Потенциите на фигурата: между наративните характери и реторическите похвати

Author(s): Darin Tenev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2-3/2017

The understanding of “literary figure” is often divided between the narrative character and the rhetorical device. Both meanings are often operatively employed and thematically analysed in contemporary philosophy. The first part of this essay is focused on the effects stemming from the generalization of the role of metaphor and the correlative reduction of the figure in present-day Bulgarian philosophy, with a particular stress on the notion of metaphorical potentiality, introduced by Kristiyan Enchev, and of metaphorical effect, introduced by Dimitar Vatsov. The second part of the essay discusses the use of literary characters (such as Antigone, Don Juan, Bartleby, etc.) in philosophical texts, the main claim being that this use reveals the transfiguration of narrative figures into rhetorical figures, related to the difference between narrative potentiality and character potentiality.

Еквивалент и метафора

Author(s): Vyara Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2-3/2017

The article compares Max Black’s views on metaphor as substitution, comparison and interplay. The author refers to Alfred Stiеglitz’s theory of equivalents as a demonstration of Black’s interplay theory, showing that, in some aspects, the theory of equivalents has a broader and deeper creative potential. The article presents the development of the theory of equivalents in the works of Bernard Stiеgler, Minor White, and George Legrаdy.

Selbstbilder und gegenseitige Stereotype der Slowaken und Ungarn in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts

Author(s): Ágnes Tamás / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2017

This paper presents a comparative analysis of caricatures published in Hungarian (Üstökös, Borsszem Jankó), and Slovak (Černokňažník) comic papers in the second half of the 19th century (the analysed volumes are: 1874, 1895–1902). The aim of the analysis is to picture the stereotypes and the ways of depiction of the non-Hungarian national minority groups in caricatures by Hungarians and conversely, the depictions of Hungarians and the prejudices in Slovak caricatures. The author is also interested in autostereotypes that enables to observe the differences between the visual methods of the representation of the “Other” and of the “We” group. Furthermore, the author examines the changes of national stereotypes — paralleling the strengthening of nationalism — during the decades. As the results show, the stereotypes in the comic papers and humorous or ironic images of the “Self” and the “Other” may be connected to the nation building process and the process of shaping “enemies”.

Толерантност, дискриминация и език

Author(s): Valeri Lichev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

Political correctness is blamed by its opponents for the failed model of multiculturalism, the influx of migrants, and the threat of terrorist acts. The author refers to the contemporary achievements in semiotics, hermeneutics and philosophical anthropology. His criticism is directed at: 1) the paradoxes of postmodern philosophical attempts to justify the idea of political correctness; 2) the way new terminology is introduced, leading at a linguistic level to exclusion, not inclusion, of disadvantaged people: E. Benveniste asserts that the third person is rather a non-person. The article concludes that politically correct language should be grounded on a basis that takes into account the three persons of the conjugation of verbs. Similar philosophical and ethical ideas can be found in the works of J. Kristeva, T. Todorov, P. Ricoeur. This is one of the possible ways to overcome the exclusion of disadvantaged people who are named using terms, but are not in a way that designates them as participants in social and political dialogue.

АНТИКОСМОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ КОД СОВЕТСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ ДЕКАБРИЗМА

Author(s): Evgenii Vladimirovich Kamenev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2020

The article explores the way of conceptualizing Decembrism in the Soviet historiography of the mid-1950s. The narrative of Soviet historians about the goals of the Decembrist movement is taken as an example. It is shown that such signs as people, freedom and progress in the texts of Soviet historians enabled to correlate the characteristics of the Decembrists with the ideology of the campaign against cosmopolitanism. As a result of these correlations, the historical narrative acquired additional semantic depth – besides the scholarly level, it also had a culturally determined level. The texts of Soviet historians testified not only to the revolutionism of the Decembrists, which is quite obvious if these texts are considered at the level of the denotative sign system. Due to the presence of the elements of an anti cosmopolitan code, these texts contain the connotations of the undoubted patriotism of the Decembrists. Moreover, it was said that the Decembrists’ patriotism was typologically similar to the Soviet one. It is therefore possible to say that the conceptualization of Decembrism was carried out at the level of the connotative sign system. Soviet historiography of Decembrism in the mid-1950s was characterized by undoubted polysemanticity. Therefore, the analysis of the works of Soviet historians of this period cannot be complete without taking into account the corresponding cultural and semiotic code.

Siyasal Sembolizm ve İktidar İlişkisi Üzerine Düşünmek

Author(s): Safiye Ateş Durç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 102/2020

Political power refers to various means in order to keep its audience under its influence and to manipulate them, as it desires. Perhaps the most effective of these is symbolism. Using symbol and symbolic action is one of the most powerful way of establishing group identity and the most direct way of communicating. Especially the owner of political power benefit from this power effectively. By using it, political legitimacy can be established, as well as an invisible dialogue between political actors and citizens can be managed. Thus, it is easier to develop policy in order to constitute and maintain order. In this article, this instrumentality is examined in the discussion of symbolism and power. In the light of the data obtained from the conceptual and theoretical literature, the relationship between symbol and power has been discussed in different angles. In addition, it was questioned that the politics is carried out by the symbols and the masses are politicized by the same way. It can be said that an invisible dialogue can be created between the political power holders and people; power owners not only can easily manipulate people’s emotions and knowledge but also can transfer its power from generation to generation through the political symbols.

ПОСТМОДЕРНІЗМ ЯК МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ СУЧАСНИХ СМИСЛОВИХ ВІЙН

Author(s): Mikhail Petrovich Trebin,Oleksandr Yurievich Panfilov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

Problem setting. The information war is not a united one, it includes three different aspects - the information and technical war (aimed at cyber resources), the information and psychological war (designing to make an opponent decide in the way necessary for an attacking side) and the semantic war. Researchers note that, in contrast to others, the semantic war has far goals that lie even beyond the limits of the life of a generation. Unlike facts that are constantly changing, meanings remain valid for a long time as they reflect the model of the world. The semantic war deals with interpretations based on the existing model of the world. Interpretation processes, being more complex, become more important than just informational ones.Thus, the problem of searching for the methodological foundations of conducting semantic confrontation, changing the value system, and the world picture of the general public of the society is becoming more and more topical.Recent research and publications analysis. The issues of certain aspects of semantic wars are in the centre of attention of such researchers as Yu. Gromyko, A. Dzholos, R. Marutyan, A. Pelin, G. Pocheptsov, Yu. Solomonov and others. However, the methodology of semantic warfare remains insufficiently studied although this can help freely “enter” the “territory of meanings” of the victim of aggression, change the value system, and the picture of the world.Paper objective. The goal of this paper is to clear up the methodological foundations of modern semantic wars.Paper main body. The article attempts to determine the methodology of modern semantic wars. It is justified that postmodernism is one of the methodologies that can be used to explain the phenomenon of semantic weapons. Postmodernist discourse greatly differs from other philosophical directions in terms of topics, conceptual apparatus, and ideological foundations, especially in the context of the formation of a modern information society.It is determined that several basic ideas can be distinguished within the postmodern discourse, these ideas being successfully used in the present semantic confrontations. First, this is the textualization of the world. The world should be understood as a text. Second, since everything is understood as a text, the subject exists within the text. Moreover, the subject is absorbed by the text. A person appears as a set of different identities that are tied to one or another local-cultural condition or socio-political context. Third, postmodernism is characterized by disillusionment with the ideals of the Enlightenment. In particular, the Reason is not believed in any more, causal relationships and absolute values are denied. Fourth, the postmodernist discourse is principally anti-fundamental, it is not interested in substantial unity and ultimate (metaphysical) causes but in decentralized, scattered sets - differences. Fifth, an important place in the modern postmodern discourse belongs to the theory of simulacrum.A simulacrum is a product of simulation, which replaces the real world with an imaginary one but which is more acceptable for a person as a real one. A simulacrum produces (simulates) a similarity but only as an external effect. Its internal principle is the difference, due to which it eludes of identity, similarity, likeness. It destroys the sample and multiplies the copies so that it is not possible any longer to tell where the copy is and where the original is. Simulacra give rise to the phenomenon of masses. Masses are defined as the silent majority, a black hole absorbing social aspects. The masses gravitate toward a physical and static form, which is simultaneously non-social and supra-social.Conclusions of the research. It is concluded that postmodernism brings about new ways of understanding social and political reality since it offers own type of rationality. Based on the postmodern discourse, a characteristic basic semantic toolkit arises as a feature of semantic wars: the simulation, that is the creation of simulacra – missing reality images that lack originality and that are superficial, hyper-realistic objects that do not have any reality behind them; reinterpretation of events and phenomena of reality; the coverage of not just one segment of the population but the general public; more interest that does not focus on a fact but on its rethinking, the creation of an apparatus for rejecting own “incorrect” interpretations.

SANAT TARİHİNDEKİ ESERLER İLE PİKTOGRAMLAR ARASINDAKİ ETKİLEŞİM VE BENZERLİKLER

Author(s): Reyhan Uludağ Eraslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 7/2020

Pictograms which were existing as a cave painting during pre-historic times was seen as a function of written and oral language for humans. Individuals have tried to express their feelings and ideas with the help of basic and simple paintings on the caves „ walls. The pictrogram that was an important role in the pre-historic period has an indispensable position today. Most of the concepts can be explained with the pictogram due to the rise of overpopulation,living together with multinational societies and highly importance of fast communication in our world. The pictogram which expresses abundance of emotions and ideas by symblolizing has been studied to remove the discrimination in religion,language and racism. The pictogram that is the pattern of symbols and the paintings in the art history is interacted.In this regard,an subject from art history and a sample of artist have been scanned. The samples of artists researched: Edvard Munch, Jean Arp, Piet Mondrian, Poul Klee, Join Miro, Pablo Picasso, Pierre Alechinsky, Bruce Nauman, Kara Walker and they work on to clarify Keith Hany’s masterpieces and sampling the pictogram‟s visuals in terms of interaction and similarities.

Badania nad śpiewem gregoriańskim przed Semiologią gregoriańską i po niej

Author(s): Juan Carlos Asensio Palacios / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2019

The research on gregorian chant from the middle of the 19th century had their protagonists mainly in some of the Solesmes monks, but not without polemics. After the St. Pius X motu roprio, and the new Vatican edition, the Solesmes style and Methode… was spread everywhere, but some voices, from the own monastery, claimed for a new approach to the musical writing: the neumes. Dom Cardine’s Semiology was the science created to answer some of the the lacks of the Mocquereau’s theories. In this paper I’ll try to show a little history of the previous works to the Cardine’s Semiology, specially the Cardine’s own works developed from the previous researches of the Paléographie musicale.

Nichil, michi, veementer – brzmienie głoski „h” w średniowiecznej łacinie liturgicznej. Analiza fonetyczna na bazie semiologii gregoriańskiej

Author(s): Michał Sławecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2019

The primary objective of this research is to draw attention, by reference to the oldest manuscript sources, to the phonetics of the letter “h” in the words in which the sound occurs between two identical vowels. Medieval liturgical Latin was repeatedly the subject of various studies. With reference to the letter “h”, it was determined that it does not cause any sound, so it remains silent. There are, however, exceptions to this rule – in the words nihil and mihi, which present spelling variants of nichil and michi caused by phonetic requirements. The starting point for the research is the assumption that various manuscripts belonging to the authenticum fontium gregorianorum, each time when the letter “h” appears between two identical vowels in the word, should, due to its soundlessness, combine two syllables and assign one undivided neum to them (like this happens for example in the words tuum, meae, si iniquitatis). The same phenomenon should take place in the words nihil and mihi. The analysis based on manuscripts from various neumatic families, namely Ein, Bab1, Gal1, Gal2, Gal3, Eli, Lan, Van2, Klo1, Cha1, Lav, Dij, Ben5, Yrx, Alb, Har1–2, proves that in the presence of two identical vowels and the letters “h”, different scribes in most cases divide the word into two syllables and write two independent neums. In addition, in a large group of manuscripts from the above quoted, with great regularity, there is a two-syllable writing of the words nichil and michi with the letter “ch” in place of “h”. This phenomenon, connected both with spelling and phonetics, proves that there could exist the practice of pronouncing “ch + I” as “ki”. Conversely in the word vehementer – most of the manuscripts attribute only one neum to the two initial syllables; none of the manuscripts writes vechementer, but some give the version of the word veementer (without the “h”). Also, the case of syneresis of ve-he- occurs regularly. All cases from the Graduale Romanum repertoire in which the words nihil or nichil (6 times), mihi or michi (70 times), vehementer (6 times), vehementis and comprehendam (2 times), apprehende (2 times), apprehendite (once), irreprehensibilis (2 times), have been examined in the light of the neumatic manuscripts. Particular attention was paid to the compositional contexts of neuma torculus initio debilis. As a result of the analysis, it was proved with a very high probability that the words nihil and mihi, even if writed using the letter “h”, were pronounced like nichil and michi.

Introduction: Poland’s Wars of Symbols

Author(s): Simon Lewis,Magdalena Waligórska / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

This introduction to the special section on Poland’s wars of symbols analyzes the symbolic contestation that has characterized the country in recent years, studying a range of phenomena including nation, gender, memory, and religious symbolism within the overall framework of political conflict. In doing so, it offers a multidisciplinary view on political fractures that have resonated throughout Europe and the “West.” Overall, the four case studies in this section study ways in which national symbols, topoi, and narratives have been deployed as tools in drawing and redrawing boundaries within society, polarizing and mobilizing the political camps as well as contesting and resisting power. These studies enable us to situate recent political events in a historical perspective, mapping the rise of populism in Poland against the background of legacies specific to the East-Central European region.

On the Genealogy of the Symbol of the Cross in the Polish Political Imagination

Author(s): Magdalena Waligórska / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

This article traces the genealogy of the cross as a key Polish national symbol back to the independence struggles of the nineteenth century and the post-1918 attempts to map the new Polish nation-state over its multiethnic territory. Discussing the shifting meaning ascribed to the symbol in the changing political conditions in the 1860s and during the Second Republic, the article relates the semantic content of the symbol to the cycle of solidification and defiance (corresponding with Victor Turner’s “structure” and “anti-structure”). While, in conditions of defiance, during the January Uprising (1863–1864), the cross connoted progressive and egalitarian ideas of emancipation and solidarity with other nations who were also deemed as deserving their freedom, this changed once Poland regained its independence. After the First World War, the cross came to be employed as a marker of Poland’s territorial ambitions and an emblem that redefined ingroup boundaries by excluding from the national community the threatening Others: whether Bolsheviks, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians, or Jews.

Основи на идеогенезиса (Откъси)

Author(s): Krassimir Mantchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 52/2020

Kroonika 2018

Author(s): Daniel Tamm,Nelly Mäekivi,Andreas Ventsel,Mari-Liis Madisson,Ott Puumeister / Language(s): English,Estonian Issue: 16/2019

1. Looduskultuuri seminar “Loodushoiu sõnumid”; 2. Daniel Tamm: „XIX Semiootika sügiskool “Meedium ongi sõnum”“; 3. Nelly Mäekivi: Konverents “Hübriidsed loodused”; 4. Andreas Ventsel and Mari-Liis Madisson: „Semiootika ja infosõda“; 5. Ott Puumeister: „Semiosalong “Excavations in the esoteric”“; 6. Kaitstud magistri - ja doktoritööd 2018

Mitrush Kuteli, protagonist i një ëndrre në kufijtë e fantastikes

Author(s): Jorida Sotiri / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

This paper, aims to have as its object, features of fantastics in the Albanian literature and more specifically of the dreamer character in the Kutel's prose, as one of the distinguished representatives of the dreaming, symbolistic and fatastics prose in the Albanian literature. The Methodology of the research focuses on psychoanalitical studies, and aims to point out main literary features that the author holds, by describing the unconscious of his caharacter. The psychoanalytical point of view is an approach of surveillance and analysis over characters in terms of sensitivity and emotions they convey. In the Freud's assertion “ the dream interpretation is the gold way toward the acknowledgement of the unconscious element in the psychic life”. This approach creates the opportunity for an investigation of an incentive or impulse that effects in the unconscious of the character, that can be expressed in his conscious as result of suppresion and becomes a source of expression only in dreams. Kuteli as a writter has a certain individuality and tendency in the " narrative of dream" which was introduced as a lireary novelty of those times. By analysing the prose of this author, i will try to unbuckle the dream as a forbidden desire in the codification of fantastics in order to create the impression of satisfaction of the narrative. Following on this logic the author himself in a certain number of its narratives besomes a genuine witness of the psuchological analyses. We know that one of the most important functions of the literary elment in the text of prose is closely linked with the description of the emeotional state of the character, which witness in the text for indicators of linguistic diversity.

Ëndrra për të pambërrishmen ("Floçka", A. Pashku)

Author(s): Viola Isufaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

The study is devoted to what is born of a dream, an inexhaustible and exhausting search that is kept alive by a dream and is finally achieved by a sleep (death) or a dream. After experiencing the impenetrability of reading in the narrative text with fabulous contours, before us finally, the story unfolds the solution. Knowledge, beauty and human freedom is placed against that of the infinite, divine. The light that sheds at the end of the Pashku story no matter what it really is: the hundreds of thousands of sunbeams, Flocka's gold hair that embraces the fellow, or the glitter of the knowledge finally mastered, when you have to die. The delicate issue of the boundaries between the dimensions of the two worlds and the crossing of this boundary, the metaphysical glow and imagination, intuition, full and deep longing of dream -and the dense network of symbols are aspects of the text that call us for research.

Ëndrrat e Ago Jakupit: semiotika e ligjërimit onirik

Author(s): Blerina Rogova Gaxha / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

This paper aims at providing an overview of the oneiric discourse in fiction. The short story “How Ago Jakupi found God’s way” (Qysh e gjeti Ago Jakupirrugën e Zotit), from the author Mitrush Kuteli, shows us how dream works as a generator of fiction and its particularity. In the story about the old man that seeks God’s way, the oneiric sign which comes from “the other” world, puts into the function the coordinates of the subconscious and the divine. Entering into the dream world, which as a fictional text, is doubly fictional, and receiving divine signals or signals from the subconscious show or initiate the changing fate of the protagonist and the changing of the narrative course. The author incorporates the dream as a deux ex machine tactic, where do the narrative and philosophical worlds confront, synthesizing the two fundamental philosophical concepts of the human being: his inner voice and the relation to the supernatural. According to the symbolism of dreams and their interpretation, here, whether dreams represent the dialog with the subconscious or they refer to the divine revelation, as a supernatural approach, we will mostly rely on the biblical interpretation of dreams. By reading the language of dreams, interpreting their signs, symbols and their meanings, we intend to represent the space and function that oneiric discourse has in the literary work of MitrushKuteli, as an author of Albanian literary modernity.

Todorov en dialogue avec Bakhtine

Author(s): Karine Zbinden / Language(s): French Issue: 49/2020

Tzvetan Todorov, roman

Author(s): Stefano Lazzarin / Language(s): French Issue: 49/2020

Triomphe de l’écrivain ?

Author(s): Larisa Botnari / Language(s): French Issue: 49/2020