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Computer science graduates are requested to possess complex professional abilities including research skills. In this paper we justify the development of a departmental repository to assist all non-auditoria activities and summarize its benefits. We are convinced that this is the way students and teachers to form interim learning societies.
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It is beyond doubt that significant archival material in Bosnia and Herzegovina exists as a property of individuals. It is very important that it is found, registered and conditions are prepared for its preservation and use, because it can contain an important documents and be a valuable source of informations for history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a cultural and historical heritage and movable cultural good of immense value it is a source of data and informations and important link in creating an image of nation's past, since nation without past is like a man without an identity, lost and destined to wander. Therefore it is important to preserve this material for the future, either in archives or under suitable conditions in the care of material's owners. Clear legislation must give a frame to successful solutions for protection of this kind of archival material, maybe even treat this particular material with a special act, which it clearly deserves. Archival services should also strive to raise an awareness of citizens about importance of the material, as a memeory of an entire society. Duty of the archive is not only to protect archival material but to point out to importance and encourage indivuduals to gather and preserve it, because every document linked to the country's past is important. Only by mutual efforts of archives and broader community archival material will be able to get a status it really deserves.
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Author draws attention to the fact, that there exists no umrella act, which would regulate retention periods and exactly define who keeps the materials permanently and who keeps thme for a certain period of time. He also pointed out the need for a larger number of competent staff for working with disposal of records. Author emphasises that too many laws and regulation acts (regu lations, instrucitons, ets) regulate retention periods of records. He suggests that an umbrella law regulating retention periods should be passed. The mentioned law would also determine who is obli ged to keep certain records for a defined period of time and who permanently. It would also have to define the meaning of PERMA NENTLY. Furthermore the author initiates the idea of using RECORD CENTRES in the state administration, which would employ competent staff to work with records before they are transferred to the Archi ves of the Republic of Slovenia. This would be similar to the order in the European Union and would stop the state authorities' reliance on the help of unprofessional staff, e. g. students, to arrange their records before their transfer to the Arhices of Republic of Slovenia.
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Work of office of records presents one of basic postulates in the course of regulating the archivistic work. Assortment of the work ing of office of records, most of all established system of evidences is headed in the right, progressive direction. Of course, consider ing the state in our country we can not be completely pleased, so it is necessary in the upcoming period to work on articulation of the problem. One of the basic reasons this field is not ordered would be ignorance regarding the regulations which define this is sues, inadequate skills of the staff in charge, marginalization of this line of work in comparison to other tasks. Therefore, Archive of Tuzla Canton constantly works to establish a supervision, aquaint parties with regulations, educate personnel by organizing yearly counseling, seminars, issuing the publications from this field of expertise, etc. Furthermore, it is necessary, mainly with the assistance of legislative organs and archival service, to influence the amendments of regulations related to this field. These also must be in according with the European legislation in order to be able to match European standards and needs of BosnianHerzegovian transitional reality as well. That includes new legislation that will define problem of working with electronic evidences and supervision of administering the regulations from this field. On the level of the archival service permanent education of the archivists should be done in a fiend of unconventional data carriers, so they could become fully able to not only monitor the state of the registry but also actively participate in creating adequate program solutions together with an informatician.
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Long standing problem in the registries of the judicial provenan ce is reflected mostly in the fact that not enough attention was devoted toward managing of the registry material, most of all with protection and preservation of it. This state of affairs is a con sequence of low material, accommodation and personnel capacities. However, subjective factors are also evident, first of them in a lack of promptness of responsible personnel that should be preserving archival material, in conformity with the law. Subjecti ve factors is one of the main reasons, among others, that bulk of archival material made by juidical reforms that resulted in abolished registries was not protected and preserved in according with the legislation. Even though objective and subjective reasons affected the state of registry material of juidicial provenance and its preservation, positive side is that there where no destroying of archival material in larger quantities in the war period 1992.1995., as well as in afterwar period of transition occuring in BosnianHerzegovian society. Judiciary reforms in BosniaHerzegovina also complicated the state of registry material and negatively affected system of pro tection. Numerous and relevant archival material of abolished courts, municipial attorneys and municipial courts has not been given to the Archive nor it was protected in a deadline set by the law. The questions of conditional accommodation, equipment and adequate archival personnel are crucial conditions for establishing a valid system of protection and preservation of registry material of this provenance. Therefore, in attempt to overcome the present condition of regis try material of juidicial provenance in the following period concrete actions must be taken in a sense of securing needed accommoda tion and personnel and establish system of protection and handling of registry material while respecting all relevant regulations. That is the only way to preserve archival material of juidicial provenance, as significant part of our cultural and scientific heritage from further decay.
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On November 2006 I have sent to all 14 Croatian state archives of the period identical letter asking certain information regarding work of users' rooms and consultation of records. Archives' answers are evidence of relations of archives towards users, but also show how much archives, in performing theirs tasks and answering to clients' requests, respect provisions of records management and freedom of information acts. One of the Republic of Croatia Constitution's provisions is that anybody has a right to write to a public organization, and receive answer from that organization. Vast majority of archives, or 93 percent of them, respects this provision. Archives to a certain degree respect records management regulations in force, provisions related to formal validity of a document. Disturbing fact is that 23 percent of archives (almost one quarter) do not use classification mark and registry number. Only one (less than one tenth) from 13 of received archives' documents is fully formally correct. Freedom of information act determines that a public body is obligated to enable to a claimant access to information not later than 15 days from the day a claim is lodged. 31 percent of archives do not obey stated provision, and thus at the same time breach provisions of the Law on administrative procedure. Law on archival records and archives determines that archives perform professional supervision over preservation and selection of archival records stored out of archives, and rule measures for its protection. By analyzing received answers certain questions unavoidably arise: what system archives use to file and retrieve documents that do not have classifications mark and registry number; how much archives contribute to the poor image of profession by not obeying the laws; are archives which do not obey records management regulations competent to perform professional supervision over preservation and selection of archival records stored out of archives. Answers to these questions can be given, after a thorough analyze, only by competent bodies: the Ministry of Culture and the Central State Office of Public Administration. Archivists themselves must very strictly obey relevant regulations.
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This paper deals with the criminal issues in the field of archival activity in Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of archival legislation and its practical application. Criminal provisions of archival legislation did not find its application in archival practice, which, among other things, had an impact on the relation between holders and creators and archival materials and on the total balance of emerging archival material.
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The presentation will be about fund HR-DAOS-123 Royal judicial desk in Osijek for the period 1850 -1945. The Royal judicial desk in Osijek was elected to be an example as one complex and extremely valuable fund and to demonstrate the application of standards and the necessity of partial deviations from them.
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Among the informations there are names of eminent Uzicans (traders, clerks as well as ex. senator Cedomir Zahajic). Since the law of Confiscation included most of the eminent Uzicans this material is offering a possibility to explore topics from economic history of this region. Archival material of these fonds are not fully preserved, so all requests made by citizens could not be satisfied, but most of them where positively solved. There are different ways of how the material was exposed to harmful effects. Large quantities of material whare decaying becau se of inadequate accommodation, and large parts of archive was flooded or burned. During the processing, valueless registry material was disposed of and fonds where sorted out following the provenance set by off ice of origin, except one part of the fond "District's people commit tee 19441977. ", and it's arhivistic sorting has begun. Data that has been found in the fonds, aside from having a goal to implement Law of reporting and evidenting of nationalized pro perty, can also serve as important source to the researchers inte rested in postWorld War Two period, principally to a historians, but sociologists also, seeking informations about social and econo mic life of that period.
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Role of archives in resolving propertylegal relations of citizens is without doubt important one. Difficulties that occur in work of Tuzla Canton Archive (Archive TK) that are related to the specific problem of solving the requests of propertylegal nature are probably present in other archives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In order to answer the demands of the users it is necessary to create a data base as soon as possible, as it will create a faster and bet ter feedback. This kind of approach will be useful to the Archive employees and even more so to our citizens (users), especially for the expected process of restitution. The most optimal soluti on would be the use of hybrid microfilm tehnology, especially for fonds necessary to constantly reevaluate its relations with users, to listen their needs and difficulties and uses that knowledge to create more practical approaches. The goal is to always be available to all users of archival fond. Therefore, Archive of Tuzla Canton is trying to simplify the process of submiting a request and delivery of documents, so on its web site it offers the possibility to submit a request in a form of email for those unable to visit the Archive, and they are using the internet. The main objective is to shorten the time needed from submiting an application to recieving all the quality information user asked for, to the satisfaction of both parties involved in the pro cess. Preparing of the data base which would contain all the data related to the documents that are refering about propertylegal affairs would shorten the process of searching for those documents that could sometimes take a couple of days because it is necessary to check a lot of material, from one or more fonds. That is one of more important task that Archive will work on in the coming period.
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There are several key points in work of the archive service, which have crystalized in this, here still unfinished transitional period. One of the basic is monitoring and adapting to the changes that are evident in whole society, which includes makers of registry and archival material. The most obvious ones are those that show changing of the property structure, processes of transition from state owned property to private owned one. Additionally, development of information tehnologies is making the use of it necessary even in the archives. Openness and availability of the data, informations stored in the archives is also one of the axioms of modern times. Archive of Subotica has passed trough several phases since the begining of transition, first one- since the start of Nineties, when it became clear that changes are comming, second- when the chan- ges became obvious, but the direction of those was leading entire society and archival profession into isolation and stagnation, and finally third phase - which begins with changes started in year 2000., when the course of these changes tried to adapt to the standards that where set by developed European countries, and that other countries who share the same goal try to follow.
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Categorization of registry offices is a very important question. It is a part of question about valorization of registry material. For its efficient realization it is neccessary to solve many prerequisites among which is the question of unique legal organization of this subject on the whole state (administrative) area. By categorization of registry offices, that has to be established on experiences of the developed world, the structure of archival record of every archive and the country in global is determined. Like this the cultural base of one environment as the part of cultural base of mankind is affected. Because of this the most experienced archival experts are inolved in the categorization. Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have much experience on the plan of evaluation nor does on the plan of categorization of registry offices. This question is not legaly stated at any level of organization of archival business. Even though in the practice of external archival services there were empirically established priorities in dealing with registrary offices, all this was not enough to reach the unique opinion on the level of archival business in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Consequence of this is relatively bad structure of archival records of Bosnia and Herzegovina where there are no records which are undobtedly the first categories of registry offices (governmental agency and administration of justice ), and in the archives there is more standard materials of party and other provenience.Because of all this and lots of other circumstances regarding the solution of space and staff these questions have to be solved: at first individually from archive to archive, and at the same time systematically by bringing appropriate legal regulations and unique special solution on the level of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Process of selection and throwing away of wortless registry material presents one of the basic tasks of archival profession. The destiny of archival material as unreplacable historical source, which is neccessary for examination of the past period, depends on realization of this process. Tradition of carrying out the process of selection and throwing away of registry material in Bosnia and Herzegovina is not long and it refers to the beginning of the 1960 ies. This process presents one of the primary tasks of owners, creators and archive itself. The essence of the process of selection and throwing away of material is contained in separation of registry materials that are significant for the history, culture and other scientific areas, and also for writing off a part of registry material that is of a temporary significance for the current work. In Bosnian and Herzegovinian archival theory and practice in the process of selection of archival material and throwing away of worthless material there are some disadvantages. Owners and creators start this process of selection and throwing away mainly because of the need for space and rarely because of the need to fulfill legal obligations and protection of archival material. In the realization of this process there are lots of anomalies that are of professional and methodological nature. Results of the mentioned approach are numerous of consequences, which can be seen in the fact that this approach does not lead to a final goal and that is to save optimal number of neccessary historical sources.In order to change the existing practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina it is neccessary to pay more attention to the process of selection and throwing away the registry material in the sense of setting the exact criterias. This will be a guarantee to protect the maximum of archival materials as historical sources which are neccessary for examination of the past, and for other scientific and cultural needs.
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Government of the Republic of Croatia structure and work organization are determined by the Constitution, Law and Rules of procedure. Government is supreme executive and administrative body in the Republic of Croatia. Government has its permanent working bodies: coordinations and commissions. Government's offices and other bodies are established by decrees. Specific circumstances of the Republic of Croatia creational and development have influenced creational and development of Government's offices. Offices emerged as direct response to new circumstances or they are a way of overcoming vital tasks, thus for example Office for refugees, Crisis headquarters, Office for development strategy of the Republic of Croatia ... were established. Certainly, when an office activities are not so vital anymore, is existence ends such as Office for emigrants and Croatian minority, Office for state borders, Office for internees and missing persons... One of the archival science tasks is to study organization and functions of archives' creators. History of institutions is component part of archival science; it is systematic description of historical data on activities and work of particular institutions, as creators of archival records. Exact knowledge of history and competences of an institution is starting point of archives' and archivists' entire work, and it is also starting point of giving exact and meaningful scientific information to records' users, which is along with archives protection and keeping, basic archives' task. Expertness in history of institutions is precondition of any archival work. Any and every information on records is based on knowledge on archives' creators or on history of institutions.
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In the report the author discusses the private archives that he believes exist in BiH, but are not defined as such in the relevant legislation. In the opinion of the author, this allows insufficient care of private archives, which can seriously endanger the privately owned archival material. The history taught us that the documentary heritage in BiH has always had a poor physical protection, whereas from 1992 it is additionally threatened by poor technical protection. This is the reason to take care of every document and thereby salvage the remainder of this priceless treasure, which in this country is missed more often that not. The legislative definition of private archives would enable their registration as such in the records of authorized state archives, as well as copying and presenting of their materials, which would both allow and force the authorized institutions to take all possible measures of care for this heritage of human creativity the continues to be very important to us.
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Regarding current condition of registry materials in the region of private subjects it is neccessary to put great effort into this problem. This especially refers to the fact that in the final stage of making economic subjects private we deal with operating in the private sector of public business organizations, and it is neccessary to solve this problem as soon as possible. This means to find legal as well as skilled frames to keep up with and carry out these processes. Positive thing is the fact that the consequences of destruction of materials are put on a sound basis and the process of destruction itself is stopped. Of course, we must not stop at this point. On contrary the cooperation of all participants in operating in the private sector (state, archives, registry offices) is neccessary, and all this is for the sake of protection of archival materials. Contrary to this we are dealing with the danger that archival materials, which are of immeasurable importance, remain the subjects of destruction and disappearance, and traces of past time and people's actions to get erased forever.
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Right to free access to information was for the first time signed in Sweeden 230 years ago, and the first law was passed in the United States of America in 1966. The right to free access to information is inalienable right of every subject and it includes freedom of informing which is involved in the right to freedom of expression. It includes the right to surch, accept an give information through any media regardless any limitation. Availability to acess information in the property of governmental bodies and in individual requirements of physical and legal subjects does not present new obligation for the governmental bodies, but it presents a special affirmation of their existing obligations in the sense of openness and publicity of the work. Free access to information contained in the holdings of Archival Department Kotor is for a long time founded praxis. Wealth and good organisation of archival holdings in the Archival Department Kotor, and also ability and professionalism of its employees make access to every information efficient and of a high quality. «Law of free access to information» in the Republic of Montenegro has only legalized usual way of work which is done in the archive for at least a half of century. Passing this law, as well as reconstruction of entire national legacy in conformity with democratic flows of European society are obligations of the Republic of Montenegro, and all for the sake of access to the rank of democratic countries of Europe and the whole world. With all this, the door for better cooperation with the institutions of other countries are opening to our archives.
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In Archive of Tuzla County the inventory as well as list of material, and types of information means about records and collections are used for scientific and other needs. Importance of record, its size ,protected books and other criterias determined the type of the inventories which are done as analytical, summary - analytical or as summary. Analytical inventory is mostly done for socio-political organizations, societies and associations of that collection. Summary and summary-analytical inventories are done for the records in the range of economy. Production of means of information is one of the main and most demanding parts of archival work. Therefore it is neccessary to pay attention to problems of arrangement and processing of archival materials in archives - establishing mutual criterias for the production of inventory, using methods of the ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF). It is also neccessary to make reference book on the state level in order to describe archival materials, inventories, and to make other scientific - information means available by the use of Internet and other computer webs.
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All archival regulation, just as those before the war in 1992 and those appeared later which are still used, imply keeping of files in archives. Those are mainly files of archival records and collections, about materials that are in the property of owners of registrary materials, and about usage of archival materials in archives. However, the disadvantage is that these obligations, determined by archival laws, are not made concrete in implemental regulations (except in the Archive of Serbian Republic) where particular patterns should have been regulated. Because of this, archives are working on the same way as before the war, but still there are slight innovations in some archives. Keeping of appropriate files, that should be identical on the whole area of the country, is the neccessity of archive and archival service in general. Thus a system in doing tasks is introduced. It is also easier to sum up complete state and achieved results in the branch, which is often a condition for making developmental projects of all types. Therefore, more attention should be paid to these tasks in the future.
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In archival theory and practice there are changes on the field of content that has to be discussed as special knowledge in doing archival work and also on the field of election of the way and form of transfer and acqusition. Among important changes there are: - possibilities to approach the Internet contents - rationalization of procedures because of limited means and time, meant for education - possibilities to use various technological interpretation of didactic means combined with communication infrastructure - mediation of great amount of abstract contents.Transfer of knowledges in the field of archival theory and practice is a complex process that is possible to realize in different ways. One of them was performed in Slovenian public archival service. This is a confirmation of the fact that only qualified archival worker, who has good equipment and knows how to use it, can successfully do archival professional work.
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