![Plébánia, egyházközség, iroda](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2021_65322.png)
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Tongue-twisters, extremely strange structures, are examples of linguistic acrobatics and creative play with the language. Although they incorporate many comical forms and ideas and are characterized by structural diversity, they rarely become the subject of linguistic research. Many of them are based on repetitions of similarly sounding words or phrases; some are almost meaningless, which, however, does not distort their function but highlights their specificity. For these reasons, among others, the aim of the article is to show and discuss characteristic features of tongue-twisters, methods of creating them and mechanisms for generating comical effects. Tongue-twisters are examined in terms of their formal features (morphology and syntax) and semantic properties (puns, modifications, irony, unexpected content, etc.). The analysis confirms that there are no limits to their flexibility and creative potential. It identifies a wide range of possibilities for their construction and points out their inherent humour indicators even if many tongue-twisters resemble flat jokes.
More...
In the recent thirty years, much of the research carried out in the field of linguistics has been based on the experientialist philosophy formulated by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, treating language as a key to uncover the cognitively unconscious in human thought and operating with notions such as conceptualization, conceptual metaphor, or image schema. Nevertheless, despite the great success of the cognitive linguistics enterprise, the basic philosophical assumptions that lie at the foundation of the paradigm may still raise controversies and trigger lively discussions. The present article aims to shed more light at some of the essential issues pertaining to the modern-day cognitive approach by tracing its roots to the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Benjamin Lee Whorf. To start with, the article discusses the place that the philosophy of experiential realism takes in the basic division between realism and anti-realism, and attempts to demonstrate that the quest to uphold the basic realistic stance while still giving a chief role to human conceptualization is in many ways an elaboration of Kant’s “Copernican revolution”. Even more traces are found in the late works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, who with his “Philosophical Investigations” laid foundations for the current cognitive theory of categorization, not only helping realize the blurry character of category borders but also questioning the hitherto dominating atomistic approach to meaning. Perhaps the most noteworthy inspirations, however, can be found in the writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf who, like the modern-day cognitive linguists, was deeply interested in the variety of the different models that humans impose on the real world, and who may have prefigured much of the currently popular theory of conceptual metaphor. Overall, a deeper insight into the philosophy of the three discussed thinkers allows us to better understand the roots of the modern-day cognitive linguistics and erase some of the controversies that have arisen around it over the years.
More...
Many abstract phenomena and concepts can be described with the help of language. The world is perceived through language and language is one of the tools for describing it. Starting point of my article forms the concept of the linguistic worldview Bartmiński (2012). Particular means of expression are phrasemes, which reflect in a compact way the perception of the world by the users of a certain language. As part of the research, a comparative analysis of the German and Polish phrasemes is carried out, the obligatory component of which is the lexeme Hand/ręka. The empirical material comes from the phraseological dictionaries of both languages. Phraseological units are divided into groups according to their semantics. The aim of the analysis is to show the variety of meanings of the examined phrasemes and the possibilities of expression that the structures mentioned above open up for us. The analysis of the compiled corpus allows a general conclusion to be drawn: the semantic groups of phrasemes that have been created and examined, which contain the lexeme Hand/ręka, show a visible symmetry. Among other things, it can result from the fact that the hand and its functions are perceived in a similar way in both German and Polish, which seems to be important information for the linguistic worldview of both cultures. The added value lies primarily in gaining insights into the linguistic worldview of both cultures and thus preventing linguistic decals, incomprehension or linguistic rudeness that result from a lack of knowledge of the possible different meanings of certain expressions between languages. This analysis can contribute to further research into the linguistic world view that is visible in phrasemes with the lexeme Hand/ręka.
More...
This article is part of the research on football linguistics. Its goal is to analyse and compare the banners appearing in German and Polish football stadiums in the light of speech act theory. The aim is to show that not only football matches take place in a football stadium, but also social or political concerns are addressed and processed. The following questions serve as a criterion for the analysis: In which aspects are the German and Polish banners similar? What are the differences between them? With what linguistic intention do the authors of these texts act and how should they be classified according to the emotional charge? After the theoretical introduction, which briefly describes the conceptual foundations of text linguistics and refers to football and its language, the analysis of the collected corpus is presented. The corpus consists first and foremost of texts published on banners, transcribed according to the original spelling, as well as precise details of the respective matches. One or more speech act types are assigned to each text, although their number is limited to 26. The assignment is based on Searle’s speech act theory. Furthermore, each text is evaluated axiologically. For this, in most cases it is indispensable to know the exact context in which the banner is embedded, and the vocabulary and the addressee group also play an important role. The results of the analysis are summarised numerically. Their discussion is rounded off by conclusions which refer, among other things, to the fact that the language of football fans is very masculine in character, direct, sometimes vulgar and brutal. In the stands, the collective clearly stands above the individual. However, values such as dignity, honour and respect also come to the fore. This analysis is not only a linguistic examination of a linguistic phenomenon, but also an overview of a diverse and multifaceted culture that is part of society.
More...
Translation of culinary products is a topic that is often taken up in research. Culinary names appearing on the menus are a special case, as they have individual features in the composition of the names. The aim of the article is to make an attempt at the typology of mistakes in the field of Polish-German translation of culinary products based on the selected menus and to establish a diagnosis of the causes of mistakes. A review of reality shows that many Polish restaurants make mistakes in translating culinary products into German. The empirical basis are 31 Polish menus from restaurants in three Polish cities: Wrocław and Szklarska Poręba in Lower Silesia and Świnoujście in West Pomerania. Three different regions of Poland were studied. The focus is on translation mistakes and their types as well as the diagnosis of the causes of these mistakes. The article begins with the theoretical part and explains such terms as menu, type of text, mistakes and culinary. The objective includes the following questions: Which translation strategies are used in the translation of culinary products? Which mistakes are made during the translation? What types of mistakes occur with other types? The results of the analysis are presented in a tabular form. More than 1200 mistakes were found. Using selected examples, the analysis is carried out with the aim of typologizing the mistakes and pointing out translation strategies in the mentioned area. The classification of mistakes by Andrzej Markowski and the omission as a mistake type by Krzysztof Hejwowski are taken into account for the purposes of the analysis. It can be concluded that restaurants use different translation strategies in the case of culinary products, which result in many incorrect translations. In the light of the material analysed, it must also be stressed that Polish restaurants do not attach great importance to translating culinary products into German. This article is therefore intended as an example of practice-based analysis.
More...
The article is a review of the monograph entitled Argumentationspraktiken im Vergleich by Abdel-Hafiez Massud. The monograph is devoted to a linguistic comparison between argumentation patterns in German and Arabic. The author describes linguistic and extralinguistic measures used in the process of intercultural communication to convince others of our point of view or to persuade them to take a specific step. The publication consists of three thematic parts: argumentation in the online media, argumentation as an intercultural phenomenon, and teaching argumentation skills. The first part focuses on the issue of argumentation patterns preferred by both internauts and companies in the digital world. Argumentative speech acts, such as protesting or apologizing, are discussed on the basis of various text types, for instance German and Arabic protests on Twitter, answers given by companies to customers’ online complaints, and „About us” sections on German private school websites. The second part, which is based on German and Arabic online complaints, is devoted to intercultural politeness and impoliteness in German and Arabic argumentation. The third part is centered around developing argumentation skills during classes in German as a foreign or second language. The value of the monograph is enhanced by the fact that it contrastively thematizes German and Arabic multimodal argumentation styles, which is a new and little explored research field. It is also important that the impact of modern communication forms in the new media on argumentation patterns and practices in both cultures has been considered. Due to its topicality and the presentation of the themes in an original manner, the publication might be of interest to linguists, particularly those researching argumentation.
More...
The debate about the use of Anglicisms in the German language is not a new topic. For a long time there has been a reflection on what the increasing proportion of English verbs means for German, although this phenomenon polarizes opinions in the public and among linguists. In this context, some fear a decline in the German language. Others see this tendency as a development and enrichment of the German language. This article intends to present the results of the 2020 published by Verlag Dr. Kovač a monograph by Katarína Seresová devoted to this topic. The aim is to reflect on the current state of the discussion regarding the use of Anglicisms in German. In her remarks, the author deals with the following aspects: 1) extra-linguistic factors that underlie the process of borrowing, 2) models and means of word formation, 3) integration of anglicisms, 4) influencing factors of English, 5) advantages and disadvantages of using Anglicisms, 6) Anglicism of the Year initiative, 7) influence of English on the German language. In the article, the results of Seresová’s considerations are presented and commented on against the background of previous research. It is then shown to what extent the monograph enriches the existing literature on the subject of Anglicisms in German and what contribution it makes to research in this area. On the basis of the monograph presented, it can be concluded that the question of Anglicisms in German is still topical, despite a rather extensive scientific description that it has received so far.
More...
The anthology, in which the doctoral students from the universities in Trnava, Ústí nad Labem and Wrocław express themselves scientifically, was created under the project “Internalization and development of doctoral studies“. The aim of this anthology is to publish the texts of postgraduate students from Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic. The diverse topics from the field of linguistics and literature were seized in the anthology. Writers such as Georg Trakl, Jan Faktor, Thomas Mann or Stanislav Struhar are the focus of some of the articles. Such motives as landscape, garden, identity or migration are also discussed. The linguistic texts deal with compound words, lexemes, swear words, cardinal vowels and language varieties. The topics presented provide a good basis for further discussions. A total of 17 articles can be found here. They are proof that young people are interested in science and they research new topics by themselves. The diversity of subjects indicates that linguistics and literature are a repository of knowledge.
More...
German studies as a university subject has been represented in Hungary since the 18th century (!). In 1784 Josef II ordered the establishment of the Department for German language and literature at the university of the Hungarian capital Pest. This department is considered to be the second oldest in the world (after the one founded two decades earlier in Vienna). German studies in Hungary can therefore look back on very long traditions. It may also have something to do with the fact that it is represented by Hungarian researchers who have made a name for themselves in European German studies. The goal of the following article is to review and discuss the celebratory publication dedicated to the recognized Hungarian Germanist, scientist and university professor Erzsébet Drahota-Szabó Kulcs a világhoz: Drahota-Szabó Erzsébet köszöntésére. Key to the world: Festschrift for Erzsébet Drahota-Szabó. The title of the publication shows the intertextual reference to Wilhelm Humboldt’s famous thesis that language is a key to the world. The volume sees itself as a key with which access to certain areas of knowledge, as elements of the world, is made possible.The volume contains in total twenty contributions, written in German and Hungarian, that are thematically linked to the research and teaching of the jubilarian. The knowledge elements contained in them relate to comprehensive scientific or research areas, such as German as a foreign language, (foreign language) teacher training, as well as multilingualism and translation. The authors of the contributions focus on different perspectives from which the listed topics and areas are dealt with (e.g. contrastive, didactic, literary and historical perspectives) and relate their investigations to different languages (in addition to German to Hungarian, Slovak and Romanian). This creates complex, diverse networks between the contributions, which are to be uncovered in the following review article. The readers of the review article not only gain an insight into important research areas of German studies, including those represented by the jubilee, but they should also be encouraged to take the Festschrift into their own hands and to interact with the authors of the articles and with the jubilarian herself scientifically “to exchange” ideas and thoughts.
More...
Phraseodidactics as such seems to be getting more and more into the interest of foreign language learners and teachers. Solutions for the practical implementation of the theory are sought. These are also the expectations of German learners in Poland. The textbook “Phraseologie des Deutschen im Abriss für polnische Deutschlernende” by Elżbieta Dziurewicz and Joanna Woźniak, in which the phraseological concept for Poles learning German is developed, meets these expectations. It is a clever combination of theory and practice, which is intended for German learners at level B2. The aim is to critically evaluate the concept proposed by the authors in relation to the expectations and needs of the learners. The basis for comparison is provided by phraseological didactic textbooks that were developed for German learners in other languages. On the one hand, the analysis points to the deficiencies in the area of German-Polish phraseological didactics and, on the other hand, it focuses on the advantages that the work offers, which makes it a stimulus for both phraseological didactics and German learners. The rich offer of various exercises and forms of work as well as the complex presentation of the theory are the advantages of the publication that will attract a wide readership. The results of the analysis make a valuable contribution to the design of GFL lessons in Poland.
More...
Humour is an indispensable part of human life. It supports us in good and bad times because it has visible medical and psychological effects as well as influences our interactions with others. Jokes, which come in many forms, are its most representative and simplest types. For these reasons, among others, the aim of the article is to show and discuss the nature and kinds of language jokes and, above all, to describe various joke techniques which are the source of comical ambiguity and tension. The techniques presented, thoroughly examined and illustrated with numerous examples, are the most important or frequently used mechanisms for generating humour. The analysis identifies a wide range of possibilities for their construction. They also illustrate the humor indicators inherent in jokes such as ambiguity, deliberate or accidental misunderstandings, word mixes, verbalization of metaphors, incorrect word formation, accent changes, incorrect separation, multiple naming, representation by the opposite (antiphrase) as well as numerous modifications and decompositions.
More...
The 13th volume of the Aussiger Beiträge magazine entitled “German as a foreign language - educational and linguistic perspectives” is devoted to the current problems of language teaching from a linguistic and practical perspective. It contains 12 articles, 7 reviews and 5 reports. The articles cover a wide range of language teaching problems at school and university: objectives of language teaching, methodological and content-related innovations, application of new media, current teaching plans and materials, grammatical competence and others. The volume discusses various questions: What potential is there in texts from children’s and youth magazines? What should be taken into account when selecting texts that are geared towards the target group? Are there linguistic learning objectives to which too little attention has been paid so far? How could the connection between language and culture be accentuated more clearly? How can foreign language didactics benefit from the new media possibilities? What consequences result from the ‘multimedia’ factor for the design of learning materials? To what extent do framework plans, curricula and other documents at European and national level play an important role in setting new accents in foreign language teaching? The volume addresses diverse approaches to the teaching and practice of German as a foreign language and addresses both established trends in foreign language didactics as well as innovations and changes. A critical view of selected documents and teaching materials as well as developments and trends in foreign language didactics provides suggestions for a scientifically sound and at the same time practice-oriented discussion about the teaching of German. The articles are recommended for all teachers of German as a foreign language who are concerned with the optimization of foreign language teaching. The review briefly summarises the aims and content of each article.
More...
Blogs belong to a special computer communication genre combining a website with a discussion forum. Because posts are not moderated, which means that blogosphere users are free to say whatever they want, this form of communication is conducive to the spontaneous expression of emotions. In the article, the author carries out a qualitative analysis of the textual means of expressing emotions in selected posts from a Polish blog written by a heterosexual couple. The bloggers use the following stylistic devices: replacing constituent parts (substitution), adding linguistic elements (adjunction), leaving out syntactic units (elimination), and changing the order of syntactic units (permutation). The author tries to answer two questions: what linguistic devices and why those ones are used by women and men in blogs to express emotions. The analysis indicates that the array of linguistic devices used is quite diverse. Rethorical questions, swear words, anaphoras, and ironic similes can be found in posts written by representatives of both genders. The use of emphasis to enhance the expression of emotions is characteristic of the female blogger. In the male blogger’s posts, one can come across swear words, colloquialisms, and irony. An analysis of a greater number of posts written by various bloggers would make it possible to investigate more thoroughly the language of genders and the way women and men express themselves in internet discourse. An examination of the manner in which women and men communicate in the digital world what they feel may contribute to gaining a better understanding of their use of language and their style.
More...
The article addresses the issue of advertisements in old newspaper texts. Specifically examined are classified private and promotional adverts from a German-language Cracow newspaper “Krakauer Zeitung”, published between 1857 and 1866. To date, few analyses of such texts have been carried out. Jörg Meier (2011) examined old German-language advertising texts published in German-language press of Central Europe, particularly in the Habsburg Monarchy. However, in his research he did not include Galicia. In his research, he considered both extra-textual (language-independent) and intra-textual (linguistic) factors. This article draws on and attempts to continue that research. The analysis takes into account the approach developed by Silvia Bendel (1998) used in the study of older advertising texts. In particular, it is concerned with text actions used in these texts, such as naming a particular product, indicating its price, giving the place of sale, etc. The text function model developed by Brinker (2001) was also taken into account. In addition, Janich’s (2013) model designed to study contemporary advertising texts was applied. The aim of this paper is to establish the features of the textual genre of “advertisement” in the analyzed texts from “Krakauer Zeitung” on the basis of the above-mentioned literature on the subject. It is specifically concerned with intra-textual factors. The study considers aspects such as textual actions, typographic elements, means of persuasion and argumentation. The study includes 20 texts which form a representative corpus. Almost all of the examined texts have a basic appellative function; however, in some of them an informative function was found. Almost all texts contain means of persuasion and argumentation that determine the appellative function. However, this function is not expressed exclusively in a linguistic way. Typographical means such as font type and size play an important role. In the analyzed texts, traces or individual instances of graphic/image elements, which complement or extend the advertising message contained in them, are used.
More...
The “cultural turn” in the translation studies makes it possible to consider translation as a culture transfer, as a means of intercultural communication. But what is meant by culture? How are the culture-specific actions, meanings, and worldviews represented in the texts? The questions still remain debatable. The paper is devoted to the problem of detection and interpretation of cultural meanings in the literary source text and their transference to the target text. Through the analysis of the existing conceptions, here we develop our own translational definition of the concept “culture” from the translation-relevant perspective. This enables the modeling of translators’ cultural background knowledge, so that they can understand cultural meanings in the original and reproduce them adequately in the translation. Within the cognitive-communicative approach, we define the literary text as an integrative mega-concept having a hierarchical structure of three layers: conceptual, image, and evaluative. The application of this methodology is illustrated on the material of a Ukrainian literary text and its German translation. On the basis of comparative analysis of the Ukrainian original and the German translation, we consider the examples of cultural asymmetries and discuss certain translation solutions for bridging cultural differences. Thus, cultural meanings can be revealed at all three layers of the integrative mega-concept of the literary text. At the conceptual layer, denotative meanings of explicit cultural elements in the text are analyzed. The image layer presupposes decoding of cognitive metaphors, which are the basis of linguistic images. At the evaluative layer, cultural meanings are identified through the analysis of implicit and explicit evaluation actions. The comparison of the integrative mega-concept of the source text and its reflection in the translation reveals most of the incongruities in the image layer as a result of a certain non-congruence in the worldviews of the Ukrainian and German linguocultural communities.
More...
Football coverage is considered a rich source for phraseological research. It primarily highlights the functionality of phraseological units within this domain. However, although this research is usually based on corpora, it mostly uses qualitative methods. In contrast, quantifying analyses in the narrow sense based on sufficiently large corpora are hardly available. This article therefore presents a method for the data-driven, i.e. purely quantitative-statistical survey of phrasemes in large corpora of football live text commentaries in six European languages (German, English, Dutch, French, Italian and Spanish). With this method, which is based on the determination of recurrent word pairs on the basis of statistical association measures, idiomatic expressions can be accurately identified, which can then be examined from a contrastive perspective. Parallels can be found both in the phraseological designation of typical game situations and in the set of available figurative components. In addition to some culture-specific peculiarities in the football phraseology of the analysed languages, a transculturally shared inventory of both source domains and phraseological units is revealed. However, these form a characteristic phraseological profile of the domain-specific language of football coverage within the respective languages. Thus, the presented method contributes to the contrastive research in the language of football as well as to the phraseologically relevant question of the cognitive and cultural aspects of cross-linguistically widespread idioms.
More...
Culture-specific items cause many translation problems and therefore they often pose a huge challenge to translators. Thereupon this issue has been researched by many translation theorists. The subject matter of this article are culture-specific items (CSIs) in the Polish translation of the thriller “De reünie” by Simone van der Vlugt. The first reading of this translation calls readers’ attention to the fact that it is a text rich in cultural references. Thereupon the author of this article found worth analyzing how the translator has dealed with this challenge. Especially that this kind of research can be useful for other translators, as well as for translation theorists and reviewers of translations. The aim of this article is to analyze the use of translation techniques for CSIs and to inquire into the frequency with which the analyzed translation techniques have been applied. This is the first research of this kind concerning this novel. The theoretical part is dedicated to the issues associated with CSIs, namely the definitions of this term, translation problems caused by CSIs and classifications of translation strategies and techniques. The command of these issues is a starting point for the next phases of the research. The analysis was carried out using the classification of translation strategies and techniques described by Aixelá (1996). Due to the fact that proper nouns are numerous, the chosen classification was supplemented with one strategy from the classification of Hejwowski (2007), namely with the approved equivalent. The presented analysis is based upon the most representative examples of CSIs. The author of this article has suggested alternative translation solutions to some examples. The aim of it was not to criticize the translation choices made by the translator, but to shed light on other translation possibilities. The analysis has shown that there have been used 17 translation techniques and combinations of them in the Polish translation of the novel „De reünie”. The most common technique used by the translator, Dorota Szafrańska-Poniewierska, has been the repetition – 105 times. Other translation techniques and combinations of them have been applied significantly less often. On the basis of the observations has been stated that the most translation techniques and the combinations of them belong to the conservation, category proposed by Aixelá (1996) and are exotic. That means that the most Dutch culture-specific items and consequently also the couleur locale of the whole novel have been retained. Thereupon it can be as- sumed that the choices of the translator may lead to the foreignization (Venuti, 1995). However, these are tentative conclusions and in order to draw further conclusions the analysis of this text should be broadened with the research at the macrostructural level that could be an interesting amplification of this research.
More...
The article explores the differences between a legal definition of minorities and membership require- ments presented by possible members of the German minority. The issue is investigated through Membership Categorisation Analysis (MCA) of narrative interviews of people of German heritage from the Opole region (Upper Silesia, Poland). The analysis is followed by a comparison of the findings with the minority definition of the Polish Minority Act. The MCA of the statements made by the respondents shows that the characteristics and activities associated with members of the German minority are structured to varying degrees along the topics: membership in minority associations, age, language skills, reflection on the (unofficial) family history, nationality and regionality, as well as the individual decision to belong. Accordingly, the aspects of membership, the individual decision as well as the regional affiliation identified in the statements made by the respondents are added to the Minority Act definition. The original value of the article is threefold. Firstly, the article represents a change of perspective in researching the German minority by applying the concept of belonging. Instead of assuming a homogeneous identity of a person or group, belonging is perceived as heterogeneous (related to the collective) and multidimensional (related to the individual). Accordingly, the article analyses statements made by people of German heritage, instead of using an ethnic categorization prior to analysis. Secondly, MCA is applied from the perspective of belonging, thus making discrepancies, contradictions and overlaps of belonging visible. Thirdly, the results of the analysis are put into practice by comparing them with the definition in the Polish Minority Act. The presentation of the differences and similarities of the definitions of people of German heritage themselves, in comparison to the national legislation, provides important impulses for the adaptation of minority and language policy at the national, regional, and internal level of the minority organisations.
More...