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Inside the New Europe, proposed to reorganize based on cosmic principles instead of some arbitrary decisions, it’s possible to create five administrative-territorial unities, with grouping of the existent national states, -enclaves and –exclaves, of which functioning follows a damped harmonic oscillator model, taking part in the forming Eurasian Continental Unity. The Carpathian Chain being the terrestrial projection of the Constellation Draco/Dragon, with the included Ecliptic Centre represented by the Rosia Poieni Peak in the West-Carpathians, results of course the forming around it the Central-East European Territory, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the North, the Mediterranean Sea to the South, the Black Sea and the rivers Nistru-Bug to the East, and by the limits of the Central-West European Territory (former German-Roman Empire) to the West, with which together are forming the New Central Europe, surrounded by the West-, North- and East-European Territories, each of them with Northern- and Southern parts. Thus, the Central-East European Territory, called DRAKYA according to the Constellation, is separated by the river Danube-Drava in North-Drakya=DAKYA and South-Drakya=TRAKYA. DAKYA is relatively simple to realize, extending the V4 Association of Czech-land, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary with ROMANIA and MOLDOVA, respectively including the intercalated small teritories, but TRAKYA is more difficult to border inside the Mediterranean Sea. The coordinating centre of DAKYA results of course by cosmic criteria, through realizing of the new spatial town ROSIA POIENI, with residential and agreement zones on the surface, and with production and communal services in the depth, including a transatomic work too. A similar coordinating centre is possible to realize in TRAKYA at the Olympos Mountain, which is the projection of the Thuban, first star of the Constellation. In this conception, the functioning of the whole system is proposed with a periodicity of 5 years, started in 2020 with DRAKYA and TRAKYA, and from 2030 following with our western neighbours, and in order the West-, North- and East-European territorial ones, so in the next 100 years will be functioning the complete system with its mechanism based on equality, equilibrium and harmony, making certain the long-term evolution, after 2120 in cicles of 30 years. This transition from the „bulk” or atomized Europe to the proposed new structure, coincides with a transition process to a higher level of our consciousness, through a cosmic thought in general, inclusive in our renewed architectural and urbanistic thinking. In Europe’s restructuring based on cosmic principles, after their outside positions, ROMANIA and MOLDOVA will have a central position and coordinating role, with the possibility to catch up – or exceed – the more advanced European countries, restructuring their slender infrastructure and settlement network, as a result of their better situation in the domain of resources. In the realizing process of this grandious programme, a prime role will have the institution INCD-URBAN-INCERC, with its complex profile, able to coordinate on long term
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The author publishes some new recently obtained and analyzed data related to historical topography of a Golden Horde city of Ukek. He specifically examines history of field research on the Uvek Hillfort, which dates back to 90s of 19 th c. His special focus in examining natural and geographic factors is on peculiar local topography affected by some landslides, as well as on a high hill with a flat top (the Uvek Mount), which gave the name to the city — Ukek, from a Mongolian word meaning ‘plateau’. Changes in landscape caused by either natural or anthropogenic factors are also assessed. New data on fortifications and hydraulic structures of the hillfort, a rich estate, a hammam, kilns and a mausoleum are also published and discussed in the article.
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The author discusses features of the Middle Volga region historical development in the second half of the 14th to first half of 15th c., in the Golden Horde decline period. The specificity of the three climatic zones of the Middle Volga region, which determined the economic structure and the originality of the population’s material culture, is taken into account. Following the economic boom and the growing number of urban and rural settlements in the first half of the 14th century, a decline and urban life degradation are traced later, as well as the population migration to the north due to military conflicts and climatic changes. On the other hand, new settlements, cities included, emerged in the Middle Volga in the late 14th to first half of the 15th century as a result of the influx of the Golden Horde servicemen, the Volga Finns and the Russians. In the first half of the 15th century, independent Tatar fiefdoms, or beilyaks are established here, and simultaneously prerequisites for the emergence of independent states — Kasimov and Kazan Khanates — are formed.
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The fundamental goal in approaching multimodality in transport is to integrate all modes of transport in an optimal, sustainable and ethical system. The implementation of intermodal services in the field of tourism will contribute to the increase of travel options, as well as to the provision of comfortable services, while increasing the efficiency of the transport system as a whole. The objective of the research is to identify and evaluate efficient IT solutions for calculating travel times in the integrated combined transport system of national road and rail infrastructure and the forecast demand in the field of public transport of people to tourist destinations. The proposed methodologies for defining IT solutions are based on the use of Geographic Information Systems, both in vector format corroborated with data on general transit specifications (GTFS) and in raster format by creating a continuous cost surface model, using all transport nodes.
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The aim of the research is to identify how the participation of local communities influences the planning process of green infrastructure both at urban and regional level. For that, the existing connections between concepts such as participation, civil society, participatory planning/co-participation - on one side - and the urban planning process / the planning of urban green space and green infrastructures - on the other side - were researched. The actors of participatory urban planning were identified, especially the groups of local actors, involved in green infrastructure planning, as well as the new type of citizen participation through forms of collective action and protests aimed at city development and its local environmental issues. The types of approaches and barriers that occur in participatory planning, and how the community can get involved in the design and planning of ecological networks were presented. The channels through which the inhabitants of the city can get involved in urban design in general and in the case of urban green infrastructure, in particular, with the help of new technologies and online applications, such as VGI, were also researched. One of the conclusions is that participatory planning can improve the quality of urban planning through different approaches. However, regarding the involvement of the community and various social groups in the planning of green infrastructure, the results show, surprisingly, that it is recommended that designers consider the participation of certain stakeholders and a strategy for their participation. Another conclusion is that the involvement of citizens in the planning of urban projects is facilitated by new technologies and online applications and that data from social media give citizens the opportunity to get more involved to protect the environment in which they live and therefore these data can thus be used in a transparent and democratic participatory process.
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Development regulations are organizational tools and basis for shaping the character of current cities and the form of its development. The efficiency of these regulations, their inclusiveness and flexibility, in addition to their ability to adapt to the needs of the present and future, directly affects the shape and quality of the built environment. The paper discusses conventional development regulations used today, from a critical point of view, and presents form-based codes as an alternative to the former, conducting a comparative study between both types of regulations. Finally, the research recommends taking advantage of form-based codes in creating meaningful places and not just buildings.
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Based on the proGIreg case study, the potential use of neighbourhood-based nature-based solutions for urban regeneration is presented. The classification of the specific solutions of the project (compared to other classifications) will be presented, together with the critical conclusions on why NBS are relevant for the emerging new concept/approach of Biophilic Urbanism. One of the results of the applied research project is the Replication Toolkit - which aims to facilitate the implementation of Nature-based solutions for other cities. The Replication Toolkit contains a set of recommendations for the strategic component of urban regeneration of post-industrial neighbour-hoods, but also for the operational component of concrete implementation of solutions.
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The research provides an overview of the stages taken for the development process in a hierarchical manner, in the city of Lattakia, Syria. It mentions the stage number, name, tasks, the party responsible, and tools. Research will also review the laws and regulations related to planning, organization and development in Syria in general and the city of Lattakia in particular, following the descriptive approach. Then the research will evaluate the efficiency of the development mechanism and the laws and regulations, using the descriptive analytical approach, then will come up with several recommendations, which will raise the efficiency of the development mechanism, also laws and regulations in the urban field.
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The integration of nature in urban cities is part of ancient planning. Its role was limited to relaxation, leisure and health, but this concept has evolved rapidly in recent years with the emergence of ecosystem services in the light of a green infrastructure approach. Researchers have become increasingly interested in this concept recently with the aim of improving the quality of life of inhabitants in particular by identifying ecosystems that provide economic, social, and environmental services in order to ensure the sustainability of the city. Our research goal is to know these services in order to meet the challenges of sustainable urban development.
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Příspěvek si klade za cíl pokusit se o konstrukci teoretických základů vinařského cestovního ruchu v kontextu venkovského cestovního ruchu v prostředí teorie a praxe českého cestovního ruchu a na základě analytické komparace moravských vinařských podoblastí Znojemska a Slovácka deklarovat základy jejich konkurenčních výhod.
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Along with the economic and social dimension, achieving ecological stability is one of the three dimensions of sustainable development. The aim of this research is to evaluate the status of research and practice in the field of green / urban green infrastructure, to find out the level of interest on this topic highlighted in recently scientific publications, what is the relation with other themes and what are these areas, and what is current state of acquired knowledge. Green infrastructure, urban green infrastructure and nature-based solutions are current topics that can be found both in European Union policies and documents and, increasingly, in international scientific publications. The number of references in publications on Google Scholar shows, on the one hand, that the maximum interest in this topic was reached in 2018-2019, and on the other hand, that there is still an increased interest in green / urban green infrastructure in connection with the following other topics: urban planning, public health, climate change adaptation, public participation, local governance, nature-based solutions, ecosystem services, metropolitan areas, social equity and environmental justice, biodiversity, GIS and remote sensing, and the Covid-19 pandemic. The analysis of scientific articles, books and reports from the last five years shows that urban green infrastructure is a subject of a multi- and trans- disciplinary nature. As for the current state of knowledge, scientific publications agree that a hybrid green-grey infrastructure can help avoiding possible conflicts in the context of urban space. Also, more and more attention is paid to inclusive planning and governance, for a balanced distribution of urban green infrastructure. Recent research shows that nature-based solutions should be integrated into urban planning and that policies should be created to stimulate the use of green urban infrastructure models through nature-based solutions.
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From the ancient times, the Una valley (along with that of River Vrbas) was an important traffic and communication route connecting Pannonia and the eastern Adriatic, and it maintained this crucial function throughout the Middle Ages. This favourable geostrategic position led to the foundation of settlements in the Una valley during the medieval period, including the towns of Dubica, Kostajnica, Vodičevo, Zrin, Otoka, Krupa, Ostrožac, and Bihać, which were built at a distance of around 30 kilometres on the average, which was a day of journey for the merchants’ caravans.
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When discussing Vinodol’s past, one must keep in mind the antiquity of this geographic region, which becomes evident at the very first glance – the clear shape of the valley that stretches from Križišće towards the southeast, surrounded in north and south by mountains belonging to the Bitoraj-Viševica massif. At the same time, one should keep in mind that this geographical situation of Vinodol does not entirely correspond to the former Vinodol municipalities or towns. As it is known, the term “Vinodol towns” includes eight municipalities from Trsat in the northwest to Ledenice in the southeast, which together with Novi (Vinodolski) sums up to the nine towns of medieval Vinodol.
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The paper focuses on analysis and comparison of two types of sources (selected late antique and medieval narrative sources as well as late medieval charters on purchase, sale, exchange, pawning, donation and perambulation of estates) referring to forests in the region between the Sava and Drava rivers. The aim is to detect and present which types of data on forests can be found in late antique and medieval narrative sources (of western/Latin and eastern/Greek provenance) and in late medieval documents, particularly in perambulation records. Through the analysis of narrative sources, the paper also endeavours to detect how much and what the writers knew about the forests, whether their knowledge was based on their personal experience, on acquired information or on the knowledge of literature; consequently what they have to say could simply be construed as a direct transfer of identical data and formulations from earlier literature references. Late medieval documents should for instance show the importance of the forests and trees in the determination of boundaries, which sorts of trees could be found in forests of the region between the Sava and Drava rivers, as well as what forests meant to the population of that time. The analyzed narrative sources offer too few information that is directly related to forests in the region between the Sava and Drava rivers. The exception is Claudian who makes the only explicit mention of forests in the region, and apparently in its eastern part, the former Roman province of Second Pannonia (Pannonia Secunda). However, given the panegyric character of his poem, his description has primarily symbolic power and is also quite general. On the contrary, Sextus Aurelius Victor was for a while governor of the Second Pannonia, and his remark about immense forests of Pannonias carries a greater weight as an eyewitness account.
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At the time of its greatest expansion, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Ottoman Empire comprised the lower half of the land between the Drava and the Sava, previously part of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom. During the second half of the 16th century, the balance of power on that section of the new Ottoman border was established between the Ilova and Česma rivers, tributaries of the Sava, where a frontier zone was created, dividing the conquered parts (organized as Pakrac and Požega sanjaks) on the eastern side from the unconquered land (Croatia-Slavonia, as part of the Habsburg Empire) on the western side. There was no formal boundary line but rather a belt of “no man’s land”, a mostly depopulated stretch of land between the Drava and the Sava, which was from both sides carefully guarded by the crews of border fortresses. Through the use of written and subsequently also cartographic sources the author tries to show how this in the Middle Ages densely populated and economically well-developed area of the old Križevci and Virovitica counties became transformed into a deserted land where natural forces restored the primacy over the activities of human society. This “return to nature” manifested itself in the first place through unlimited growth of vegetation and ultimately natural reforestation – the growth of new forests throughout a relatively wide “march” or frontier zone. The Ottoman conquests in this area reached their limits in 1552 with the taking of important towns and fortresses of Virovitica near the Drava and of Čazma on the Česma river. The conquerors quickly established a new sanjak named Začasna after the medieval Croatian name of Čazma, Začesan or Začesemje (all forms meaning ‘beyond the Česma river’). However, they abandoned Čazma as soon as 1559 and moved the center of the sanjak to Pakrac, nearly 60 kilometers to the east. After the Slavonian-Turkish frontier zone finally stabilized around 1560, there were many episodes of the Kleinkrieg across the stretch of „no man’s land“ until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Turkish raids were certainly more frequent, but the Christian side repaid them in kind on a number of occasions. The organization of defense on the Slavonian side included the use of the abatis early on. In its decrees of 1562, the Croatian-Slavonian Sabor required the closing by barriers of river passes and the construction of wooden obstacles (resecandae indagines) at appropriate places. From then on, sources regularly refer to the use of abatis (indagines in Latin and Verhack or Waldverhack in German language texts) made by felling the trees in forested areas.
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In the second half of the 16th century, when the Požega area was under Ottoman rule, Hadži Mehmed-aga, a local strongman, was the owner of huge chestnut forests, exporting the nuts to adjacent Ottoman provinces. Numerous chestnut forests could be found throughout the Požega area as well as in the area around Orahovica, hence it is possible that other Ottoman lords cultivated and traded in chestnuts or merely sold them to Hadži Mehmed-aga. Požega was, during the Ottoman rule, a developed trading centre of the Sanjak of Pojega with a rich social life in which the Požega confectioners played a central role. Since the provincial centres such as Požega took the social life of the Ottoman centre as a role model, it can be assumed that the Požega populace also consumed chestnuts and used them in the preparation of their food, the confectioners and their products playing a major role. It is unknown whether this situation from the 16th century continued into the 17th century. It might be possible that the descendants of Hadži Mehmed-aga and other entrepreneurs of the Požega area and the Orahovica area continued to cultivate and export chestnuts; however no records have yet been found. It is likely that the cultivation of chestnuts during the 17th century declined due to the cold during the Little Ice Age. On the other hand, the increasing cultivation of crop plants such as potatoes and corn might have decreased the importance of chestnuts in the nutrition of the Požega area populace. In any event, in conclusion, the Ottoman Požega area of the 16th century, and probably at a later date, was characterized by a lively environment and an abundant everyday life where entrepreneurial-minded individuals knew how to utilize forest potentials, the potentials of chestnuts in particular.
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The corpus of literary texts interpreted, poetically and according to genre heterogeneous, came into being between 1762 and 1911: Sveta Rožalija, Antun Kanižlić (1759/1780); Satir iliti divji čovik, Matija Antun Relković (1762); Jesenski plodovi, Matija Petar Katančić (1791); Kolo gorah, Oto Šiaković (1851/1862); Slavonska šuma Josip Kozarac (1888); Jankovo ljetovanje, Franjo Ciraki (1905); Rasap, Josip Kosor (1906); Đuka Begović, Ivan Kozarac (1911) and refers to specific geographically defined woodland areas in Slavonia. Lowland wooded areas are analysed as literary landscapes into which the writers inscribed various subjective and socially conditioned meanings, values, emotions, empirical knowledge as well as worldviews. The designation of woods as a dominant natural surface cover was observed within the experience of nature, culture and the society and its degree of reference to non-literary reality covers natural, cultivated and literary space. The aim of this paper is to define and interpret forests as literary landscapes diachronically and to determine them as complex entities expressing their complexity in multiformity and stratification. By using advances in cultural and literary geography, particularly qualitative analyses, in the above corpus the woodland is described, interpreted, systemized and in conclusion it is shown that the depictions of woodland were historical and depended on literary-evolutionary tendencies.
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