Nauka i wiedza w ludycznym spektaklu w przestrzeniach współczesnego miasta

Author(s): Ryszard Kantor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

A contemporary consumption society has become the society of fun, which means that fun and entertainment are playing a more and more important role in its culture. A social range and availability of forms of fun broaden. A number of its forms and places of realization grows. Fun is given more and more time, especially in city conglomerations. Among the areas of a socio cultural life one can also find the ones that, as some researchers believe, are strongly placed in the sphere of seriousness. These cover science and knowledge. According to the author, also these spheres of life are not free from the ludic pressure. Innumerable festivals, fairs, science fairs and days, taking place in closed spaces, but also in the open air of a contemporary university city, compete with one another in a ludic presentation of science and knowledge. A symbiosis of fun, science and knowledge seems to be a perfect realization of the idea: to teach entertaining, to entertain teaching. However, it raises certain doubts. The author of the article quotes the warnings, among others, by Neil Postman, who believes that such a light, easy and pleasurable ludic education does not give a reliable and deep knowledge. The education, and knowledge gain should not be an entertainment, but also a hard work. A belief becoming more and more common in the society that everything that is worth familiarising with may or even should take on the form of entertainment, is disastrous and typical of the times when the sphere of seriousness and fun intermingled almost completely.

Miasto jako wartość rzeczywista i autoteliczna na przykładzie Żarek w powiecie myszkowskim

Author(s): Maria Żarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

Żarki is a city which until the beginning of the World War II was inhabited and cocreated by two nationalities, that of Poles and Jews. A joint business allowed for easing arising conflicts and fostering its development. An agreeable co existence of the community in Żarki was based on following certain rules of behaviour. Contemporary inhabitants of Żarki connected to the city for generations show a strong identification with many areas of the city space. The knowledge of the city and its inhabitants is transmitted in families. A family tradition allows for moving in familiar spaces. Only a person having multi generational origins in the city knows its all areas and understands proper names, as well as differentiates the nicknames and street names which do not exist any longer. A special behaviour of people generationally connected to the city is observed in such places as church and cemetery, where certain groups were given an allocated space. The incoming people constitute a different category in the process of identification with the city. They came here in search of work and treated the city in an instrumental way. The process of becoming settled into the city was not easy. The incoming people were often isolated. The integration was difficult and slow. New inhabitants contribute to the creation of several estates where they built their own houses, which gives them the sense of self value. Currently, certain differences in behaviour between people coming from Żarki and those incoming are still visible. However, living next to one another extorts joint actions, such as the restoration of a historic barn. The very enterprise is called “Kupiecki Sąsiek” and gathers local artists on market days.

Zapomniane "sacrum" - cmentarze ludności niemieckiej i żydowskiej jako problem społeczno-kulturowy współczesnego miasta

Author(s): Jacek Grzywa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

In the Christian culture, a cemetery is a special place, a memory place of those who died, a place symbolically marked with specific forms of small architecture, sculpture, engraved in the stone of an often poetical informative documentary transcription. It is a unique place, protected with a centuries old tradition and common respect, but also law agreements. The landscape of Polish cities involves historical necropolis of other beliefs or ethnic minorities. The centuries old tradition of Polish tolerance facilitated the creation of a special cultural symbiosis based on the co existence of ethnic minorities or ethnic groups in the space of the Polish cities. They left precious monuments of the material and sacred culture. The process of social and cultural spacious changes in the contemporary Polish cities also concerns the small cemetery architecture. On the one hand, one can observe its enrichment, and, on the other hand, destruction, especially in old, less known cemetery spaces. Many monuments, including cemeteries, have not survive up till now. The very article is documentary in nature and presents the author’s observations on the cemeteries of German and Jewish people within the period of a few last years, their history and the current state, situated in the landscape of Polish cities. The studies covered some of the places in the Silesian, Lower Silesian, Małopolska, Świętokrzyskie, Lubuskie and Zachodniopomorskie voivodship.

Elementy rustykalne w przestrzeni miasta - wierność tradycji czy komercyjne działania wolnego rynku?

Author(s): Barbara Pabian / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

The subject of reflection constitutes the condition of the traditional heritage of the peasant’s culture and its place in the contemporary culture of Częstochowa. In the space of this city, the trend for the folk character, going beyond not only the sphere of the advertisement of public life, but also permeating into the family tradition and traditional behaviours has been recently recognised. For example, The Days of The European Folk Culture connected with Jasna Góra Harvest Festival, the National Farm Exhibition, the National Contest of the Folk Art, presentation of the national and foreign folk bands, shows of the works of folk authors, taking into account the “dying professions”, as well as a sale of regional products, the agricultural produce, farm preserves, take place during the first September weekend from the initiative of the Gaude Mater Culture Promotion Centre. A large popularity in the urban environment is ascribed to the so called peasant (homemade) buffets prepared for the second day of the wedding, Fresh pickled cucumbers with a dill, lard with pork scratchings, a traditional ham with a bone, rural paste, brawn, black, a round loaf of bread and even spirit samogon are served at that time. Decorations of the surrounding are made of the attributes commonly associated with a village, such as a plait of garlic or onion, a cluster of dried herbs and mushrooms. Also, the appropriate containers in the form of stone small barrels, clay bowls and plates, ceramic containers, wooden scoops and chopping boards are used. The inhabitants of the city, used to live in rural conditions, are willing to go to distant places, folk stylized hotels and restaurants in which they can find a substitute of ruralness. Waiters wearing pseudo folk clothes serve there the dishes of regional cuisine. Everything takes place in rustic interiors, the sounds of melody and folk songs recorded or played alive by the folk bands and groups. The very stylizations are usually the effect of the owner’s or designer’s vision. They most often constitute a mixture of the elements borrowed from the culture of different regions (most often from Podhale) or the adaptation of the elements of the culture of another, often distant, region. In such a situation the questions on the nature of such actions arise. Is the permeation of given rustic elements into the urban space the result of the dynamics of the social awareness, filled with values deeply rooted in the culture of the countryside, also the attempt to continue the tradition or the a reflection of a temporary trend promoted on the series of commercial actions? The author of the article made an attempt to analyse the place of the urban cultural heritage in the contemporary urban environment.

Między galerią handlową, ratuszem i bazyliką. Miejsca charakterystyczne centrów śląskich miast w percepcji społecznej

Author(s): Krzysztof Bierwiaczonek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

The centre can be considered one of the most universal categories in human thought. In the context of the city one can say that the centre is one of the spacious archetypes. In European cities of a long duration, centres have been determined by market squares, being economically and symbolically significant, as well as connected with power. Among those who paid attention to it were Aleksander Wallis, Bohdan Jałowiecki, Charles Landry, Leon Dyczewski, whose conceptions constitute a theoretical basis of this article. The empirical part of the text presents selected findings of sociological studies conducted in five Silesian cities, both those having a traditional central space with the market square (Rybnik, Bytom) and the ones which do not have such a centre (Tychy, Ruda Śląska). The attention was focused on those elements of the centre which in a social perception are regarded to be important. The studies show that the repertoire of places important in the centre of various cities is very similar. What dominates are places connected with the sacred, power and new spaces of the sacred and entertainment. What differs, however, is the quality of these places. Market squares still play an important part in the social perception. The market square and its closest surroundings in Rybnik are an example of a cultural area in the sense given to it by Aleksander Wallis. The cities which do not have market squares, on the other hand, are clearly deprived of attractive public spaces.

Trzymając telewizyjnego pilota czy ściskając kierownicę roweru? Sposoby spędzania czasu wolnego w przestrzeni miasta późnonowoczesnego n.p. Katowic

Author(s): Andrzej Górny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

The present time can be defined by means of the epoch of choices. The contemporary reality is amazingly pluralist in all practical dimensions of life. In modern societies we also deal with a particular paradox with respect to time — on the one hand, it is organized according to an objective academic model and, on the other, it splits into different time cultures every day. A new selected sphere of human time, leisure time, undergoes division. What appears are new needs and, at the same time, institutions which satisfy them in a different way: a service, educational and recreational one. The former homogenous human action is being split into many separated and isolated “times”. Considering the issue of free time from the sociological perspective, it is legitimate to assume that ways of spending leisure time are inscribed into fairly visible cultural patterns which within years are subject to dynamics. It is their identification in reference to the social space of Katowice that became the subject matter of the very article. It presents the results of the studies conducted in July and August 2007 on the sample of 492 adult inhabitants of Katowice. In the context of the issues dealt with, several questions arise: How do inhabitants of Katowice use their free time? Do the forms connected with the physical activity or rather passive rest dominate? How much time do they devote to the Internet and television? What is the activeness of the respondents in their free time when it comes to culture? As a predominant analytical perspective served an attempt to answer the question if the changes connected with a more and more common trend on the so called healthy lifestyle or a growing pressure on the creation of the cultural wealth, also affect the ways of spending leisure time. In view of a big social, economic and spacious diversification, the area of Katowice is extremely interesting research area of the very problem among the contemporary inhabitants of a big city.

Stygmaty marginalizacji i wykluczenia w środowisku wielkiego miasta - na przykładzie Katowic

Author(s): Maria Świątkiewicz-Mośny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

Stigmas are clear, irrational, emotional, provoking signs also thought of as a taint. People are marked with it. They mark the space. The source of stigma may be, according to Goffman, the origins, features of character or looks. The taint is not always connected with a deviant action, rule abuse and norm violation. Not each difference causes rejection; only the one which is noticed and unaccepted by the social audience. The mechanism of stigmatization in the big city environment goes from the space to its inhabitants. A marked space, forbidden district mark the inhabitants, sentencing them to rejection. Richness ghettos are formed next to poverty ghettos. This space marks as well. The very article discusses stigmas of the cultural foreignness, origins, differences because of illness or life style. The author makes an attempt to answer the question of the features the stigma must have to exist as such in the social awareness, especially among the inhabitants of the contemporary city. The results of the sociological studies conducted in Katowice allow for making a statement that the exclusion of marked people from city celebration, its conveniences and entertainments causes marginalization of individuals and whole groups. The big city space excludes the poor, the unemployed, the homeless, the sick, people of different looks, customs, traditions, natures. They become marked with the tint of otherness. What is also marked is the space of the part of the city inhabited by them in the awareness of its other inhabitants.

Przestrzeń kulturowa i społeczna miasta jako problem badawczy

Author(s): Irena Bukowska-Floreńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

Mass migrations to industrial cities progressing with the development of different categories of industries in Polish cities, an extensive development of Silesian mines, steelworks and industrial production connected to them, made the rural people, coming here after the World War II with their own cultural baggage become labour workers, gain qualifications, take on and create new cultural patterns. The situation of the countryside so far investigated by the ethnologists was changing that is why the beginnings of the Polish ethnological studies on the cultural and social space of the city, already started in the 1960s, concern the observation of the process of its urbanization and history of rural people settling in cities. The researchers first started to observe the change of migrants; cultural patterns and the attitude of the city to ruralness and the other way round. They examined, above all, the culture of labour communities which absorbed the groups of newcomers or held their own folk industrial culture created in the course of the development of urban tecgnical civilization. Such stud¬ies were conducted in Upper Silesia, Lodz, Zyrardów, Warsaw, Konin and other cities. With time, the studies on the cultural and social problems of the cities spread, deepen and specify. What caused that constituted, above all, the studies conducted in Lodz, where the researchers aimed at defining the subject and methodological assumptions of the studies on big city commu¬nity. As a result, the knowledge on the cultural tradition of labourers from Lodz and their families was collected. Hierarchies of values, social life in a given space of living (a tenement), which is an intermediary space for man, between a social wide and the place of his/her own existence. The cities and suburban areas, with a created cultural specificity, were dealt with by Silesian researchers who extended the very subject matter by the notions within the scope of the ecology of culture. The proc¬esses of cultural adaptation to the conditions formed in the former rural environment, in villages around industrial factories, determined here not only the subject matter, but also a research strategy, going beyond the method of a monographic and integrative description traditional for ethnologists. Thus, remaining it initially, it was gradually enriched by a multiaspectual and diagnostic way of inquir¬ies, allowing for not only getting to know the origins of the reality examined and its classification, but also its importance for the existence and needs of the city community, for shaping the way and life style, social norms, for the system of values, mechanisms of the functioning of the contemporary city.

"Ładne to miasto jest!" Prolegomena do badań nad estetyką miasta

Author(s): Kinga Czerwińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

The issues of aesthetic values of city space have so far been the interest of urbanists, architects or aestheticians and rarely ethnologies despite the fact that the discipline has been dealing with the subject matter of the city and urbanness for years. An attempt to find the answer to the question: What decides on our positive or negative reception of an industrial space and to what an extent do aesthetic values shape it? constitute the subject matter of the article. The space which surrounds us, shapes psychophysical attitudes of individuals, which influences its contacts with the society in which it functions. High aesthetic values of the city give rise to and decide on the dynamics of interactions taking place here, increase the need of identification and sense of community, especially important among the inhabitants. They also condition the attitudes of newcomers and tourists, which may decide on its development. At the same time, the ugliness of the city brings about negative effects, causes frustration, alienation, or even aggression of individuals as well as de orientation of the group. Aesthetic values of the city space depend on the natural environment in which the city (the lie of the land, river) is inscribed, from the structure and building and street plan, especially on a clearly indicated centre — the market square, finally from the compilation of colour, chiaroscuro model, small architecture forms which “furnish” the city, the greenery and people. An important place is given here to the advertisement and reflections of the so called street art.

Nordycka koncepcja rozwoju miast, czyli o zarządzaniu przestrzenią miejską na przykładzie Finlandii, Szwecji i Islandii

Author(s): Monika Banaś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

The article deals with the issue of creating and managing the urban space in Nordic countries. On the basis of three countries of the Nordic area, three conceptions of urbanist arrangement, assuming the satisfaction of the needs of a contemporary inhabitant, as well as the one who will appear here within the period of next 10—15 years were presented. The experiences of Finnish, Swedish and Icelandic urbanists serve as a demonstration of deep in thought and thoroughly planned actions modeling the shape and functioning of cities. Although the Nordic urban space development conceptions, taking into account a different geographical and historio cultural context, are different for each of the countries, they have a few features in common. The first of them is a futuristic perspective without neglecting the present day needs. The second consists in the care of the environment, revealing itself in the endeavours to inscribe the city into the natural environment. The third one, on the other hand, boils down to the care of the psycho physical hygiene of the inhabitants. Particular country variants contribute to a joint Nordic model of arranging the urban space, look¬ing after and watching over its appropriate development. The Nordic model of city development and urban tissue creation, in its national variants, creates a specific philosophy of the city, and different to such an extent that it visibly stands out from the patterns of the continental Europe.

HERBAL LANDSCAPE: THE PERCEPTION OF LANDSCAPE AS A SOURCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Author(s): Raivo Kalle,Renata Sõukand / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2010

This contribution investigates the idea of herbal landscape, associated with a personal perception of landscape as a source of materia medica. The herbal landscape can be divided into specific smaller units according to several natural and cultural boundaries. This explains why the original knowledge of plants gleaned by one set of inhabitants may be clearly distinguished from that of close neighbors. The natural boundaries are, for example, the habitat (community) and geographical range limit of plants. Cultural boundaries, for example, constitute the cultural space that influences people, the peculiarity of a given language, and the availability of education, popular books and other media regarding plant use. Nevertheless, Estonian natural herbal culture can be viewed as one large-scale herbal landscape.

Сказки: Наблюдения върху боята на очите, косата и кожата у ученици и войници в България.

Author(s): Stefan Vatev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1899

Осмият международен славистичен конгрес и проблемите на фолклористиката

Author(s): Radost Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1979

Водици и водични песни от с. Добърско, Разложко

Author(s): Kostadin Dinchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1979

С пет въпроса при Филип Кутев

Author(s): Yonka Velcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1979

Научно изследване върху взаимодействията между апокрифната литература и фолклора

Author(s): Stefana Stoykova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1979

Българска фолклористична литература за 1978 г.

Author(s): Stoyanka Boyadzhieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1979

Никола Вапцаров и българската народна песен

Author(s): Petar Dinekov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1979

This article was written in connection with the seventieth anniversary of the birth of the great Bulgarian revolutionary poet Nikola Vaptsarov, who fell in the antifascist struggle (1942). The question of the role of folklore in the poet's creative development is posed in it. A number of facts are cited, which are evidence of the lasting interest taken by Vaptsarov in Bulgarian folk-songs. The literary impact of the Bulgarian poets, whose work developed in close connection with the art of folklore is also pointed out. This was particularly strong in the poetry of P.K. Yavorov who, among other things, was a close friend and comrade-in-arms of the poet's father in the revolutionary struggles. Nikola Vaptsarov was convinced that the creators of socialist realistic literature should be well-acquainted with folklore. His poetry is a good example in this respect. The folklore elements which Vaptsarov makes skilful use of in his revolutionary poems are traced in the article.

Фолклорни експедиции в Московския държавен университет

Author(s): Elena At. Tomova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1979

Фолклористични издания на немски език

Author(s): Donka Petkanova-Toteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1979