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Postępowanie dyscyplinarne prowadzone wobec sędziów sądów wojskowych

Author(s): Mirosław Karpiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

Military courts, similarly to the Supreme Court, common courts and administrative courts, exercise judicial power in Poland. They perform within the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and deal with statutory criminal matters as well as adjudicate on other issues presented to them by the legislator. Likewise, in statutory cases, military courts exercise their power in criminal matters against persons not belonging to the Polish Armed Forces. The judges of military courts are subject to disciplinary action when committing an offense or a disciplinary misdemeanour. Committing a tort may result in disciplinary punishment of discharging from the office. The judges of military courts need not only possess relevant knowledge, but also have the appropriate traits of the character allowing for the dignified representation in the office. The judge of the military court may be an officer who meets statutory requirements relating to his knowledge, qualifications and abilities (law school, legal training, taking an exam) and at the same time has an impeccable disposition.

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Odgovornost direktora za neisplaćena potraživanja zaposlenih u slučaju stečaja poslodavca

Author(s): Aleksandra Višekruna / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2016

The opening of insolvency procedures undoubtedly causes significant consequences for those who are related with the debtor. Majority of legislators recognise employees as particularly vulnerable category of creditors in insolvency. This paper will briefly summarise employee protection mechanisms in insolvency (priorities in payment order and guarantee institutions for payment of accrued entitlements). The central part of the paper will deal with directors’ liability for non-payment of employee entitlements in case of insolvency. The paper will review Canadian company legislation which introduces liability of directors for non-payment of employee entitlements and Australia which reformed its company law to introduce special norms aimed at better protection of employees’ interests.

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Notarska forma i ugovori u nasljednom pravu

Author(s): Ivana Martinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

By introducing the Notary Law in the legal framework of Montenegro, the notary form has been imposed as a mandatory condition for contract validity which will have inheritance effect (Contract for passing and distribution of the property amongst spouse and lineal descendants, Contract for life-long maintenance). All above comes from the fact that these specific contracts create complex relations and their conclusion can have tremendous consequences for contractual parties. The goal was to provide a high degree of legal protection for the parties in the national legislation. Subject of this work was regulation of contracts arising from inheritance law, participation of Notary in creating such regulations and regulation of Montenegrin legislator. Montenegrin legislator regulated these issues within the Law of Obligation and Law on Notaries in a way that some provisions which address the same issue regarding the notary form are different. All of this is unacceptable, having in mind the legal and political goal of the notary form as a mandatory condition for the validity of the contract and also renouncement of the consensually principle. More precisely, Montenegrin legislator made more complex the already specific contracts which have effect within the inheritance law.

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Pravo autora na reviziju ugovorne odredbe o iznosu autorskog honorara

Author(s): Vladimir Vinš / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

The right to revise contractual provisions concerning author's fee exists in instances of „obvious disproportion“ between the stipulated amount of author's fee and the income/profit which is made based on exploitation of the author's work in question. Additionally, in some European countries this right is also applicable in cases when the amount of author's fee has not been agreed upon initially. The party entitled to exercise this right is solely the author, as a contracting party with a weaker negotiating position compared to user of author's work. By exercising this right, author's participation in distribution of income/profit arising from economic exploitation of the author's work becomes more just.

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Znaczenie funkcji ochronnej prawa pracy i rola Państwowej Inspekcji Pracy w zakresie jej realizacji

Author(s): Izabela Jakubowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 103/2017

Object of the present study is the issue of determining the existence of an employment relationship by the State Labour Inspectorate in case of concluding an agreement by the parties to a civilb law in breach of the provisions, i.e. under the terms of the employment contract. This is an issue worth attention especially in the context of the implementation by the State and the State Labour Inspectorate protective function towards the weaker party, which is a person who is employed. The article also presents the differences between the civil law agreements and contracts of employment law and been shown the importance of the latter in connection with ensuring the stability of employment and job assurance. It shows also the difficulties involved in distinguishing between those agreements and the role that is played by the State Labour Inspectorate and by the court. The study also signalled that the procedure for the determination of the existence of an employment relationship is complicated and the issues which were raised need improvement in order to ensure better operation of the State Labour Inspectorate. The current rules, made that the inspectors are not always able to act in appropriate manner and the quality of the proceedings does not meet the expectations of interested person, namely employees.

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Kontrakt małżeński w prawie islamu

Author(s): Mirosław Sadowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 103/2017

The Islamic marriage contract is a very good example of how the norms of Sharia may be used everyday life. Its roots trace back to the birth of Islam, thus underlining the unchanging aspect of the Islamic law, which Muslims see as perfect, since it comes directly from Allah himself. The contents of the marriage contract are based on the Qur’an and Sunnah (tradition) of the Prophet Muhammad. Although the contract may seem rigid, or even anachronistic, it may be shaped in a rather flexible way, if the parties have sufficient knowledge of the Sharia. While the marriage contract sanctions the legal inequality between a man and a woman, in favour of the former, it has to be noticed that it is perhaps the only legal instrument which secures woman’s interests both for the time of marriage, and in case of divorce. The role of mahr, husband’s dowry, or ‘marriage gift’, paid to the wife, is of great importance.

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Ograniczenie kognicji organów władzy publicznej w zakresie ochrony danych osobowych w świetle autonomii i niezależności kościołów i innych związków wyznaniowych

Author(s): Marcin Mielczarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 102/2017

According to the article 25 par. 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland the relationship between the State and Churches and other religious organizations shall be based on the principle of respect for their autonomy and the mutual independence of each in its own sphere. Considering the above, article 43 par. 2 of the Act on Personal Data Protection provides that the Inspector General for Personal Data Protection does not have the authority, inter alia, to conduct the inspection, to issue administrative decisions and to review complaints in cases involving enforcement of the personal data protection legislation with respect to the filing systems of data concerning members of a church or another religious organization with a legal status, processed for the purposes of that church or religious organization. Moreover it is in the light of the constitutional regulation that the manner of obtainment and loss of religious affiliation, including their conditions and factual and legal implications, is and should remain the exclusive competence of the religious organizations as their internal matter. The secular state, neutral in matters of religion and belief, is entitled neither to establishing its own procedure nor to administrative and judicial enforcement.

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The state’s policy with regard to prevention of legal exclusion based on administration of justice in civil cases – selected issues

Author(s): Kinga Flaga-Gieruszyńska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

The Author devoted her treatise to issues of social policy in the areas of combatting legal exclusion, restricting the discussion to justice in civil matters. The Author pointed out the essence of this exclusion understood as a kind of legal exclusion and also characterized its scope in the case of the right to present one's plea in court in civil cases. Indicating the reasons for the legal exclusion the Author pointed out the relationship between this kind of exclusion and poverty. The final element of the treatise was the analysis of solutions used by democratic countries in the fight against legal restrictions on access to court as a key example of legal exclusion.

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THE LANDLORD’S LIEN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF COMMON AND CIVIL (POLISH) LAW – SELECTED ISSUES

Author(s): Marcin Drewek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The aim of this article is to conduct a fundamental analysis of the current selected issues regarding the landlord’s lien, in comparative perspective of common and civil (Polish) legal systems. This issue is lately under a constant development, since the lease agreement gin a substantial importance in the legal turnover both in Poland and common law countries, in particular United States of America. Therefore an approach to some of the most relevant legal problems of landlord’s lien, including specifically: types of landlords security interests, legal relation between statutory and contractual (consensual) lien, as well as the issues referring waiver and priority of the lien, seems to be beneficial in the light of resolving the present problems concerning landlord’s lien.

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LES EXPRESSIONS ANTICIPEES DE LA VOLONTE DU PATIENT DANS CERTAINS PAYS D'EUROPE

Author(s): Anna Sporczyk / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2016

Dans les systèmes juridiques européens, le droit d’exprimer la volonté du patient à toute intervention médicale est le principe fondamental. Ce droit est respecté également dans la situation, où le patient n’est pas capable de manifester ses souhaits. Parmi les expressions anticipées de la volonté du malade „les directives anticipées” sont les plus communes. Elles sont des instructions écrites relatives aux conditions de limitation ou d'arrêt de traitements éventuels, que donne par avance une personne majeure consciente. Les lois de certains pays d’Europe, en particulier des pays francophones distinguent aussi „la personne de confiance” assistant au patient et „le mandat de protection future”, grâce auquel la personne indiquée par le malade agit en son nom. En général, ces expressions s’imposent au personnel médical.

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Mediacje rodzinne w polskim systemie prawnym

Author(s): Adam Pietrzkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę mediacji jako instrumentu rozwiązywania sporów okołorozwodowych. Współczesna rodzina podlega niewątpliwie wielu przemianom społecznym. Obserwujemy zmieniający się model rodziny- obok tradycyjnych małżeństw tzw. zalegalizowanych, z dziećmi lub bez, w kraju funkcjonują związki nieformalne, nierzadko jako rodziny po rozwodzie,funkcjonujące w separacji, które również wychowują dzieci. Współczesny okres charakteryzuje się tym, że role w małżeństwie stają się coraz bardziej elastyczne,wymagające wzajemnych uzgodnień pomiędzy partnerami. Obecne warunki społeczno- ekonomiczne wpływają na fakt, że coraz więcej związków rozpada się i coraz większa liczba dzieci wychowuje się w rodzinach niepełnych,w rodzinach rekonstruowanych lub w dwóch domach równolegle. Na tle tradycyjnego wymiaru sprawiedliwości mediacja prezentuje się jako alternatywa oddająca odpowiedzialność za spór samym zainteresowanym,mniej sformalizowana, oferująca oszczędność czasu oraz kosztów ekonomicznych,oraz lepiej odpowiadająca na różnorodność problemów i potrzeb rodziny. W Polsce przepisy prawne dotyczące alternatywnego sposobu rozwiązywania konfliktów i sporów,stanowiące podstawę do pojednawczego działania poza sądem, w pełni akceptowanego przez Państwo, po raz pierwszy pojawiły się wprawie polskim w ustawie z 23 maja 1991 roku o rozwiązywaniu sporów zbiorowych.Następnie w kodeksach karnych z 1997 roku,nowelizacji ustawy o postępowaniu w sprawach nieletnich w 2001 roku, w postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi w 2004 roku. Natomiast 10 grudnia 2005 roku weszła w życie mała nowelizacja kodeksu postępowania cywilnego, wprowadzająca procedurę mediacji w sprawach cywilnych, w tym także w sprawach rodzinnych. Skonfliktowanym członkom rodzin dało to szanse na rezygnacje z procedury sądowej w zamian za polubowne rozwiązanie sporów, w mniej sformalizowanej atmosferze, poszukując rozstrzygnięć najlepszych dla danej rodziny. Wymiar Sprawiedliwości zyskał nadzieję na zmniejszenie obciążenia sądów przy jednoczesnym zabezpieczeniu stron korzystających z mediacji. Systematyczne wprowadzanie mediacji do polskiej rzeczywistości prawnej jest realizacją postulatu przystosowywania wymiaru sprawiedliwości do współczesnych przeobrażeń cywilizacyjnych.Coraz więcej rodzin decyduje się na skorzystanie z mediacji przed rozpoczęciem lub bez rozpoczynania postępowania sądowego,jak również coraz więcej spraw kierowanych jest do mediacji z sądów.

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Odpowiedzialność materialna pracowników na gruncie Kodeksu pracy

Author(s): Justyna Kornaszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2017

Employees’ responsibility for property entrusted to them by the employer is a major problem in the field of labour law. Employees do not always perform their work the way their employer would like them to. In all areas of economic life, employees’ actions can result in damage sustained by the employer or third parties. If an employee is at fault, the employer can seek the damage to be redressed either out-of-court or in court. Sometimes, breach of employment duties, which caused damage, can make the employer decide to terminate employment. Even if the employer terminates employment with notice or under art. 52 of Poland’s Labour Code, it is still necessary to collect payment as damages, which the employee should cover. Employees who will identify and prove circumstances, which have resulted in damage due to reasons beyond their control may be released from their liability. It is also possible to limit employees’ liability for all or part of the damage to property entrusted to them. Employees’ responsibility for property entrusted to them by the employer is strongly related to the provisions and principles of occupational safety and health (OSH). Employees who ignore the provisions and principles of OSH have to reckon with the consequences in the form of being held responsible, having their employment terminated or even having their employment terminated without notice due to their fault (art. 52 § 1 point 1 of Poland’s Labour Code).

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ROLA PROKURATORA W PROCESIE CYWILNYM

Author(s): Izabela Dzierwa-Pabin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2012

The author presents the rules of accession of a consumer advocate, labor inspector, and social organization to the already ongoing civil trial. The operation and usefulness of these regulations was rated in terms of care for the safety of citizens and from the point of view of the sustainability of process.

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Pojęcie niezgodności rzeczy sprzedanej z umową

Author(s): Sylwia Zemła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

This article deals with the question of the incompatibility of a sold object with the contract. Before the act of consumer’s rights of 30 May 2014 entered into force, the term in use had been warranty and responsibility on the basis of incompatibility of the consumption item. At present, the regime of responsibility has been unified. One of the main changes included in the act of consumer’s rights is indeed the new form of the hitherto used definition of a physical defect. In the present law state, the priority is given to contractual arrangements, which were made by the parties while concluding the contract. In case no as such agreements are drawn, one should be guided by the objective occurrence included in Art. 5561 §1 c.c., which enables to state if a physical defect of the sold object has occurred. In comparison with the former legal statement of Art. 5561 c.c., the amendment is far more expanded and brings out a plethora of doubts con cerning its interpretation. This article discusses particular subsections and paragraphs of Art. 5561 c.c. simultaneously including research on realistic possibilities of using the laws mentioned above. An attempt to assess the changes has been made. Doubts arise with reference to Art. 5561 §2 c.c. and 5561 §3 c.c., where one is not able to state clearly the accuracy of solutions implemented from the directive 1999/44/WE of the European Parliament and the Committee of 25 May 1999 in terms of certain aspects of consumption items of trade and connected with these, warranties of 25 May 1999 on the basis of Polish law.

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Przyszłość systemów rejestracji nieruchomości wobec rozwoju inteligentnych technologii. Wybrane problemy prawne na tle wniosków z konferencji „Common Vision Conference 2016. Migration to a Smart World”, Amsterdam, 5–7 czerwca 2016 roku

Author(s): Maria Kaczorowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The development of information technologies offers new possibilities of use of information collected in public registers, such as land registers and cadastres, which play a significant role in establishing the infrastructure for spatial information. Efficient use of spatial information systems with the purpose of a sustainable land management shall be based on en suring the interconnection of different information resources, data exchange, as well as a broad access to data. The role of land registration systems in the context of technological advancement was the subject of the Common Vision Conference 2016. Migration to a Smart World, held on 5–7 June 2016 in Amsterdam. The conference was organized by Europe’s five leading mapping, cadastre and land registry associations, cooperating within a “Common Vision” agreement: EuroGeographics, Permanent Committee on Cadastre, European Land Registries Association, European Land Information Service and Council of European Geodetic Surveyors. The discussion during the conference focused on topics regarding the idea of smart cities, marine cadastre, interoperability of spatial data, as well as the impact of land registers and cadastres on creating the infrastructure for spatial information and developing e-government, at both national and European levels. The paper aims to present an overview of issues covered by the conference and also to highlight some important problems arising from implementing advanced technology solutions in the field of land registration.

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Визнання та виконання рішень іноземних судів у цивільних справах у контексті практики Європейського суду з прав людини

Author(s): Tetiana Tsuvina / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 138/2017

The article addresses recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements in civil cases in the context of the practice of European Court of Human Rights. The conclusion is made, that European Court of Human Rights analyzes institute of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements through such procedural rights as right to a fair trial (art. 6 ECHR) and right to an effective remedy (art. 13 ECHR) as long as such substantive conventional rights as right to protection pf property (art. 1 of the First Protocol to ECHR) and right to respect for private and family life (art. 8 ECHR). It is considered that the main article through which this institute should be analyzed is art. 6 ECHR containing procedural guaranties of fair trial. According to the art. 13 ECHR the effective remedies of protection of the right to a fair trial in reasonable time should be provided at national level. Moreover reforms of this sphere of judicial practice should be done in accordance with art. 8 ECHR and art. 1 of the First Protocol to ECHR which provide specific substantive rights. All of the above mentioned aspects are analyzed in detail.

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О (коначно) новом грађанском законику Мађарске из 2013. године

Author(s): Attila Dudás / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 147/2014

After 15 years of codification of civil law, with one ”unsuccessful attempt” represented by the Civil Code from 2009, Hungary finally received a new Code in February, 2013. By its coming into force on March 15th, 2014, the Civil Code from 1959 finally ceased to exist which, regardless the fact that it has been amended more than 100 times, permanently bore the marks of the era in which it was conceived. The new Civil Code may be regarded as the first complete code in the history of codification of civil law in Hungary, since it comprises all classical branches of civil law. The completeness of the new Code is additionally reinforced by the fact that it is based on the principle of monism in the wider sense, meaning that besides unified rules on all contracts, commercial and non-commercial, it contains rules on the status of all legal entities as well. In contrast to the ”first” new Civil Code from 2009, the ”second” new Civil Code from 2013 represents an incomparably higher degree of compromise. Therefore, it has all the predispositions to be long-lasting and stable, which are the most important distinctive features of a solid civil law codification. In this paper the subject of analysis are the process of codification of civil law from 2009 until 2013 and the most important novelties of the new Civil Code.

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Odnos zahteva za naknadu štete zbog neizvršenja ugovora o prodaji robe sa drugim pravnim sredstvima poverioca

Author(s): Katarina Jovičić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2013

In this paper author examines the relationship between the claim for damages for breach of contract for the sale of goods and other legal remedies available to the creditor in that case. The focus of interests on our law and in the first part of article a legal basis of debtors liability for damages for breach of contract according to the Law of Obligations is presented. After that, the influence of late performance and the influence of termination of the contract to the claim for compensation are considered, given that they are, as a rule, possible outcomes when creditor use his remedies. Particular attention is paid to the seller's liability for defects and to the buyer's claim for damages in that case, not only because that issue is regulated by special rules, but also because it well illustrates the weakness of the solution that the claim for damages instead of performance, as well as termination of contract, can be use only when elapsed the additional period of time for performance. In this article it is argued that that rule sometimes is contrary to reasonable interest of creditor to terminate the contract instantly after the breach, while presentation of the solutions in comparative law, especially the examples of the Vienna Convention and the German law, show that this problem can be overcome without violating the scheme for termination, which is based on the expiration of the additional period of time for performance.

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Rachunek powierniczy – niedoceniona forma zabezpieczenia obrotu handlowego

Author(s): Wojciech Guziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 79/2017

In this article the author presents the matter of fiduciary account functioning in the Polish legal system. In the introduction there is the definition of a bank account in the broader sense and its kinds in accordance with banking law and later the author moves on to a detailed description of the fiduciary account. The consideration concerns security due to a bank account under the banking law and the application of the fiduciary account in Polish law. The author also presents conclusions de lege ferenda in the described matter.

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Новација као начин престанка облигација

Author(s): Marko Perović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The paper presents an analysis of the issue of novation in contract law. Novation is a contract between the creditor and debtor in order to replace its existing obligation with a new one. Unlike the other methods of termination of obligations (e.g. fulfillment, compensation, remission of debt), novation extinguishes existing contractual relationship between the creditor and the debtor, so that among them arise a new contractual relationship, which in relation to the previous one, differs on the case or legal basis. In most of the modern codifications of civil law, novation obtained a particular use in relation to the classical Roman law, which included a change of persons in obligations. In Serbian law, novation also has took the particular use and it takes an important place among many other termination methods of obligations. The analysis made in this paper, focused to the theoretical arguments and practical significance of the novation, brings the author to the conclusions and recommendations relevant to the novation in the theory and pracices of contract law.

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