Digesta po polsku
A review of the first four volumes of the edition and Polish translation of Justinian’s Digest done by Tomasz Palmirski and a team under his guidance. The volumes contain books I–XXVII.
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A review of the first four volumes of the edition and Polish translation of Justinian’s Digest done by Tomasz Palmirski and a team under his guidance. The volumes contain books I–XXVII.
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Když v březnu 1968 skončilo dvacetileté období nepřetržité censury sdělovacích prostředku a náhle se tak uvolnil prostor pro svobodu informací, začaly se v novinách, rozhlase a televizi objevovat informace o "porušování socialistické zákonnosti v 50. letech", jak se tehdy jinak říkalo prvkům poúnorového politického teroru. Tyto zprávy vyvolávaly ve čtenářích a posluchačích oprávněný dojem, že přichází doba zásadního přehodnocení nedávné minulosti.
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Meziministerská pohraniční komise jako poradní orgán Nejvyšší rady obrany státu projednávala v roce 1947 řadu návrhů opatření k důslednějšímu zabezpečení československých bezpečnostních a vojenských zájmů na státních hranicích a v jejich bezprostřední blízkosti. Jejich navrhovatelé z ministerstev vnitra a národní obrany se vraceli k opatřením z doby ohrožení republiky fašistickým Německem, v nových podmínkách se jim však vesměs jevila jako nedostatečná. Komise jednala o zřízení pohraničního bezpečnostního pásu a o technických opatřeních v něm, prováděných v zájmu ochrany státních hranic, o osídlení pohraničí národně a státně spolehlivým obyvatelstvem a o organizaci jednotek ke střežení státních hranic. Návrhy, které často závažným způsobem zasahovaly do práv občanů, zaručených ústavou z roku 1920, zůstaly vesměs pouze na papíře. Staly se však předobrazem po únorových opatření na státních hranicích (vysídlování "nespolehlivých" osob, omezení pohybu osob v blízkosti státních hranic, výrazné omezení pohybu přes hranice, jejich zabezpečení technickými prostředky, vytvoření speciální ozbrojené složky k jejich ochraně ad.).
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Následkem mnohonásobných převratů v tomto století se musela rakouská státní praxe naučit přesně rozlišovat mezi jevy převedení a přechodu a toto teoreticky čisté rozlišení také během času v právu terminologicky korektně používat. Normálně proto bylo použito pojmu "převedení" jako termínu při zlomu kontinuity, pojmu "přechodu" naproti tomu pro přizpůsobení jedné ústavněprávní fáze druhé fázi, které stály nebo navzájem stojí v ústavněprávním vztahu kontinuity. Výše uvedené je nyní třeba ilustrovat v krátkém nástinu případů převedení a přechodu v rakouském právním řádu.
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Spolu s jednotkami říšsko-německého vojska armádní skupiny 5 pod velením generála W. Lista vnikla do Brna v ponurou středu 15. března 1939 také tzv. Einsatzgruppe II Mähren v čele s vládním ředitelem SS Standartenführerem JUDr. Walterem Stahleckerem, která měla ihned začít se státně policejní činností na Moravě. Její součástí bylo tzv. Einsatzkommando VI, kterému velel vládní rada SS Sturmbannführer Walter Blomberg, které mělo vykonávat činnost přímo v městě Brně a několika sousedních okresech.
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Das Sprichwort sagt: "Die Zeit heilt alle Wunden". Je mehr Zeit vergeht, desto weniger schmerzt die Wunde. Es bildet sich eine Narbe, nach einiger Zeit sieht man sie kaum noch, dal Leid ist vergessen. Fragt sich nur: Wie viel Zeit?
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The article focuses on the legal institute of exceptiones in selected tractates written in the 14th century in the diocese of Prague. The first part introduces Circa processum iudiciarium and its inspirational sources, mainly rooted in William Durand’s Speculum iudiciale. The article also analyses Ordo iudiciarius secundum stilum Pragensem with emphasis on the use and different forms of exceptiones. In addition the submission focuses on other institutes of Roman-Canon law bonded with defences, such as replicationes and interlocutory sentences. Second part of this submission examines the praxis of ecclesiastical courts within the diocese of Prague and their application of selected institutes. Such analysis is conducted based on preserved court files of the General Vicariate as well as judicial charters. The aim of the article is to connect the theoretical concepts of tractates with actual judicial application and usage of these institutes within the Roman-Canon procedure.
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The present paper focuses on the release proceeding of the serfs on the Chamber estates of Točník, Zbiroh and Králův Dvůr in the years 1670–1690, i.e. during the office of the governor Ignatius Sebastian de Bois. The process was controlled by both provincial regulations, such as the Renewed Provincial Ordinance, and overlord regulations, such as the instructions for the governor. However, the exact release proceeding has not yet been described, so the thesis attempts to shed light on the process that both the serfs and the overlords had to undergo in order to issue a letter of release. The thesis concludes with the hypothesis that the mechanisms described are applicable to other chambered estates in the second half of the 17th century. The basis of the thesis are microhistorical probes, which, in conjunction with a quantitative-qualitative approach, allow to capture both the overall picture of the release proceedings and its individual aspects in detail.
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The aim of the study is to point out the fact that the evolution of human society is accompanied by constant wars, which demanded a response to its existence also at the level of socio-legal philosophy. It deals with this issue from a legal, moral, and ethical point of view, which, in this case, are basically intertwined in the concept of a just war. Its roots go back to antiquity, and it is also a part of modern war law and philosophy. A relatively significant shift in this concept occurred precisely in the Middle Ages because of Christian wars, or under the influence of medieval teachings. This development continued in the early modern period in connection with the colonization of America. Therefore, in this study, we will focus on the views of Thomas Aquinas (as a representative of the High Middle Ages and scholasticism) and Francisco de Vitoria (as a representative of the Early Modern Age and the School of Salamanca). This topic is even more relevant because nowadays theories of just war are no longer viewed only at the level of a harmless academic debate, but they are beginning to be more and more accentuated as tools serving specific goals of the time.
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The paper deals with the contribution of a prominent legal Romanist to the development of legal propaedeutics (introduction to the study of law). This author dedicated the introductory chapter of his textbook on private Roman law to legal propaedeutics. The paper examines how this text has stood up in comparison with the contributions of the author’s contemporaries, what has made it of timeless significance and, conversely, what within it has been superseded.
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The article revolves around Polish-Czechoslovak tourism relations between 1919 and 1939. The author analysed the legislation establishing solutions aimed to facilitate tourism on both sides of the border. The Tourism Convention drawn up in Prague on 30th May 1925 was of key importance in this regard. Attention was also paid to selected provisions of the Polish-Czechoslovak commercial conventions relevant to the development of tourism. The following part of the article examines passport and visa regulations governing departure from Poland to Czechoslovakia and arrival to Poland from Czechoslovakia. The author also studies the foreign exchange regulations that individuals entering Czechoslovakia for tourist purposes had to follow.
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The paper deals with the legal aspects of the establishment of the so-called Greater Prague, i.e., the merger of neighbouring municipalities with the capital of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1922. The introduction briefly outlines the efforts to merge Prague with its suburbs dating from the mid-19th century until 1918. The following section focuses on the activities of the National Assembly on the establishment of Greater Prague. In addition to the establishment and the membership of the Greater Prague Committee, parliamentary papers related to the creation of Greater Prague are described and analysed. Parliamentary papers 719 and 1216, which included government bills to merge neighbouring municipalities and settlements into the City of Prague, a bill on elections to the Metropolitan Council and a bill on the organisation and powers of the Metropolitan Council and local committees, are discussed in detail. From a comparison of the government proposals, the amendments proposed by parliamentary committees and the text of the laws adopted, it is possible to deduce the general tendencies of the relationship between the state administration and local government at the beginning of the Czechoslovak Republic. The issues of financing the establishment and operation of the new capital of Czechoslovakia have not gone unnoticed.
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This paper introduces the specifics of war marriages in the Czechoslovak Legions in Russia during the period of their involvement in the Russian Civil War. After a brief introduction to the historical context, it aims to describe the restrictions imposed on marriages for Czechoslovak legionnaires and their reasons which eventually led to a temporary total ban of war marriages within the Legion for several months after the 1st Convention of Czechoslovak army in the summer of 1918. The paper also explains why and under what conditions the marriages were later re-enabled, what the consequences of marrying without permission were and what legal means the army used to combat high numbers of illegal marriages within its ranks.
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The paper deals with the influence of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia on the remigration to the Czechoslovak Republic after the World War II. Through archival research it seeks to verify the hypothesis that the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was using its governmental influence acquired after 1945 to hinder the return of ethnically Czech and Slovak farmers from abroad. Although the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia declared its full support for remigration, the sources suggest it feared the remigration of so-called reactionary classes such as farmers and tradesmen. In this light, the delay in the transfers of Czech and Slovak countrymen to Czechoslovakia might be interpreted as a possible “sabotage” in order to settle the vacant land in Czechoslovakia with the inland proletarians (potential communist voters) instead.
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Book review: Engliš, Karel et al. Paměti: kdo sloužíš vlasti, odměny nečekej. 1. vydání. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2022. 598 stran. Pocta osobnostem. Dílo Karla Engliše; 4. ISBN 978-80-280-0113-1.
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František Weyr can undoubtedly be considered the greatest personality in the history of the Faculty of Law of the Masaryk University and the most important Czech lawyer of the first half of the twentieth century. Weyr left behind not only his own scientific school, known as normative theory, which survived in the minds of his students even after his death, but also a villa and a number of movables. Their subsequent fate is the subject of this paper, which was prepared on the basis of archival research and among other things deals with the legal disputes that his wife, Helena Weyrová, led in the 1950s and 1960s. These disputes directly and indirectly involved other professors of the then already closed Brno Faculty of Law, such as Vladimír Vybral and Vladimír Kubeš.
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Ivan Mažuranić, Croatian Ban who reigned from 1873-1880 implemented significant reforms in education, administration, and judiciary since his political programme focused on the provision of the modern legal framework for Croatian autonomy. During the second year of his reign, on 19th August 1874, Ban Mažuranić proposed to the Parliament a draft Act on the organisation of public schools and teacher training schools (original in Croatian Zakon ob ustroju pučkih školah i preparandijah), which was adopted and confirmed by the Austrian Emperor and Hungarian-Croatian King Francis Joseph I already on 14th October 1874. That Act is considered to be the first Croatian autonomous school law and one of the most liberal school laws in Europe, as it secured the schools the status of secular institutions.Many of the provisions of that Act are still accurate and applicable in today's Croatian educational system. However, being proposed back then, they caused serious debates and protests of all social classes. A qualitative comparative analysis of the Act on the organisation organization of public schools and teacher training schools and the current Act on education in primary and secondary schools will compare the legislative frameworks for encouraging creativity in education, which provide prerequisites for the creative and autonomous work of teachers. Having passed this law, Ban Mažuranić proved himself to be serious in fulfilling his election promises. Along with other laws enforced in judiciary and administration, this Act opened the way for the modernisation of the former Croatian state and its faster adoption of European standards of a modern civil state.
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The ancient Greeks, in laying the foundations for our culture, have at the same time marked it with a kind of original sin, and often these basic notions become untranslatable into our present day. It all begins with Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Fundamental ancient concepts such as democracy, law, politics, ethics have their origins in the polis, so simple analogies are no longer possible; Socrates lays the foundations of political participation, rule of law, raises ethics to the status of knowledge, but the ancient city-state and its inhabitants often differed from us in a fundamental way. Antiquity left us convinced of the existence of an inseparable relationship between values and virtues and the state.
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In the present study, we tried to retrace the path traveled over the centuries by the law education in the Kingdom of Hungary, that of Transylvania and, in particular, that of the city of Oradea. Our approach was justified by the fact that in 1465 King Matthew Corvin had the opportunity to choose the city of Oradea as the seat of a new university that was to be established in the Kingdom of Hungary. Unfortunately, it was the financial motivation that led the king to choose the city of Bratislava over Oradea, although the Transylvanian city already had a tradition of top-ranking educational institutions. A chapter school has operated here since the 13th century, then a Jesuit gymnasium, a Calvin gymnasium and from the 18th century a law academy. The latter operated until 1934, when it was absorbed by the University of Cluj. In other words, higher education in Oradea already had a secular tradition. In the second part of the study, we tried to decipher the motivation that led to the choice of the city of Cluj as the center of university education in Transylvania. I came to the conclusion that this city, in the context of the creation of the new state Greater Romania, had to be consolidated as the cultural capital of the Transylvanian Romanians, a center intended to ensure the formation of the Romanian intellectuals so necessary in the institutions of administration, economy and education in the region.
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