Rousseau: la nature et le sublime

Author(s): Ilona Bala / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2014

The metaphysical idea of “nature” is one of these tuning ideas of the philosopher of the Enlightenment, Rousseau. On one side, we see the romantic and wild picture of nature, like “the ocean, the mountains, the rocks, the waterfalls”, on the other side there is nature tamed by the humans. The mountain’s soul looked like phenomenon of unexpected (something which surpasses the expectations and reveal the dramatized, restless nature), is something which escapes its being (in the metaphysical sense) and which confronts this soul in a kind of terror. Also we underline that the sublime of the mountain provokes some sort of terror. The push of Rousseau’s thought shows nature as an association with the state of the soul within an internal experience. We can conclude that the “polarity of the subjective – (emotional) inner and of the objective external (the natural world)” opens the possibility to question this dispute.

Hogyan írjunk (magyar) filozófiatörténetet?

Author(s): Péter Andras Varga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1-2/2016

Mészáros András: Széttartó párhuzamok Esettanulmányok a magyar filozófia történetéből Kalligram, Dunaszerdahely–Pozsony, 2014.220 oldal, 2900 Ft/9,60 €

Konisskii and Peripatetic Orthodox

Author(s): Adam Drozdek / Language(s): English,Polish,German Issue: 51/2014

Georgii Konisskii, an Orthodox bishop of Belarus canonized by the Synod of the Belorussian Orthodox church, was at first a lecturer in the Kiev Academy and his philosophy lectures have been preserved. As a philosopher, he was a peripatetic through and through accepting all the major tenets of the Aristotelian system: he accepted matter and form; the four types of causes; rejection of atomism; the idea of the soul being a form; three types of the soul: vegetative (nutritive), sensory (animal), and rational; rejection of actual infinity; rejection of the void in nature. He made modifications only when forced by the Christian theology: the world was created and will have its end; God is the major efficient cause, not only the final cause. His theology remained traditional with no attempts to modify anything or to explain if there were areas not clearly delineated by Orthodoxy. Konisskii stressed very strongly the spiritual aspect of theology and the necessity of manifesting this theology through one’s spiritual life. Orthodox theology was for him an inviolable foundation that should be accepted without questioning and his role as a pastor was to imbue people with reverence of this theology and urge them to make it the way of their temporary spiritual journey through this world heading to the eternity in the afterlife.

Obecność nieobecnego

Author(s): Juliusz Domański / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

This is the speech, that was addressed to the participants of XI All-Polish Scientific Conference: The Philosophy of XVII century – its Sources and Continuations (Białystok, 16–17 June 2015), of which Professor Juliusz Domański was the guest of honour.

Nisi ipse intellectus. Nie-redukcjonistyczna filozofia umysłu w Leibniza Nowych rozważaniach dotyczących rozumu ludzkiego

Author(s): Artur Banaszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

Developed in his polemics with Locke, Leibniz’s conception of the mind based on the so called ‘system commune’ is an example of what the non-reductionist and non-naturalistic view has to offer in the philosophy of the mind. In this paper I discuss the following issues: the status of New essays in Leibniz’s works, the consciousness- mind relation as understood by both philosophers, conception of the innate and innate-acquired relation in the so called ‘system commune’. I have divided this work into four parts. In the first one I present the status of New essays in Leibniz’s works and I explain his conception of the ‘system commune’. In the second one I investigate Locke’s arguments on the nativism and his conception of the innate. Next, I discuss the conception of the innateness, as proposed by Leibniz, and the mind-consciousness relation. Finally, I present the conclusions drawn from the above analyses.

Natura i struktura tożsamości osoby. Analiza problemu na przykładzie wybranych prac G.W. Leibniza

Author(s): Adrianna Senczyszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

The main aim of this paper is to reconstruct G. W. Leibniz’s view on nature and structure of human identity. For this purpose selected writings of the author and of several other philosophers whose impact on his conclusion was the most noticeable are exploited. Analysis of these sources in relation to Leibniz’s whole monadological system provides us with the explication of human identity in his anthropology. In the first part the author concentrates on the historical background of a reflection on the notion of nature, which in Leibniz’s philosophy constitutes the basis of human identity. The Hanoverian philosopher, as the author claims, continues Aristotle’s thought on this issue. Afterwards a basic individual being – monad – is presented. Through the monad the German philosopher managed to unite two – seemingly opposing – perspectives: substancial (aristotelism) with “consciously-reflective”, which is synonymous with Descartes’ cogito. In the second part the author introduces the concept of the human person, which indicates such features as rationality, substantiality and individuality. From the latter flows such characteristics of personhood as uniqueness, distinctiveness and incommunicability. Even though this classical interpretation of the person was deconstructed by Descartes, the author shows that the monadic subject did not lose the attributes Leibniz’s processors wrote about. In the third part the author presents John Locke’s interpretation of the human identity described in his opus magnum – An essay concerning human understanding, in opposition to which Leibniz developed his own theory. In the fourth part the structure of human identity in the interpretation of the German is presented. The author of this paper particularly focuses on the characteristics of its two dimensions: real identity and moral identity. At the end, in the fifth part, the epistemological foundation of Leibniz’s anthropology: perception, apperception and reflection, its specifics and the relation to two levels of human identity presented in Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain are explored.

Relacja między nauką o logicznych możliwościach a zasadą zachowania energii. Rola badań Huygensa i Leibniza dla nowożytnej refleksji nad wolnością woli

Author(s): Anna Szyrwińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

The article investigates the relationship between Leibniz’s and Huygens’ theory of possibility and the principle of conservation of energy. It assumes that their criticisms of Cartesian views concerning those questions as well as their own achievements contributed to the formation of a new metaphysical ground for the modern discussions on the freedom of the will. There are especially two problems whose role is crucial in this context, namely the question of God’s knowledge of the future conditionals (contingentia futura) and the mind-body distinction.

Stefana Pawlickiego (1839–1916) pierwsze polskie przekłady Medytacji o pierwszej filozofii oraz Rozprawy o metodzie

Author(s): Stefan Konstańczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

This paper is based on the materials found in the Jagiellonian Library – unpublished manuscripts of Pawlicki’s translations of two works by Descartes. The starting point for the analyses is a short outline of the history of the reception of the French philosopher’s works in Poland. The author also draws comparisons between Pawlicki’s translations and translations of Discourse on the method which are well embedded in the Polish philosophical tradition by Wojciech Dobrzycki (1878) and Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński (1918), as well as Pawlicki’s translation of Meditations with translations of Ignacy Karol Dworzaczek (1885) and Maria Ajdukiewiczowa (1948). Pawlicki worked on his translations between Romanticism and Positivism, when Descartes’ works were in general negatively received. The comparison of these translations and comments on them found in later translations done by Wiktor Wąsik in so called “critical” period will allow one to grasp some developing tendencies in Polish philosophy of the 19th century. This paper will also fill in the gap in the history of Polish philosophy concerning the reception of Descartes’ philosophy in 19th-century Poland.

Czym jest a czym nie jest psychologia pozytywna? Poszukiwanie paradygmatu

Author(s): Piotr Kwiatek,Krystyna Wilczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

This article identifies relevant criteria indicating the identity of positive psychology founded in the late 1990s in the USA. Since a variety of interpretations often makes it difficult to understand the character and mission of positive psychology, it is important to consider the founders, the elements shaping positive psychology, as well as its internal processes of change. While it is open to interdisciplinary cooperation, positive psychology maintains its specific profile, objectives, and methods. It has its own paradigm indicating what can be considered to be positive psychology, and where its limits can be found.

O mocy Bożej. Luis de Molina i Domingo Banez

Author(s): Agnieszka Biegalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2016

“The era of progress” turned thinkers’ attention to the spheres in which a new idea began to emerge – the idea of freedom. It determined new human activity in the domains which could start to be practiced autonomously. The changes also influenced the study of the ideas of free will and freedom. The category of the individual’s free will confronted with God’s omnipotence became to dominate the discussion. The new way of thinking about human freedom resulted in the disputes continued within the Christian philosophical trend. The first serious conflict arose in the 16th century between Erasmus of Rotterdam – the Humanist and Martin Luther – the Reformer, and the other – in the 17th century between Luis de Molina – the Jesuit and Domingo Bañez – the Dominican. The paper is an attempt to illustrate the latter dispute, of Molina and Bañez.

Moja krótka historia filozofii starożytnej (IV)

Author(s): Dobrochna Dembinska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2016

In this study of the Hellenistic period philosophy the author stresses the importance of the substantial change in the Greek thought that was caused, inter alia, by the political events: a loss of independence by the Greek poleis and also by the fact that they were absorbed by the Alexander the Great’s multicultural monarchy. The author stresses the fact that although the old schools were still in existence philosophical thought characteristic for this period developed in new schools which appeared at that time: scepticism, epicurism and stoicism. Thought of the philosophers belonging to the above trends focuses on the problem of a happy life (eudaimonia) and the ways to achieve it: these thinkers rejected findings of their great metaphysical predecessors and, above all, taught how to live happily.

Eros y ágape a la luz del dolor

Author(s): Juan Pablo Martinez / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 14/2016

Thinking about love is always difficult, because it is trying to reduce something what is immediately live in the experience of being loved. This work shows the tensions and difficulties inherent in any way of thinking love, a love that is not only understood as a desire of possession but also as a gift of one-self. The pain of love itself because the fact of not be shown in his essence will lead to a reflexion of the necessity of human suffering and its nuclear character as transition between the two types of love, that is, their mutual acceptance and integration.

Arystotelesowskie ujęcie homonimii

Author(s): Mikołaj Domaradzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2016

The purpose of the paper is to discuss Aristotle’s account of homonymy. The major thesis advocated here is that Aristotle considers both entities and words to be homonymous, depending on the object of his criticism. Thus, when he takes issue with Plato, he tends to view homonymy more ontologically, upon which it is entities that become homonymous. When, on the other hand, he gainsays the exegetes or the sophists, he is inclined to perceive homonymy more semantically, upon which it is words that become homonymous. Subsequently, this article shows that Aristotle values homonymy negatively in dialectical discussions, but positively in rhetorical and poetic arts. Finally, the present paper demonstrates that Aristotle regards systematic homonymy as a very useful theoretical tool that makes it possible to critically examine the basic terminological assumptions of any philosophical inquiry.

A legjobb barátom

Author(s): Ágnes Heller / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2016

Мировоззренческие основания историко-философских исследований Дмитрия Чижевского

Author(s): Wiaczesław Artiuch / Language(s): Russian Issue: 53/2016

This article considers the influence of notion of the world-view on understanding of Chizhevsky’s specifics of philosophical process in Ukraine. Herewith this world-view is tracked in connection with the notion of the “national nature”. Emphasized presence of moments hypothesis in using the notion of the “public world-view” and the “national nature” under the construction by the Chizhevsky’s continuity of philosophical process.

Marian Grabowski, Pomazaniec. Przyczynek do chrystologii filozoficznej, W drodze, Poznań 2010, ss. 268

Author(s): Karol Jasiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 53/2016

„Minden egész eltörött…”

Author(s): Gábor Budai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2017

WSTĘP

Author(s): Rafał Ilnicki,Tomasz Załuski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2015

Introduction: We wstępie do angielskiego przekładu książki Félixa Ravaissona De l'habitude (1838), Catherine Malabou wskazuje, że w europejskiej tradycji filozoficznej występują dwa zasadnicze sposobu ujęcia zagadnienia habitusu – nawyku [Malabou 2008, VII]. Pierwszy, zainicjowany przez Arystotelesa i kontynuowany przez filozofów średniowiecznych, a następnie podjęty przez Hegla i rozwinięty w filozofii francuskiej – przez takich filozofów, jak Maine de Biran, Félix Ravaisson czy Henri Bergson – skłania do interpretacji habitusu w kategoriach ontologicznych. Jest on ontologicznym prawem, które określa bycie bytów podlegających zmianie, czasowych, skończonych i kontyngentnych. (...)

Јунгов(ски) приступ књижевности

Author(s): Olivera Žižović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 156/2015

In his essays "On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry", "Psychologyand Poetry: Introduction" and "Ulysses: a Monologue", Carl Gustav Jung looks intoliterary work as psychological activity, thus focusing his attention on the process of artistic creation, i.e. the psychology of creating, along with observing some aspects of the sociology of art.

The influence of Darwin on philosophy

Author(s): John Dewey / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016