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The ability to understand each other is a precondition for coexistence and work that we cannot dispense with. In the European Union, where diversity is valued, one language cannot cover all communication needs. Multilingualism facilitates openness and tolerance but also provides for access to new markets and opens up new business opportunities. Nowadays, proficiency in multiple languages plays an important role in a person’s life and success. In the context of foreign language teaching, language policies of individual states play a significant role because they lay down the guidelines for educational systems according to which foreign language syllabuses and curriculums are created at all education levels.This paper examines the role of language policy and individual multilingualism and analyses their impact on enhancement of employment prospects in the European Union. The paper also looks at the significance of investments into foreign language learning with the aim to strengthen one’s competitiveness in the market as well as activities undertaken to encourage passive and active use of foreign languages in business. In addition, the paper gives recommendations that can help improve the success rate in multilingual business communication.
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Norvegas Ivaras Aasenas (Osen, 1813–1896) buvo iš tų kultūros veikėjų, kurie XVIII–XIX a. Europoje domėjosi valstiečių tarmėmis ir jų pagrindu siūlė kurti naujas ar gaivinti tautines kalbas. I. Aaseno intelektinę brandą lėmė tai, kad jis augo nuošalioje kaimo bendruomenėje, kuri jau nuo XVIII a. pabaigos puoselėjo itin intensyvią literatūrinę veiklą, o gana daug šios bendruomenės narių priklausė ilgesnes negu šimto metų raštingumo tradicijas turinčioms šeimoms. Taigi jau ankstyvasis mokymas stiprino jo įsitikinimą, kad norvegų valstiečių tarmės tėra paviršius, po kuriuo slypi bendra sistema, t. y. nekodifikuota tautinė kalba. Iš pradžių I. Aasenas siekė suvienodinti vyraujančią rašto kultūrą, bet vėliau jis sumaniai pritaikė savo tikslams pagrindinių tautinio romantizmo skelbėjų idė- jas, gyvavusias XIX a. viduryje. Savo galutinį siekį – naujos ir visuotinai priimtinos rašytinės kalbos sukūrimą – jis derino su tuometinių kultūros veikėjų norais atgaivinti senąją valstiečių kalbą. Jo sumanymas sulaukė ir finansinės, ir moralinės paramos, tad naujųjų laikų Europoje I. Aasenas tapo vienu pirmųjų valstybės išlaikomų intelektualų. Viešumoje I. Aasenas prisiėmė valstiečio-intelektualo vaidmenį, o tai, nors ir skamba paradoksaliai, leido jam dalyvauti platesnėse kultūros sferose. Apskritai, I. Aaseno nuopelnai siejami ne tik su praktinės ir rašytinės kalbos normos kūrimu – jis yra pirmasis literatūrinę ir estetinę vertę turinčių ta kalba sukurtų tekstų autorius. Didžiausio pasisekimo sulaukė poezija ir pjesės, nors jam neblogai sekėsi rašyti ir esė. Daugelį metų I. Aaseno darbai ir nuopelnai buvo nepagrįstai pamiršti, ir tik pastaraisiais metais susidomėjimas jo veikla gerokai išaugo. Nuo 1996-ųjų, paskelbtų Ivaro Aaseno metais, parengtos bent trys išsamios kalbininko biografijos. Praėjus dar ketveriems metams jo gimtinėje atidarytas muziejus, o susidomėjimas Ivaro Aaseno veikla ir toliau nemažėja. Jo darbai dabar yra politikos ir kalbos filosofijos objektas, o artėjant 2013-iesiems, kai bus minima Ivaro Aaseno 200 metų gimimo sukaktis, dėmesys, tikėtina, tik stiprės.
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Speech delay and developmental aphasia are units of abnormal speech and language development in a small child. Their fi rst symptoms can appear as early as at the beginning of the linguistic development, i.e. ca. at the age of 1, and can be quite similar. Differentiating between such units not seldom requires a long and meticulous speech assessment and a systematic observation of speech and language development dynamics in a child during the improvement process. It is a diffi cult task in particular for young and inexperienced speech therapists who are at the beginning of their career. This paper presents certain tips which could enable a more precise and correct diagnosis of children’s linguistic and extra-linguistic behaviours that are characteristic of such units.
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The aim of this paper is to describe the speech therapy procedure in the case of children with cleft lip and palate, with a particular focus on preventive measures. It discusses the elements of the procedure that could significantly influence the effects of the therapy in detail. Improperly selected exercises to train organs of speech or improve breathing will not bring satisfactory effects or can even intensify bad habits. Complying with the recommendations described in this paper is particularly important in the treatment of children with open nasality.
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“I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” (1970) is the first of Maya Angelou’s autobiographical volumes. A recount of her personal life, the book is a testimony of racism in southern society and a statement of both the possibilities and the limits of resisting and fighting it. “Visit to the Dentist” is one of its chapters that have been published autonomously as a short story. The narrative cohesion of “Visit to the Dentist”, together with its structure and language, make it representative of Angelou’s writing pattern in terms of autobiography. This article sets out to examine how autobiographical writing is exploited both for political and for aesthetic purposes, and how this short story in particular illustrates Angelou’s canonical characteristics – thematically, artistically and as protest.
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The essay explores Howard Jacobson’s latest novel “J” with a view to demonstrating that the homogenous society that is depicted in it functions on the principle of exclusion of difference and repression of individuality. It is claimed here that the novel plays with the conventions of the genre of postapocalypse in order to emphasize that what constitutes the core of humanity is our capacity for embodying and expressing difference even though that difference at the same time remains a crucial reason behind our predicament.
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The paper gives a concise overview of the traditions of Danish personal names and giving them to people in Denmark in accordance with the Danish legislation. When discussing the types of Danish personal names, most attention is given to the specific category of a middle name by highlighting the function of this type of personal names characteristic of Scandinavian languages and its differences from more usual categories of names and surnames.
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The study analyses several selected poetic works by Jan Kunowski (ca. 1592–1654) related to the city of Smolensk and the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy (1632–1634), also referred to as the Smolensk War. Using this case study, the author presents the Smolensk’s place in the political awareness of the contemporary Polish nobility and discusses some themes exploited by modern propaganda devoted to this event.Having a general sketch of the “myth of Smolensk” (that is the Polish narrative on this city before the war) as the starting point allows a deepened interpretation of Kunowski’s poems concerning the conflict alone, in which the representation of the city and the topics used by the poet change substantially. Thanks to individual interpretations the author exposes characteristic crucial points of the narrative and demonstrates how they work on two levels: of the propaganda and the myth.
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The purpose of this essay is to read, describe and evaluate, from the critical metaperspective, the ideas and concepts contained in the work Génétique des textes by Pierre-Marc de Biasi.
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