Hoffa czy Stanisława Dziadka. Jednak powstanie samodzielnej komisji w ramach Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego nastąpiło dopiero w latach 90. ubiegłego stulecia. Zostało to opisane w pracach T. Lijewskiego i M. Schielego (1996) oraz J. Kitowskiego (2008).
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The report examines the main issues solved by the Bulgarian Air Force Safety Authorities for the entire history of their existence.
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Written sources reveal that a political power shift and an excessive change of population took place in Pannonia in 568. Archaeological data suggest, however, coexsistence between communities different origins despite the community level realignment of society. The author would like to highlight some neglected examples that could provide details of vital importance for the topic and connect it to well known sites, all too often having complex and unclear interpretations. Continuity is analysed through the last phase of Langobard Period cemeteries, presuming that they were still in use during the last third of the 6th century, and through the early phase of Avar Period cemeteries, as their connection networks are the same: an intensive interaction with the western Merovingian and the Mediterranean world. This connection is evident in certain arte fact types (belts, weapons, brooches) and in attireas a whole as well.
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The touristic utilisation of the greatest lake of Central Europe, of the Lake Balaton started from the middle of the 19th century getting a greater impulse in 1861 and in 1909 when the southern and northern railway lines were established. In Hungary at this time tourism exclusively meant hiking tourism so for the other branches of tourism they used another term (foreign traffic) until the recent decades. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and within that the Hungarian Kingdom abounded in well-built thermal water spas with high standards of services to such an extent that parallel with them the spa resorts of Lake Balaton could not become the same level competitors at that time. The guest turnover of Lake Balaton was already measured by the Royal Hungarian Central Statistical Office, yet the analysis of the presented data is not simple, however, using an adequate methodology the development of the tourism of Lake Balaton can be well presented until the outbreak of World War II.
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According to a commonplace in scholarly literature it is unachievable to write the history of the Bar Kochba revolt. This paper does not attempt the impossible, it merely attempts to take into account the way in which our evidences, that came to light in the last half-century, repaint the traditional picture of the insurrection. The first five chapters discuss the antecedents of the revolt, i.e., the short and long-term consequences of the churban; the uprising under Trajan (the so-called “war of Quietus”); the administrative, economic and military situation of Judaea from 70 to 132 C.E., mainly on the basis of the Babatha-archive. The immediate cause of the Bar Kochba revolt is still debated, as both the foundation of Colonia Aelia Capitolina (ch. 5), and the ban on circumcision, introduced by Hadrian’s legislation (ch. 6), can be taken into account. It is not clear, however, whether these oppressive measures were taken before or after 132; in other words, whether they were causes or consequences of the war. The following chapter is dedicated to Bar Kochba’s messianic pretensions, which, among other things, can be verified with the strong halachic orientation of the papyri produced by the administration of the revolt (ch. 8). Ch. 9 examines the character and magnitude of the Roman military participation in the Bar Kochba revolt, as these are illuminated by the extant epigraphic material. The last chapter deals with the Jewish guerilla tactics and bases: the rebels’ hiding complexes that from the 1990’s have been explored in the territory of Judaea.
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The Baradla was the first cave to be examined archaeologically in Hungary, yet it is not fully documented still. We will attempt to construct the archaeological topography of the cave, collecting the data from previous studies and from our own survey. The data from the literature contains several misinterpretations according to our in situ examinations, because the authors has limited or incorrect information on the speleological circumstances. The cave is an important archaeological site compared to the sites on the surface, and other neighboring caves. The only archaeological site known on the surface is at the Aggtelek entrance, and the Domica and Ördög-lyuk (Čertova diera) are the known caves with archaeological finds. The Baradla Cave System is a hydrologically continuous unit from the Domica Cave in Slovakia to Jósvafő, but the archaeological site can only be associated with Aggtelek, because the Jósvafő entrance was opened only recently, and the connection with Domica is hardly passable, at same places only underwater connections exists. There is a clear logical connection to the neolithic site at the Domica, but these are separate sites – the distance is 2 km. The strong erosion of the karstic surface makes the archaeological sites in the caves more important – nothing is preserved on the surface. The finds are usually washed down to a cave, but that can not be considered an archaeological site in a cave. In the smaller caves the strata and other phenomena could be easily damaged because of an improper excavation. In the Baradla Cave the strata and other phenomena are intact on large areas. The cave is located at the Aggtelek karstic region. There are only temporary lakes and streams close to the Aggtelek entrance. Secular changes in the climate or the geomorphology (as filling up of the gullies) could result in different surface hydrological situations after a few centuries. This obviously affects the habitability of the region. We consider the water systems in the caves more stable.
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During Industry 4.0 – the fourth industrial revolution happening in our world today – technologies and applications are developing at an enormous pace which has significant effects on both societies and technology. Many countries were unprepared for this fast development and must enhance their knowledge and creativity in order to effectively utilize new opportunities created by data explosion. Companies have to face the challenge of analyzing Big Data, while through the Internet of Things huge files are generated. As a result, companies’ labour-force needs and job profiles are changing; new professions are born, others disappear. Using Big Data methods forecasts can be predicted by data scientists.
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Review of: Joachim Whaley, "Germany and the Holy Roman Empire" OUP, Oxford, 2013. by: Vajnági Márta
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Managerialism, which has appeared in parallel with the massification of higher education and with increases in financial difficulties, now has an international dimension in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). European organizations handling it (partly via the European Union, partly with EHEA jurisdiction) have been formed along with their administrative and academic-type governing boards; also, there are complex mechanisms for consulting with stakeholders. While the struggle between national governments and among autonomous institutions is a well-known phenomenon, transnational (European) organizations are now having to fight with autonomous member states, more precisely with members of a loose alliance (EFT).
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Airports play a dominant role in today’s longdistancetransport and they also representsignificant nodes of the modern globalisedeconomy. By estimating direct and indirect impactson employment and income, their importance canbe characterized in quantifiable terms. This studyaims to estimate the direct economic impacts of BudapestLiszt Ferenc Airport as a complex economicentity involving a number of companies that arelegally separate but complementary to one anotherand operate in the Airport’s area – after outliningthe general issues related to the impact assessmentof airports. The study addressed two years, 2009and 2014, which made it possible to compare thecircumstances before and after the termination ofMalév.
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The paper examines the flash floods that may appear in a representative river basin occupying the south-western Romania and also feature an example of the most recent flash flood from 2005–2006, more specifically, its causes and consequences. In order to accomplish the objectives, hydrological data were used to identify the characteristics of the floods. Finally, the case study of the flash flood was delivered through the field research, observational method, discussion with the authorities and investigation of the meteorological and hydrological available data. The research offers an insight on the dimension of damages triggered by a flash flood event, based on the statistical data provided by the village hall and the few remaining places preserving the traces of the floods (houses, bridges). Because we could not provide all the necessary data in order to determine the frequency and scale of such risk phenomena, the analysis is assessed on general hydrological statistics of flood events between 1964 to 2011. By leading the research, it resulted that the specific feature of the upper basin of Desnatui River is its temporary drainage and that in the periods of high flow, the capacity of the river channels is diminshed and the floods may occur. The paper succeeds to revive the insufficient scientific concerns on this kind of hydrological risks issued in the space occupied by the upper basin of Desnatui River and eventually, to supply the need for such study in the context of modern hydrological research preoccupations.
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‘I would never a trust a man who didn’t steal’, former Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh famously declared. No wonder people call Yemen a kleptocracy. The exPresident of South Yemen, Ali Salim al-Beidh, was less quotable but claimed bragging rights as an Omar Sharif look-alike. Sharif and al-Beidh shared a passion for gambling, a quality that epitomizes the risks that Yemeni political parties have taken in pushing their agendas. History shows such risks can be costly. Sharif lost a $6 million mansion in a single hand of cards. Al-Beidh lost his country after cutting a deal with Saleh to unite north and south Yemen.
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Various countries and states have established telephone counselling lines for people with pathological or problem gambling. Data from such services may contribute to describing systematically the nature of gambling problems in a particular area. To date, however, few data have been published on such a telephone counselling line in a low or middle income country. Method: Data on calls to the telephone counselling line of the National Responsible Gambling Foundation of South Africa were captured over a 6-month period. Such data include socio-demographic variables, the primary reason for calling, the source of the referral, preferred method of gambling, impairment as a consequence of gambling, and history of treatment for psychiatric disorders, comorbid alcohol abuse and illicit drug use. Results: Calls were received from a broad range of people; the mean age of callers was 37 years, the majority were male (62%) and many were married (45%). Primary reasons for calling included the feeling of being unable to stop gambling without the help of a professional (41%), financial concerns (32%), legal problems (13%), pressure from family (10%), and suicidal thoughts (2%). The majority of callers contacted the counselling line after having heard about it by word of mouth (70%). The most common forms of gambling were slot machines (51%) and casino games (21%). Fourteen percent of callers reported having received help for other psychiatric disorders, 11% reported alcohol use disorders and 6% illicit drug use. Conclusion: These data from South Africa are consistent with prior research indicating that pathological and problem gambling are seen in a range of socio-demographic groups, and that such behaviour is associated with significant morbidity and comorbidity. More work is needed locally to inform younger gamblers, gamblers using the informal gambling sector, and unemployed gamblers of the existing telephone counselling lines.
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As the urban populations increase we have to think more deeply about how to make cities less stressful and more creative for people to live in. The development process of our cities, and the players within this process - central and local government, politicians and professionals, developers, financiers and builders – have become entangled in a system which produces developments, but not places. For places to be well-used and well-loved, they must be safe, comfortable, varied and attractive. They also need to be distinctive, and offer variety of choices and fun. Vibrant places offer opportunities for meeting people, playing in the street and watching the world go by. New development should enrich the qualities of existing urban places. This means encouraging a distinctive response that arises from and complements its setting. This applies at every scale - the region, the city, the town, the neighborhood and the street.Places need to be easy to get to and be integrated physically and visually with their surroundings. This requires attention to how to get around by foot, bicycle, public transport and the car - and in that order.Watching how people move through an existing area reveals the numerous influences on movement at work. How people move, particularly on foot, is not just a matter of the simplest and most obvious route, but will be influenced by, for example: variety and interest; safety; light and shade; commercial activity; landscape; noise and pollution.Liveability and quality of life are key factors whilst designing and managing the development of our cities, not only in terms of energy, water, pollution and waste systems which are sustainable for the long term, but in a way that we can understand better how to use our cities.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as garbage, refuses or rubbish, is waste consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. Rapid urbanisation in India accelerates the generation of MSW, thereby producing major problems with its disposal. Improper handling of MSW creates environmental and health related hazards. In this paper an attempt is made to evaluate the solid waste management within the Jangipur Municipality, a cantonment town of West Bengal. This paper portrays MSW generation, its collection, as well as the attention of local self-government to spreading diseases. The paper also highlights the issues and challenges related to MSW, while trying try to find out some scientific treatment for solid waste management.
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The paper deals with the regional perspectives of educational and innovation functions of Hungarian higher education between 2007 and 2012. It examines the specific role played by mid-range universities regarding the universities’ missions in the development of peripheral areas. The study also looks at the increasing demands for regional engagement of universities regarding a transformation of their training and research profiles, and it also measures the effects of the economic environment on the research profiles had by universities. Examining the regional restructuring of Hungarian higher education, the paper argues that the provincial/regional educational centres are the biggest losers when it comes to reductions in the number of HEIs’ students – while a strengthening of Budapest’s position as regards the number of students continues. The study analyses the strong connection between R&D and higher education and looks at the regional peculiarities of the innovative function of Hungarian higher education which caused its provisional closing up, followed by a losing position. It argues that Budapest’s dominance in comparison with regional higher education centres is bigger in terms of research and development than in the case of educational functions as measured by the number of HEI students. The study evaluates the most important development policy concepts related to the regional structure of higher education and it recommends specific developmental measures for regional higher education centres.
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As a result of their „consumption here and now”logic, consumer societies are characterised bysteep temporal and spatial discounting. Itprofoundly and negatively affects life prospectsof future generations. Researching thephenomenon of spatial discounting can help tounderstand why sustainability efforts of the pastdecades have been unsuccesful and thisknowledge may be the basis of more effectiveaction. Sustainability priorities of local leaders andspatial discounting of these priorities do not onlyaffect local conditions, but because of spillovereffects along spatial scales also the country and inaggregate the future of the whole planet. Fromglobal scale towards local, importance ofenvironmental protection and change of attitudeis spatially discounted by local leaders. In the caseof environmental protection the discounting issteep while for the change of attitude it ismoderate. The present study makes a uniquecontribution to the discounting literature asspatial discounting of sustainability priorities bylocal leaders has not been the subject of researcheither in Hungary or abroad.
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In the Hungarian literature the formal adult learning is usually defined as adult education in the school system which is completed at the primary, secondary or tertiary level of education. The non-formal learning is less well-defined; in general it means organized training by an organization. Both of the learning manners are characterized by institutional approach. Our study attempts to approach the adult education from the perspective of the participants. We examine the participation rates and details using national statistical data, comparing the formal and non-formal learning from territorial approach.
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