Razmišljanje o toleranciji. O jednoj zanemarenoj temeljnoj vrijednosti demokratskoga ustavnog morala

Author(s): Werner Becker / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03+04/1995

The author claims there are various types of tolerance. He defines tolerance as a dispositional feature of human beings versus other human beings. The basic formula of democratic tolerance runs as follows: mutual tolerance is better than both the risks of tyranny due to intolerance and the risks of a civil war. It disguises the latent aggressiveness underlying our democratic societies. Dangerous developments have been detected for the future of European Union. It is faced with a choice: is it going to develop according in the direction of national states or the europeization of national states. The first leads into an increasing intolerance. The solution lies in tolerance which can be preserved by the europeization of democracy.

The New Research Agenda of Examining Organized Interests in Post-Communist Policy-Making

Author(s): Michael Dobbins,Rafał Riedel / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2018

This paper presents new research agenda focused on organised interests in selected policy areas in the post-communist countries. In recent years, political scientists have made significant advancements in comparatively analysing the influence of organized interests in the political process. However, the post-communist region has been largely neglected. Instead, large bodies of research have focussed on formal political institutions, party systems and the Europeanization of public administrations in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The research agenda discussed here seeks to overcome this research gap by exploring the structures, democratic-participative incorporation and impact of organized interests on policy-making in four postcommunist EU members: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary.

Public Policy in Poland in Context of Tendencies Unfolding in Central Europe. Conclusions from Case Studies

Author(s): Andrzej Zybała / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2018

A specific feature of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is that they lack the tradition of creating public policies using methods similar to those applied in mature democracies. And the consequences of this lack of tradition remain visible today, notwithstanding the fact that communism fell over 25 years ago now. For the potential for programming actions (policy capacity), as well as for implementing policies effectively and evaluating them, remains limited. The author presents the results of one of the few studies to be carried out on public policy in Poland. The aim has been to test a research hypothesis pertaining to the circumstances in which public policy in regard to an emergent problem is formulated. The creation of such a policy was in fact found to depend on a constellation of three factors: a significant threat to stability under a given policy, decision-makers who think that legislative tools for action are enough to achieve the desired result, and an emergent dominant stakeholder who achieves a decisive influence over the decision-making process.

Populistyczne strategie – narzędzia polskich neoliberalnych elit w kampaniach wyborczych 2015 roku

Author(s): Piotr Borowiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2020

Artykuł przedstawia sposoby korzystania z populizmu jako strategii politycznej przez polskie elity liberalno-demokratyczne w czasie kampanii prezydenckiej i parlamentarnej 2015 roku. Do wykorzystania tych strategii dochodziło na dwa sposoby. Pierwszym, było określanie propozycji wyborczych przeciwników za pomocą terminu dyskredytującego: populizm. Drugim, przedstawianie własnych propozycji wyborcom spełniających podstawowe cechy przypisywane populizmowi. W ten sposób strategie populizmu stały się narzędziami obrony własnych pozycji władzy przez elity neoliberalne. Służyły zachowaniu dotychczasowej własnej dominacji i koncentracji władzy. Przedstawiane rozważania zostały umocowanie w analizie zachowanych dyskursów z wyborów 2015 roku.

Ewolucja zjawiska bezosobowej tyranii z perspektywy teorii ewolucji kulturowej

Author(s): Piotr Łukomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2020

W artykule przedstawiam analizę krytycznego ujęcia zjawiska nowoczesnej biurokracji Hannah Arendt w teoretycznych ramach ewolucji kulturowej. Biurokracja, rozumiana jako bezrefleksyjna racjonalizacja ludzkich zachowań, jest procesem prowadzącym do minimalizacji sfery publicznej, rozumianej jako domena swobodnie uprawianej polityki, a w konsekwencji do powstania bezosobowej tyranii. Współczesne koncepcje ewolucji kulturowej pozwalają na poszukiwanie nowego modelu eksplanacji tego zjawiska, które przekształca rozumienie polityki i samego człowieka w świecie współczesnym.

Oferta dla politycznego centrum w parlamentarnej kampanii komitetu wyborczego Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. Retoryka, czy gotowość politycznej korekty?

Author(s): Sławomir Sowiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2020

Pomimo ostrej polaryzacji polskiej polityki po roku 2005, pojawiają się w niej oferty skierowane do umiarkowanego politycznego centrum. W czasie parlamentarnej kampanii roku 2019 elementy takiej oferty wybrzmiewały także w wyborczym przekazie komitetu wyborczego Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. Istotą jego kampanii wydaje się jednak mobilizowanie różnych grup wyborców poprzez eksponowanie osi polaryzacji politycznych i społecznych, a jej tony umiarkowane uznać można głównie za polityczną retorykę. Perspektywę tworzenia się umiarkowanego politycznego centrum niesie ze sobą ewentualne usamodzielnienie się Porozumienia Jarosława Gowina. Drogą do budowy w Polsce politycznego centrum wydaje się redefinicja dotychczasowych osi polaryzacji politycznych.

Kapitał i produkcja kultury

Author(s): Tymoteusz Kochan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2020

Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie stanowiska dotyczącego transformacji kultury klasowej w społeczeństwie globalnym. Teorii o klasowych fundamentach każdej kultury przeciwstawiam koncepcję kultury klasowo zuniformizowanej (unikultury). Jednocześnie poddaję analizie kulturowe środki produkcji, które są dziś kluczowym narzędziem systemu umożliwiającym utrzymywanie przez niego globalnej hegemonii. W drugiej części prezentuję koncepcję dotyczącą systemowo produkowanej niewiedzy, która wypiera dziś tradycyjnie rozumianą edukację i transformuje aparaty edukacyjne w drugoplanowy system nadzorczy.

Aspect of Populism: Irrational, Rational Technological Measures

Author(s): Irine Kiyanka / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2020

The article focuses on the notion of populism analyzed from the point of view of political science and history due to the absence of a universally accepted and often unambiguous interpretation. The thesis concentrates on the complexity of the definit

Formele de manifestare ale clientelismului politic contemporan. O abordare analitică din perspectiva literaturii de specialitate

Author(s): Raluca LUȚAI,Marius Grad / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 203-204/2020

Political parties and candidates are engaging various methods and efforts to mobilize voters during electoral campaigns. Some of them are buying votes, offer jobs while others are using threats, intimidation and violence. All of these are components of more complex phenomenon, known as political clientelism. Much scholarly attention is paid to why political parties use clientelism, what are the costs and benefits and what are the implications for democracy. However, we know little about the forms in which this occurs. The paper addresses this gap in literature and analyzes what types of clientelism exist and what are its main forms of manifestation, in various political and social contexts. It reviews the extensive literature on clientelism and focuses on two major categories: positive clientelism and negative clientelism.

Socijalni darvinizam u teoriji klasične geopolitike

Author(s): Zoran Kovačević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 25/2021

In this paper we will show the presence and the influence of Social Darwinism in the works of the most influential thinkers of classical geopolitics. Biological analogies and metaphors have been regular vocabulary in the works of the founders of classical geopolitics from the very beginning. We will see how the ideas of Charles Darwin and his followers were gradually used for the emergence of geopolitics as a scientific discipline. This paper will focus in particular on how the theory of evolution was introduced into German geography, especially in the works of Friedrich Ratzel and his formulation of Lebensraum concept. The article will also reveal which authors in the field of classical geopolitics emphasized the “question of race” that caused serious political consequences in the 20th century

Paternalistička sredstva za antipaternalističke ciljeve: državna intervencija i društveno nemešanje u delu Džona Stjuarta Mila

Author(s): Marko Simendić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2021

In On Liberty John Stuart Mill defends individual liberty from any kind of interference that is not justified by self-protection. Paternalism, interfering in somebody’s liberty against his will in order to promote this person’s welfare, is forbidden by Mill’s „one very simple principle”. However, numerous examples in other Mill’s works show that the famous utilitarian not only supports, but also suggests various paternalistic policies. In this paper I aim to offer an interpretation by which Mill was not indifferent toward the subject of a paternalistic action, and that there is a noteworthy difference between governmental (political), social and individual paternalism. Mill accepts the first kind of paternalism and rejects the other two in On Liberty. Such an interpretation might somewhat relieve Mill’s political thought from the burden of incoherence.

Value of Law in Political Thinking

Author(s): Artur Łuszczyński / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The article analyzes the process of displacing law and its values from political thinking. There are many indications that law and its values are not a point of reference for contemporary politics, which results from the ongoing process of democratization. The coherence of virtues, law and politics, variously approached and variable over time, lasted in European culture for more than a thousand years. The Greek models have been adopted and consolidated by the Romans and Medieval thinkers. The breakthrough is brought by Machiavelli’s writings, which radically changed the view of politics, free will, power. The nature of the state ceases to mean providing citizens with a happy life, and it begins to concern security. As a result, law becomes a tool to protect this security effectively.

Prećutni pristanak i troškovi neulaska u političku zajednicu

Author(s): Aleksandar Savanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 19/2020

This paper offers an analysis of an issue related to the social contract theory The issue concerned is disagreement in the form of tacit consent. Namely, if we accept the model of tacit consent, then an issue of costs of this disagreement is raised. These costs cannot be treated in the same way as in the case of express consent. The reason is that, in the case of tacit consent, a person does not have same chances and opportunities as others. This offers a possibility of claiming discrimination, especially if we accept the fact that these costs can be so high so that they deny the possibility of choice. At least in a practical sense and de facto. So, this topic must be understood properly if we want the social contract theory to function well. In this paper, we will try to do that through a logical and semantic analysis of basic terms: tacit consent, disagreement, and costs of contract.

Elitist Democracy as the Root of Populist Counter-Revolution: A Theoretical Approach

Author(s): Arkadiusz Lewandowski / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2021

The article aims to critically discuss elitist democracy as one of the possible causes of the contemporary crisis of liberal democracy. The research problem is the question about the essential elements of the concept of elitist democracy, which potentially account for the populist counter-revolution aimed at changing the political systems formed after 1989. The theoretical background of this paper is provided by the studies on the crisis of democracy, which have been conducted in recent years and presented by Jan Zielonka, or the duets of Ivan Krastev and Stephen Holmes as well as Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin. The analysis makes it possible to state that relations between elites and non-elites are crucial for elitist democracy, and they include the process of elites distancing themselves from non-elites, depreciating the needs of non-elites and their importance within the political system, and privileging the position of the elites. In turn, the indicated features of elitist democracy constitute the areas of populist criticism of liberal democracy.

Podziały sp ołeczno-polityczne - tezy teoretyczne

Author(s): Piotr Obacz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2021

The article provides an overview of theoretical assumptions, which are crucial from the perspective of research aiming at characterization and explanation of socio-political divisions – its essence, structure, dynamics, and functions. It is an authorial attempt – based on the author’s experiences in the field of research on socio-political divisions – to meet the demand for condensed political science knowledge concerning divisions, which could serve as a starting point for research on these phenomena. The paper presents key theoretical theses on socio-political divisions, which are worth bearing in mind while organizing research on divisions, and which should be taken into account in the process of formulation of political theories. On the basis of the presented theses, divisions appear to be multidimensional socio-political phenomena of processual nature, having certain contextual sources, specific structure and features, character and dynamics, being fields of political meanings, as well as reflecting some important functions to social and political life.

The conciliatory potential of social media in the current political dispute. The case of Facebook

Author(s): Piotr Pawlak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This text is a continuation of the analysis of the attitudes of politically engaged users of the Facebook, conducted between 13.12.2020 and 25.01.2021 on a sample of 220 respondents. The first statistical conclusions and the full description of the methodology were published in the issue 1/2021 of Przegląd Politologiczny (Pawlak, 2021). In this text, I focused on the interpretation of the open part of the questionnaire, in which the respondents expressed their own ideas and forecasts regarding the possibility of ending/mitigating the conflict. While the data from closed questions could be treated as coming from a group representative of politically engaged Facebook users in Poland (although this condition was more of an added value than the intention behind the research), the material containing answers to open-ended questions is no longer of this nature. This is due to the fact that 43.6% of the respondents left this section unanswered. The analysis presented here prompts reflection on the conciliatory potential of social media, which I consider to be an important platform for political debate in the 21st century.

Velika zabluda: liberalni snovi i međunarodna realnost

Author(s): Bogdan P. Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1181/2021

Sinoptički neorealizam: osvrt na Minhensku školu i konstalacionu analizu međunarodnih odnosa

Author(s): Žaklina Novičić,Isidora Pop-Lazić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1179-1180/2020

This paper presents a review of synoptic neorealism and constellation analysis of international relations, conceived by Karl-Gottfried Kindermann at the University of Munich in the late 1970s. Although neglected in theoretical reviews of the field, in part because of language barriers, this school is an implicit analytical framework for a large number of practice- oriented studies. Clarity and conciseness of constellation analysis are presented through a small number of elements: system, perceptions, power, interests, norms, and strategies. However, synoptic neorealism goes much beyond the reference framework of structural neorealism in the direction of modern constructivist and critical approaches to international relations, with all advantages and risks that it brings.

Determinantne spoljne politike Srbije: teorijski model i njegova primena

Author(s): Ivo Visković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1169/2018

This article is an attempt to construct a theoretical model for analysis of the determinants of foreign policy and to apply it to the case study of Serbia. Having firstly critically evaluated several authors’approaches to that issue in international and domestic literature, the author has made his definition of the term determinants of foreign policy, trying to overcome shortcomings of other definitions, and classifies all determinants in four basic groups: historical, determinants from the international environment, determinants of the socio-political („domestic“) system and idiosyncratic factors. He classifies different factors in the most adequate of these four groups, explains their content and meaning. At the end of the theoretical part of this article, the author shortly turns to some methodological problems dealing with the approach he used. Thereupon, as an example of the concrete application of the proposed model, the author analyses relevant determinants of the foreign policy of Serbia. In the concluding remarks, he calls for improvements of this model as a pioneer theoretical attempt, or – by James Rosenau's term – contribution to a pre-theory of the foreign policy, to achieve the highest possible theoretical level and thus to improve the results of the model's practical applications.

Theoretical and philosophical aspects of special powers of a political community with regard to counter terrorism security

Author(s): Remigiusz Rosicki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The material scope of the analysis undertaken in the text covers the issues concerned with the relationship between two goods. Between the good constituted by community security on the one hand, and the good vested in the power to apply special measures falling within necessary defence and the state of higher necessity. The problem of the relationship between two goods, e.g. a conflict between two goods, can be observed in the competition between the common good and the good of the individual. A similar relation can be noted in the process of derogation from the obligations upon the contemporary political community as regards protection of life and other individual rights and freedoms. Special cases of the conflict between goods include the admissibility of the use of force, violence or restriction of individual freedom. Undoubtedly, situations in which individuals or groups are subjected to torture or have their life taken serve as the most extreme examples of violence use by the political community. All kinds of surveillance measures used by state institutions should be reckoned among the examples concerned with interference in individuals’ private lives.The main purpose of the analysis contained in the text is to present all manner of argumentation concerned with the possibility of applying special measures within or outside the bounds of necessary defence and the state of higher necessity by the political community. In order to elaborate the objective scope of the analysis, the following research questions have been formulated in the text: (1) To what extent is it possible, within the limits of the law and per analogiam to the individual’s adequate actions, for the political community to apply special measures (necessary defence or the state of higher necessity) with the aim of providing security (and in particular counter terrorism security) for itself?, (2) To what extent is it possible, outside the limits of the law and per analogiam to the individual’s adequate actions, for the political community to apply special measures (necessary defence or the state of higher necessity) with the aim of providing security (and in particular counter terrorism security) for itself?The presented analysis is chiefly an overview of a conceptual character with regard to the presentation of the issues concerned with the relationship between such goods as security and special powers of a political community. For the presentation of the legal aspects of this issue textual, functional and systemic interpretations have been applied. Next to the individual kinds of legal interpretation, in the course of argumentation a theoretical reflection on the law is used. The conceptual approach to the title problem makes use of argumentation per analogiam to appropriate actions by an individual when faced with a direct threat, and specified in the provisions of the Polish criminal law – necessary defence and the state of higher necessity.