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Sector of Nuclear Energy in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Tomáš Vlček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Belarus is a land locked country bordering with Russian Federation, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. Belarus declared independence at the end of the WWI just to be occupied by Soviet troops shortly after and eventually incorporated to USSR as Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1919. After the Russian-Polish war the country was divided between these two states. The USSR has taken back the Polish part in 1939 and Belarus was not an independent state until July 1990 when Republic of Belarus was created. In 1994, Alexander Lukashenko was elected president of Belarus; he was reelected again for the second term (2001-2006), the third term (2006-2011) and also the fourth term (2011-2016). The election process especially for the fourth term had been criticized as flawed by most EU and OSCE countries. As a result, Lukashenko and his associates are forbidden to travel to EU member countries. Belarus is also very well known for his authoritative leadership (sometimes called as Europe's last dictatorship), oppression and corruption.

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Activities of Rosatom in Asia

Author(s): Hedvika Koďousková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As far as civil nuclear power development is concerned, we identified several diverse groups of players in the Asian market: a) mature countries with their nuclear technology and services export programs (e.g. Japan, South Korea, newly followed by China); b) countries which operate nuclear power plants, but had otherwise limited participation in nuclear sector due to being outside of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (India until 2008, Pakistan); c) newcomers to the sector, who decided to address their rapidly growing energy demand by developing their nuclear power-generating capacity (e.g. Vietnam, Bangladesh, etc.).

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Зеленото бюджетиране като иновативна бюджетна методика – средство за постигане на глобалните климатичните цели

Author(s): James Yolovski / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The innovative budgeting methods are becoming a tool for achieving specific goals related to the impact of organizations on the environment. Green budgeting is a used for achieving environmental goals. Its role in public policy is essential, and the prospects for its application in the private sector are broad as well. However, science and practice in Bulgaria are lagging behind this trend. Thus, it is necessary for the private and the public sector to build expertise and gain experience in the field of green budgeting.

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Приложението на изкуствения интелект и контролът на чистотата на атмосферния въздух

Author(s): Vasil Mitkov Kolev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines the correlation and impact of artificial intelligence on ambient air. Basic principles are laid down in this type of methodology. Attention has also been paid to the impact of dirty air on human health. Different modes of action for a more sustainable and environmentally friendly urban environment are being considered.

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Изкуственият интелект – фактор за развитието на енергийната сигурност на България

Author(s): Ivelina Dimitrova Dimitrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Artificial intelligence has decisive role for the economic development, for the transition from linear to circular economy and for the improvement of the well-being of people worldwide. Artificial intelligence is also closely connected to digitalization, automatization, smart systems, etc. Being everywhere around us, artificial intelligence enters in all sectors of the economy, including the energy sector. It improves economic performance, helps in forecasting and prevention, provides timely information and saves costs. In this sense, artificial intelligence is a valuable instrument also for the development and ensuring of the energy security in Bulgaria. It can be applied in all levels of the energy cycle – the upstream, midstream and downstream stages of production of energy resources, in the energy transport infrastructure, in the energy storage and also in the energy consumption. As a conclusion, it can be said that the timely application of artificial intelligence can reduce energy losses, optimize energy consumption, decrease energy expenses and give accurate and timely information for planning and forecasting.

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Кръговата икономика и нейната роля за обезпечаване на енергийната сигурност на България

Author(s): Ivelina Dimitrova Dimitrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In order to demonstrate how circular economy could contribute to the energy security in Bulgaria, it is important to analyse and explain the model of the circular economy itself. It is also of utmost importance to investigate how this model is planned to be applied in Bulgaria and what are and would be in future its benefits for the energy field. Considered that this is a new economic model, different from the linear economy, which is still diffused all over the world, a definition of circular economy will be offered in the present article. Also, the term energy security and its definition on global and national level will be analysed in details. Once the scientific terms are explained, the interdependency between these concepts will be outlined and analysed with the purpose of demonstrating the positive contribution that circular economy could have for ensuring the energy security in Bulgaria.

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Ekonomik Büyüme, Ticari Açık, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Nüfusun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkilerinin ARDL Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi: Türkiye Üzerine Kanıtlar

Author(s): Tahsin Avcı,Nedim Mercan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Ekonomik büyüme özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonra Neo Liberal politikaların bir getirisi olarak neredeyse tüm ekonomilerin temel hedef politikası olmaktadır. 1980 sonrasında Neo Liberal politikalar ile birlikte büyümeye verilen önem iyice artmakta ve büyümenin pozitif getirilerinin yanında birçok negatif getirisi de olmaktadır. Büyümenin önemi herkes tarafından bilinmektedir. Nitekim büyüme hedeflerine doğru ilerlerken negatif getiriler zamanla önemli çevre sorunlarına neden olduğu görülmektedir. Büyümenin çevreye verdiği tahribat 1990’lara gelindiğinde küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği gibi global sorunlara yol açtığı görülmekte ve ülkelerin gündeminde ilk sırayı almaktadır. Bu süreçten sonra küresel ısınma ve çevre kirliliği gibi insanlığın geleceğini önemli ölçüde etkileyecek olaylara dikkat çekmek ve bunların tahribatını azaltmak için küresel ölçekte çeşitli konferanslar, protokoller ve düzenlemeler hazırlanmaya ve kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır. Fakat ekonomiler kendi büyüme politikalarından vazgeçmemiş ve büyümenin doğa üzerindeki tahribatı giderek artmaya devam etmiştir.

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The Impact of Innovation, Foreign Direct Investments, Trade Openness, Economic Growth on Carbon Emissions in Türkiye

Author(s): Ahmet Kadiroğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main purpose of this study is to examine the current energy economics literature in Türkiye by considering the role of innovations, foreign direct investments, economic growth and trade openness in the function of carbon emissions. In the study using 1994–2020 data, vector error correction model (VECM) and ARDL bounds test methods were used to examine the effects of innovation, trade openness, foreign direct investment, per capita GDP on CO2 emissions. Accordingly, it was concluded that trade openness and GDP per capita are among the variables affecting CO2 emissions in Türkiye. GDP per capita and trade openness affect carbon emissions positively in Türkiye. On the other hand, the relationship between FDI, innovation coefficient and CO2 emission coefficient is not significant at the 5% level. The sign of the coefficient of the predicted foreign direct investment and innovation variable is positive. In line with the findings, it primarily targets the energy consumption model, since economic growth is the primary driving force of the country's economy. Policy makers should turn to practices that encourage the use of renewable energy sources rather than the use of fossil fuels. While transitioning to renewable energy sources, R&D units in the country can be used for the development of renewable energy solutions.

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Potrzeby informacyjne interesariuszy w świetle odmiennych podejść teorii interesariuszy

Author(s): Andrzej Niemiec,Wanda Skoczylas / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The profit paradigm in business declining, replaced by hybrid organizations pursuing profits alongside social and environmental goals. Stakeholders’ involvement and dialogue are vital for the company’s success in this transformation. The objective is to examine the evolving needs of stakeholders in terms of information and their communication expectations in light of two alternative approaches in stakeholder theory: managerial and normative (Gray et al., 1996). The research method employed is a systematic literature review. The dialogic approach in stakeholder management involves engaging stakeholders in the process of defining priority issues and providing relevant information, collaboration, and accommodating changing expectations. The monologic approach is based on providing one-sided scientific knowledge by technical experts, limiting debate and rejecting alternative perspectives. The growing significance of stakeholders generates escalating principal-agent conflict between stakeholders and managers, as well as other capital providers.

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Farming sustainability—interactions of economic, environmental and social dimensions

Author(s): Aleksander Grzelak,Michał Borychowski,Jakub Staniszewski,Anna Matuszczak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The conviction that farm development depends not only on the economic dimension but also on the environment as well as the social dimension, is increasingly widespread. The purpose of this study was to assess the interaction between the economic, social and environmental fields of agricultural activity and to identify cause-and-effect relationships between the aforementioned dimensions on the basis of family farms in Wielkopolska. The study was based on a literature review and the results of surveys conducted among 120 farms in the Wielkopolska region of Poland. Having applied structural equation modelling analysis, the authors discovered that there are significant mutual positive relations between the economic, social and environmental spheres in the analysed farms. Thus, those relationships can be complementary to each other. The presented research indicates the need to always consider agriculture as a broad and complex economic, social and environmental system, as the European Union already does, and to adjust policies according to the region’s peculiarities and its unique features. Simultaneously, one should aim to achieve multiple and diversified goals in agriculture.

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The circular economy implementation in the food system—the life cycle perspective

Author(s): Joanna Witczak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The circular economy concept aims to create value for society and the economy while reducing environmental impacts. The circular economy is based on three principles driven by design—eliminate waste and pollution, circulate products and materials (at their highest value), and regenerate nature. These principles can be applied to the food system, across all aspects of food design, from product concept, through ingredient selection and sourcing, to packaging. In order to assess the environmental load of any process or product in the food system, life cycle based-tools should be applied, since it can be beneficial and has potential for providing a holistic approach. This paper summarises the life cycle-based tools that have potential for complimenting the circular economy implementation in the food system. Based on that, the study identifies the current challenges as well as benefits and life cycle-based tools potential for providing a holistic approach that could strengthen available circular economy solutions.

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Sustainable management of fruit waste production

Author(s): Alfred Błaszczyk,Sylwia Sady,Bogdan Pachołek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main goal of this paper is to review sustainable strategies presented in the literature for managing fruit processing by-products according to the circular economy, which could be useful for companies. In the food processing of fruits, the waste can be utilised directly or indirectly. The direct utilisation of fruit waste does not ensure full valorisation and does not fully minimise the environmental impact. The most sustainable management for the full valorisation of fruit waste according to the circular economy is the indirect utilisation, which requires an energyintensive drying process before the biorefinery approach. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.3 promotes the reduction of food waste and food loss throughout the supply chain to achieve sustainable development by 2030, especially at retail and consumption levels. The fruit processing industry produces large amounts of by-products, mainly removed by landfilling or incineration. However, these methods cause emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia, and release dioxin into the environment. In addition, it causes a loss of valuable biomass and nutrients and an economic loss. The sustainable management of fruit processing by-products is important to reduce the amount of food waste deposited in landfills and to develop strategies through the irreuse for full valorisation and added economic value. The currently proposed biorefinery only focuses on partial valorisation of fruit waste, which is not completely compatible with the closedloop economy framework and economically feasible due to the low-efficiency bioprocesses. Therefore, there is a need for sustainable conception in the biorefinery approach, which can provide full valorisation of fruit waste according to the circular economy.

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Sustainable healthy diets

Author(s): Inga Klimczak,Anna Gliszczyńska-Świgło / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main challenge of our time is, on the one hand, malnutrition or the increasing number of overweight and obese people, and on the other hand, degradation of the environment and natural resources as a result of production. There is an urgent need to promote well-balanced and safe diets that have a low negative impact on the environment, while being culturally acceptable and economically accessible to all. This chapter discusses the concept of a “sustainable healthy diet” in the context of international and national dietary guidelines as well as the environmental impact of production and consumption of selected food groups and types of dietary patterns.

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Energetika ve vnějších vztazích České republiky

Author(s): Lukáš Tichý / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V porovnání s předchozím rokem 2012, kdy se energetická politika EU soustředila např. na problematiku diverzifikace přepravních tras a zdrojů, vytvoření plně liberalizovaného trhu s elektřinou a plynem či jadernou bezpečnost, řešila Evropská unie v roce 2013 vedle těchto témat otázku budoucího směřování v oblasti klimatu a ener-getiky do roku 2030, která by měla přinést zásadní změnu energetického sektoru členských států. Na pozadí tohoto procesu se v roce 2013 pro EU stalo naléhavou prioritou jednak další zvyšování energetických úspor, využívání obnovitelných zdrojů energie (OZE), snižování energetické náročnosti a emisí CO2, ale především vytvoření liberalizovaného, vzájemně propojeného, konkurenceschopného a žádnými dotacemi neregulovaného trhu s energiemi ve snaze snížit energetické náklady v Evropské unii.

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Soubor posterů „Příběh československého uranu“ - návrh doplňkového výukového materiálu

Author(s): Tomáš Dvořák / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Návrh souboru pěti plakátů nabízí didaktické využití prezentace zajímavého a specifického fenoménu uranové těžby k seznámení se s širšími souvislostmi československých dějin v 50. letech 20. století.

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Polityka rachunkowości w zakresie ujawnień dotyczących zrównoważonego rozwoju

Author(s): Ewa Różańska,Łukasz Matuszak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the issue of accounting policy relating to non-financial statements and sustainability reports in the theoretical and practical context, and in particular to redefine it, compare its formulation by EU directives (NRFD and CSRD), evaluate its current implementation on the basis of the NFRD and identifying the challenges of updating it in the light of CSRD among Polish companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The following research methods were used to achieve the purpose formulated in this way: terminological analysis, comparative analysis of regulations and analysis of the content of source documents. The research sample covered 258 reports (statements) on non-financial information for 2020 and 2021 published by 129 companies. It was found that both directives allow for some freedom of choice regarding the extent and place of disclosures, although the requirements of the NFRD in these areas are much more flexible. Companies willingly use the solutions allowed by the NFRD relating to the use of various standards, including own standards and two options for placing information (in the management report or in a separate report). In addition, the vast majority of companies applied selected standards on a continuous basis and consistently made disclosures in the same place. 10% of companies did not comply with the obligation to disclose information on the applied standards. The companies, along with the replacement of the current regulations by the CSRD, will be obliged to apply the ESRS and thus will face the challenge of developing, applying and disclosing the policy and its changes adopted in the preparation and presentation of the sustainability report. It will be a great difficulty to implement the adopted principles in a relatively short time, especially for companies without experience in using a comprehensive reporting methodology. The study was limited by the short time horizon and the narrowing of the sample to Polish companies. The chapter contributes to filling a significant gap in the accounting literature in three ways: by redefining the concept of accounting policy, providing empirical evidence on the current state of translating the macro-policy created by the NFRD into micro-policies of companies and identifying challenges for these companies related to shaping (selecting, applying and disclosing) of their internal policies in the context of the upcoming changes introduced by CSRD. The study therefore has theoretical implications that contribute to the emerging debate on accounting policies in the area of non-financial disclosures regarding sustainability. The results of the study also have practical implications for preparers of reporting policy in this area, as well as implications for future research on the determinants and potential impacts of the adopted policy.

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Пенсионните фондове във фокуса на зелените инвестиции

Author(s): Milena Beneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Implementation of environmental, social and governance factors into the investment process is often defined as the "new normal" or as a "point of no returns". Europe is a leading region in sustainable and responsible investing and the extremely dynamic EU legislation in this area has the potential to strengthen the leadership role of the continent. Many pension funds incorporate extrafinancial factors into their investment process, convinced that they generate benefits for their members and beneficiaries, as well as for nature. This paper aims to analyze the investment policy of voluntary pension funds in Bulgaria in the context of a sustainable and responsible approach.

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German Energy Policy – New Challenges in Times of War

Author(s): Knut Abraham / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The European citizen expect from the German economy to become a proof of concept for the real energy transformation process, migrating from fossil power generation and nuclear power plants to a carbon neutral energy industry. By the utilization of the vision for the Green Deal in Europe – ending nuclear, coal and gas energy use simultaneously is an ambitious approach. It is nevertheless the obligation of the decision makers to preserve our planet and solve the imminent threat posed by climate change. Germany’s new government imperatively has to find answers on how to secure supply, limit the economic impact of this transition and diversify our energy sources throughout Europe. Tendencies – especially among the currently governing party, the Greens – to reject certain options out of pure ideology must be overcome in order to find the best solutions. The following overview is focused on the critical processes in the German economic model related to the post-COVID and Ukraine crisis and the response needed to remain on course towards the green transition.

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Инициативата „Три морета“ като отговор на икономическите и геополитическите предизвикателства

Author(s): Dilyana Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Three Seas Initiative is a political project, launched in 2016 by twelve European member states of the European Union, which share a close geographical location, historical and political development and face similar economic, political and social challenges. The article presents the concept, priorities and development of the Initiative, confirms the relevance of the agreed goals, as well as the contribution for development of the countries from Central and East Europe and the European Union in the fields of energy, infrastructure and digital inter-connectivity.

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Aquatic Food Consumption in Southeastern Europe: Trade and Sustainability Dimensions

Author(s): Aleksandar Shivarov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Consumption of aquatic food has increased worldwide in recent decades. Although most countries in Southeastern Europe have a much lower per capita demand for fish and fishery products compared with global and European levels, they are following the general trends. Domestic production is insufficient to meet existing demand, and the region is integrated into the global seafood market. The paper outlines the links between human consumption of aquatic organisms in the region and the global seafood trade. The supply of internationally sourced products has environmental impacts beyond the countries studied, raising questions about the sustainability of the sector and its environmental footprint. The study also examines the gap between domestic supply and demand for seafood and its impact on the region’s trade and environmental position.

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