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Ujedinjene nacije: pravni okvir i mehanizmi za rodnu ravnopravnost

Author(s): Damir Banović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Briga Ujedinjenih nacija za prava žena na međunarodnom nivou može se reći da počinje usvajanjem Povelje Ujedinjenih nacija 1945. koja u svom prvom članu navodi da je jedan od ciljeva osnivanja UN-a i podsticanje poštovanja ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda za sve bez obzira na rasu, spol, jezik ili vjeru. U prvoj godini postojanja UN-a, Ekonomsko i socijalno vijeće uspostavilo je Komisiju za položaj žena kao tijelo koje će kreirati politike isključivo s ciljem rodne ravnopravnosti i poboljšanja položaja žene. Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima iz 1948., kao obavezujući dokument po običajnom osnovu, potvrdila je da se sva ljudska bića rađaju slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima bez razlika kao što su npr. rasa, boja kože, spol, jezik, religija. Uz Međunarodni pakt o građanskim i političkim pravima (1976) i Međunarodni pakt o socijalnim, ekonomskim i kulturnim pravima (1976), koji uvode opštu zabranu diskriminacije u pogledu prava koja normiraju, dokumenti obrađeni u ovom radu/poglavlju su najznačajniji dokumenti doneseni u okviru Ujedinjenih nacija koji čine osnovni okvir za zaštitu i promovisanje ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda na međunarodnom nivou.

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Dejtonski sporazum za Bosnu i Hercegovinu

Author(s): Thorsten Gromes / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Prilog skicira rat vođen za Republiku Bosnu i Hercegovinu i prikazuje sklapanje mirovnog sporazuma u Daytonu. Analizira najznačajnije sadržaje odredbi dejtonskog sporazuma i pokazuje da njegove odredbe po pitanju demokratizacije, povratka izbjeglica i prognanika i procesuiranja ratnih zločina nadmašuju tadašnje odnose moći. Prilog opisuje implementaciju centralnih sadržaja mirovnog sporazuma koji će i sljedećih godina određivati politički diskurs u Bosni i Hercegovini.

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Ured visokog predstavnika međunarodne zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Enis Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Ured visokoga predstavnika međunarodne zajednice i Specijalnog predstavnika Europske unije u Bosni i Hercegovini (u tekstu: visoki predstavnik, Ured visokog predstavnika) je ad hoc međunarodna institucija/tijelo/organ predviđena općim okvirnim sporazumom za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini (u tekstu: dejtonskim mirovnim sporazumom, Sporazumom) 1995, a formalnopravno potvrđena rezolucijom Vijeća sigurnosti Ujedinjenih nacija. Radi se o vrlo specifičnoj instituciji koja ima status diplomatske misije međunarodne zajednice država, koja na osnovu ovlasti i odluka Upravnog odbora Vijeća za implementaciju mira, međunarodnoga tijela koje upravlja mirovnim procesom u Bosni i Hercegovini, predstavlja konačni autoritet u tumačenju i provedbi Sporazuma. Rad deskriptivno prikazuje osnivanje, status, ovlasti, rad i djelovanje ove institucije u Bosni i Hercegovini u svjetlu tranzicijskog procesa kada će, u konačnici, iza specijalnog predstavnika stajati Europska unija sa svojim organima, a ne, još uvijek nejasno definirana i označavana, međunarodna zajednica država.

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Jednolity patent europejski - największe współczesne wyzwanie prawa Unii Europejskiej?

Author(s): Żaneta Rzepczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Mimo wielu podejmowanych prób nie udało się dotychczas ustanowić unijnego patentu. Autorka opisuje historię nieudanych prób i wskazuje przeszkody, które o tym zadecydowały. Charakteryzuje przyjęte rozwiązania częściowe i plany w tym zakresie.

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Projekt nowych ram prawnych ochrony danych osobowych w Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Maciej Kawecki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Większość analiz projektu europejskiego rozporządzenia o ochronie danych osobowych dotyczyła nowych rozwiązań prawnych w nim zawartych. Autor uzupełnia lukę polegającą na pominięciu prawnej oceny wyboru rozporządzenia jako instrumentu reformy ochrony danych osobowych w Unii Europejskiej.

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Postęp techniczny w krajach OECD. Próba pomiaru

Author(s): Kamil Homski / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Postęp techniczny jest przedmiotem wielu badań teoretycznych oraz empirycznych. Definiowany był na różne sposoby, jednak większość z proponowanych definicji była albo niepełna, albo trudna do zoperacjonalizowania. W artykule podjęta została próba autorskiego pomiaru postępu technicznego w krajach OECD w latach 2006–2015 na podstawie badań statystycznych. Uzyskane wyniki okazały się niezgodne z przyjętą hipotezą badawczą i wskazały, że postęp techniczny w krajach OECD był większy w krajach słabiej rozwiniętych, a mniejszy w krajach wysoko rozwiniętych.

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The European Union as a normative Foreign Policy Actor

Author(s): Natalie Tocci,Hakim Darbouche ,Michael Emerson,Sandra Fernandes,Ruth Hanau-Santini,Gergana Noutcheva,Clara Portela / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The opening chapter set out the conceptual framework for exploring the question of Who is a normative foreign policy actor? The European Union and its Global Partners. This chapter constitutes one of several case studies applying this framework to the behaviour of the European Union, whereas the others to follow concern China, India, Russia and the United States. A normative foreign policy is rigorously defined as one that is normative according to the goals set, the means employed and the results obtained. Each of these studies exploreseight actual case examples of foreign policy behaviour, selected in order to illustrate four alternative paradigms of foreign policy behaviour – the normative, the realpolitik, the imperialistic and the status quo. For each of these four paradigms,there are two examples of EU foreign policy, one demonstrating intended consequences and the other, unintended effects.

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Pre-emptive military action and the legitimate use of force

Author(s): Carl Bildt,Alexander I. Nikitin,Walter B. Slocombe,François Heisbourg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The eleventh meeting of the European Security Forum focused on what is becoming known as the Bush doctrine. The proceedings were underpinned by three particularly penetrating papers, which should beread at leisure, as a brief summing-up will not suffice to convey their full scope. Walter Slocombe, in his oral presentation, emphasised the need to handle the prevention/pre-emption debate as distinct from the unilateralism / multilateralism discussion: although they intersect, they are analytically separate. Conversely, he tied the prevention/pre-emption debate to the specific requirements of non-proliferation, while noting that prevention/pre-emption tend to be a limited element of non-proliferation policy given the inherent difficulties of implementation: it is easier to assert apolicy of pre-emption than to execute it effectively. Mr Slocombe also underscored the elements of continuity of the US National Security Strategy(NSS) with US and international law.

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The principle of non-refoulement a comparative analysis between Turkish national law and international refugee law

Author(s): Doğa Elçin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Non-refoulement is one of the fundamental principles of international refugee law (Pirjola, 2007:643; Farmer, 2008:5). Nonrefoulement is not expressed in abstract and general terms, but with specific and clear content (Pirjola, 2007: 639). In the most general sense, non- refoulement is a concept which prohibits States from returning a refugee or asylum seeker to territories where there is a risk that his or her life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion (Lauterpacht & Bethlehem, 2003:89).

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The Impact of Mass Migrations on Immigration Policy of Turkey

Author(s): Özlen Çelebi,Özlem Pehlivan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey is believed to pursue a nation building process with migrations since it was established. There is consensus in the literature on this. On the other hand, migration flows have always occurred in/through Anatolia, where Turkey is located, due to its geographical location. However, Turkey has tried to manage migration influxes with separate laws and directives. But, mass influxes have induced Turkey to make a comprehensive legislation changes and eventually to establish necessary institutions to implement those new regulations. In this study, Turkish laws, regulations and directives managing migration to Turkey and existing institutions/institutional structures are examined.

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Deportation of Foreigners in Turkey: What Has Changed After the Law On Foreigners and International Protection and the Creation of the Directorate General of Migration Management? Evidence from Kocaeli

Author(s): Ali Haydar Soysüren,Kuvvet Lordoğlu,İbrahim Soysüren / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Historically, the deportation of foreigners has been considered as an indispensable tool by the nation states firstly for the construction of their “imagined communities” (Anderson, 2006) and then for the implementation of their migration policies. In this regard, Turkey has not been an exception. As it is rapidly trasnforming into a country of immigration, the deportation of foreigners has become an essential tool of this country’s immigration policies .

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Working Conditions and Informal Employment of Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Author(s): Gülşen Gerşil,Ramazan Temel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration is the main of events that communities have mostly had from past to today. Many economic, social, cultural and politic reasons such as wars, natural disasters, climate conditions, earthquakes, unemployment, education are accelerant factors in national and international, massive or individual migration acts.

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“OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND”. MANAGING MIGRATION FLOWS WITH TURKEY AS A “SAFE THIRD COUNTRY”?

Author(s): Annalisa Geraci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since 2015 an uncontrolled increase in the arrivals of migrants has not been followed by a shared response based on solidarity (Carrera et al., 2015; Thielemann et al., 2010). The so-called “refugee crisis” has highlighted the European Union’s inability to address the issue of migration. Indeed, the initial empathy expressed by the Heads of State and Government of the Member States with regard to the serious shipwreck off the Libyan coast in April 2015 has given way to “externalization of migration and border controls” (MorenoLax & Giuffré, 2017:3).

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Asylum Under Pressure: international Deterrence and access to asylum

Author(s): Vasiliki Kakosimou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In order to respond to the refugee crisis or control the migration flows, States may take certain measures to keep migrants out of reach of their borders. These measures involve push-backs, interception at high seas, erecting fences, bilateral agreements for off-shore processing etc., under national security reasons or for maintaining public order. All these measures are referred to as deterrence strategies, they do not conform with States' obligations under International Human Rights Law and they result in preventing refugees from having access to asylum. Through treaties, customary law and case law, the principle of non-refoulement has an extra-territorial application. States are bound by the principle of non-refoulement by the moment States agents exercise effective control upon migrants -potential refugees. Unless States cooperate with each other, share the burden, build -up their capacity for fair asylum procedures and comply with International human rights law obligations, refugees cannot have access to international protection and enjoy their fundamental rights.

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ASYLUM UNDER PRESSURE: INTERNATIONAL DETERRENCE AND ACCESS TO ASYLUM

Author(s): Vasiliki Kakosimou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As a result of mass refugee influxes, few states have the willingness and capacity to assess each entrance individually. Faced with many challenges, receiving States have responded to the increase in the number of migrants by increasing border surveillance and reinforcing migration controls. The measures taken include visa restrictions, push-backs by building fortresses, financing third states for capacity building or bilateral agreements to patrol their borders. All these measures are aimed at preventing refugees and other migrants from entering a state's territory by controlling or managing migration flows or maintaining internal security even though these deterrence policies imply breaching obligations of states under national and international law. The deterrence policies do not comply with the nonderogable principle of non-refoulement and violate the right to have access to protection from persecution, torture, degrading or other inhuman treatment.

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Специфични случајеви утврђивања избегличког статуса

Author(s): Nebojša Raičević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees sets out in Art. 1A(2) a refugee definition and it applies to all persons wishing to obtain a refugee status. There are some situations in determining refugee status that are specific to other cases. One such situation is related to refugee sur place. Refugee sur place are persons who voluntarily left their own country, but which, because of some subsequent events, have a well-founded fear that in the case of their return to the homeland, they will be subjected to persecution there. The cause of this fear can be objective changes in the country of origin, such as the coming of the dictatorial regime to the power. Besides, the fear of persecution can also be caused by the actions of the individuals during their stay abroad. A second specific situation regards to persons fleeing from the country of origin due to international or non-international armed conflicts that are being conducted in that country. The Convention on the Status of Refugees does not contain special provisions for persons leaving the country of origin due to armed conflict, which means that they can only obtain refugee status if they prove well-founded fear of persecution for any of the five reasons mentioned in Art. 1A of this Convention. General danger of an armed conflict is not enough to qualify for refugee status because this danger is the same for the entire population in a given area. A person from a war-affected state may obtain refugee status only if the danger to which he or she is exposed is result of one of the grounds referred to in Art. 1A(2) of the Convention (race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion). Finally, it is also specific to determine the refugee status of persons who fled the country of origin due to the evasion of military service. In principle, military service evasion per se is not enough to apply for refugee protection. A person who avoids military service can obtain refugee status only if he proves that he: a) refuse to participate in armed conflict condemned by the international community; b) was subject to discrimination in the performing military service; c) could not realize conscientious objection to military service; оr, d) avoided military service because of violation of fundamental human rights that can be treated as persecution.

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BIOETHICS, LAW AND AGING - LEGAL AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF AGING AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION

Author(s): Tomislav Nedić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The issue of organ donation and transplantation is, in the first place, an issue of medical excellence of transplantation teams, but also a controversial issue with doubtful bioethical, legal, cultural, religious, and other questions. Since medical research are improving constantly, research in the field of organ transplantation is setting new interesting (bio) ethical and legal questions. According to the last population census, there are approximately one million inhabitants in the Republic of Croatia who are older than 60 years and who are also more likely to be on the organ transplantation candidate’s list than the younger inhabitants, because of the various health problems of the aging process. Also, according to research, the median age of 150 patients on chronic dialysis at the Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek is 65.5 years. Since bioethics is a scientific discipline that studies all issues related to life itself, organ transplantation and aging are some of the crucial fields of the human aspect of bioethics. By connecting these two issues, this chapter aims to expound the main (bio)ethical and legal problems of organ donation and transplantation and put them into the context of the issue of aging in the Republic of Croatia. The main questions that may arise are what the main problems of older people are when it comes to organ donation and transplantation, whether they are aware of them and if there is any kind of age discrimination in the process of organ allocation. The author will try to point out these and other bioethical questions when it comes to aging and organ donation and transplantation, and also set a new scheme of awareness in relation to this issue.

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Компетентни органи във връзка с издаване на европейска заповед за запор на банкови сметки по трансгранични дела

Author(s): Radostina Nikodimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The European Bank Preservation Order, еstablished by Regulation (EU) No 655/2014, as an alternative to existing legal procedures in each EU Member State. The procedure facilitates EU debt collection and serves as an additional safeguard in cross-border debt recovery in civil and commercial matters. This statement aims to guide finding the competent authorities for issuing a European Bank Account Preservation Order. Competent authorities under the procedure for implementing Regulation (EU) No 655/2014 can be distinguished in several directions: I. Competent authorities for issuing of the preservation order; II. Competent enforcement authorities; III. Courts or enforcement authorities competent to provide remedies;IV. Competent authorities with which an appeal is to be lodged; V. Others.

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Форма на пророгационното споразумение по граждански и търговски дела с международен елемент

Author(s): Kristian Raychev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this scientific report is to briefly outline the main points relating to the form of the jurisdiction clause in international civil and commercial matters with regard to the arrangements contained in EU law. Part of the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union has been discussed, analyzing some of the most recent rulings interpreting the legal framework.In this regard, the report provides guidance to law enforcement authorities on the basic principles and understandings that must be taken into account when assessing their international competence arising from an agreement between the parties.

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Pravno i medicinsko uređenje interspolnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Vanja Burić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

1. Uvod; 2. Zabrana diskriminacije u međunarodnim dokumentima i zaštita prava interspolnih osoba; 3. Zaštita od diskriminacije u Bosni i Hercegovini u kontekstu prava interspolnih osoba; 4. Problemi interspolnih osoba u društvu; 5. Rezultati istraživanja o pravima interspolne djece u zdravstvenom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine; Zaključak; Literatura i preporuke za dalje čitanje

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