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Otrzymywanie dotacji celowych przez fundacje i stowarzyszenia a status podmiotu prawa publicznego w rozumieniu ustawy Prawo zamówień publicznych

Author(s): Maciej Bendorf-Bundorf / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2021

This contribution aims to answer the question of whether targeted subsidies received by a foundation or association should be considered as a condition for obtaining the status of a body governed by public law in the meaning of public procurement law. The manifestations of correlation between foundations and associations and the public sector are not a neutral state from the point of view of the obligation of public procurement. The appropriate procedures when making public purchases are often associated with the expenditure of public funds, particularly in terms of the implementation of tasks by the representatives of the public sector. It should however be noted that the functional analysis of the obligation for public procurement leads to the conclusion that its scope goes beyond the activities of state and local authorities. The system of socioeconomic relationships occurring in the modern democratic states tends to blur the boundaries between the public and non-governmental sector, which creates the need for a similar evaluation of the two categories of entities from the point of view of their impact on the public interest.

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Niedozwolone postanowienia umowne w Prawie zamówień publicznych

Author(s): Renata Tanajewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2022

The Act of 11 September 2019 – The Public Procurement Law (Journal of Laws of 2019, item 2019, as amended), repealing the previous legal act constituting the law in this respect, has become the basic regulation of the public procurement system. The act aims to comprehensively regulate the matter of public procurement, which are payable agreements concluded between the ordering party and contractors, the object of which is the purchase of works, supplies or services by the ordering party from a selected contractor. In terms of the functionality of the act, the legislator pays particular attention to the role of the ordering party in the process of granting and performing public procurement, emphasizing the duty of cooperation. It also introduces a new concept in public procurement – prohibited contractual provisions. The legislator noticed the problem of unfavourable formation of contractual provisions transferring the responsibility for the scope, over which the contractor has no influence, onto the contractor. The purpose of this article is to present the prohibited contractual provisions introduced in the new Public Procurement Law and a preliminary analysis of the issue of how the introduced catalogue may affect the functioning of the Public Procurement Law.

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THE RIGHT TO PETITION AND A PUBLIC HEARING ON DRAFT LAWS IN POLAND – SELECTED ISSUES

Author(s): Magdalena Węcławska-Misiurek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The research focuses on selected issues relating to the right to petition and the institution of a public hearing on draft laws in Poland. The aim of the article is to compare the two institutions in terms of their functioning in the field of draft laws, but also in the context of comments under Article 63 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the assessment of applicable legal regulations. Legal and dogmatic, and statistical methods were used. The analysis was based on the interpretation of Article 63 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, chapters 1a and 9a of section II of the Sejm's Rules of Procedure, selected provisions of the Act of 11 July 2014 on petitions, and Article 8 of the Act of 7 July 2005 on lobbying activities in the process of making law, as well as the literature on the subject and data specifying the practice in the field of the discussed institutions from the IX term of the Sejm – contained on the website of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland. This study is a comparative analysis of the two indicated institutions, summarizing the practice and achievements of the doctrine in this area and providing an opportunity to expand the discussion on the right to petition and a public hearing on draft laws, as well as influencing not only the doctrine of constitutional law, and in particular parliamentary law, but also possibly future legislation.

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On Makovi on public goods

Author(s): William Barnett II,Walter E. Block / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Makovi (2019) has traveled a long distance, all the way from his 20-yard line to his opponent’s 5-yard line. But, he needs a little push to score a goal. The present essay is our attempt to provide that for him in terms of public goods, externalities, and laissez faire capitalism.

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Udzielanie zamówień publicznych w ramach grupy kapitałowej a cena rynkowa w reżimie cen transferowych

Author(s): Marcin Czerwiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The conclusion of a public contract within a capital group is related to the verification of compliance of the price established in the procedure with the arm’s length principle resulting from transfer pricing regulations. As of January 1, 2019, references to the Public Procurement Law were introduced to the Corporate Income Tax Act and Personal Income Tax Act, allowing for the application of preferences in the preparation of transfer pricing documentation by certain entities operating in capital groups operating within the public procurement market. The study analyzes the importance of establishing market prices for the application of specific institutions of public procurement law. Situations in which it is possible to award public contracts within capital groups have also been identified, taking into account public procurement law regulations relating to capital groups, the status of procuring entities and economic operators, in-house procurement and conflict of interest. The effects of the subsequent change in the relationship between the procuring entity and the economic operator have also been determined. These findings have been compared with the subjective and objective scope of the arm's length principle resulting from transfer pricing regulations. The correctness and purposefulness of the exemptions from the documentation obligation concerning the participants of the public procurement market have also been verified and correction of the transfer pricing regulations has been proposed.

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Charakter prawny umowy o dofinansowanie projektu ze środków europejskich w ramach polityki spójności

Author(s): Robert Talaga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

A contract for co-financing a project is the result of proceedings carried out by administrative bodies to transfer public funds which are supposed to support a specific project. The complete two-stage procedure has been regulated by the legislator using both the administrative and civil law method of regulation. As a result, it is assumed that any proceeding before the authorities is administrative and ends with a civil law contract. However, at each of these stages, public and private law provisions are applied. It is definitely most visible in relation to the concluded contract. Public-law and private-law provisions apply almost equally to this form of administrative activity. This has an impact on the discussion about the nature of the contract. As a result, we can talk about a quasi-private-law contract, which is neither a typical private-law institution, nor can it fully be qualified as a public-law contract. As a consequence, it is compared to various forms of administrative activity, the scope of which, however, remains limited.

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Wojewoda w systemie organów bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego

Author(s): Stanisław Pieprzny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of the article is to present the position of the voivode in the system of security authorities and public order in the voivodeship and its powers in relation to managers’ services, inspections and guards constituting the combined administration in the voivodeship. These powers developed since the introduction of the system reform in 1990 in relation to the creation of a dualism of local administrative bodies: local government at the commune level and local general government administration bodies. The basic rights of the voivode in the scope of safety and public order are currently defined in the Act of 23 January 2009 on the voivode and government administration in the voivodship. The Law the Police of 6th of April 1990 states that it is a body of security and public order at the voivodeship level, and that the voivodeship police chief represents the voivode in performing tasks in that regard, except for matters related to operational and exploratory investigations and prosecution of offences, as well as issuing individual administrative acts, if the laws so provide. The performance of tasks by the voivodeship police chief on behalf of the voivode does not mean, however, that the voivode is an official superior over the chief of police. Nor does grouping and superintendence imply the organisational inclusion of the auxiliary apparatus of the voivodeship chief of police in the provincial office, since it is the sovereign decision of the Chief Police Officer to determine the principles of organisation and the scope of action of chiefs. There is also no financial integration. The article also points out that the Act on the Voivode and Government Administration in the Voivodship defines the basic functions of the voivode, which include those related to public security and order in the voivodship. Particular tasks arising from these functions are defined by special laws, endowing the voivode with appropriate legal means for implementing these tasks, including authoritative means.

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Status prawny kobiet w wielkich kodyfikacjach cywilnych XIX wieku

Author(s): Małgorzata Materniak-Pawłowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Modern civil law’s roots can be traced back to the 19th century, when its basic institutions were comprehensively regulated in three civil codes: the French Civil Code of 1804, known since 1807 as the Napoleonic Code, the Austrian Allgemeines Burgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB) of 1811 and the German Burgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) of 1896–1900. In the literature, these codes are commonly referred to as the Great Civil Codifications, as they have been influential in shaping European civil law doctrine from their inception to the present day. Although they were drafted under different political conditions (the French and Austrian Codes originated in 18th-century philosophy of natural law, with its individualistic treatment of private law subjects, while the German Code resulted from the triumph of positivism in the second half of the 19th century), and their original content was subject to far-reaching revisions over the years, their invariable merit lay in creating a legal framework guaranteeing the inviolability of individual rights, based on respect for the individual’s fundamental subjective rights under civil law and respect for the autonomy of the will in their implementation. These rights included: the equality and universality of civil rights; the treatment of marriage as a civil contract; the guarantee of the inviolability of private property; the freedom to shape civil law relations by contract; the autonomy of the will of the individual in disposing his or her succession rights. Yet these rights were accompanied by a whole range of limitations and exclusions, particularly for women, whose legal position in terms of civil rights vis-à-vis men was far from the equality and universality of civil law subjects as declared in each of the aforementioned codes. This handicap was only to be remedied in the century that followed.

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Tryb procedowania oraz przesłanki przekształcenia użytkowania wieczystego w prawo własności

Author(s): Małgorzata Pracka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The right of perpetual usufruct has been operating in the Polish legal system since the 1960s. The essence of this right consists in the possibility for the perpetual usufructuary to use land which is publicly owned, to the exclusion of other persons, along with the right to dispose of it. The content of the right to perpetual usufruct is therefore similar in substantive terms to the ownership rights, although it is subject to certain determinants particular only to this law. The limits of the rights of the perpetual usufructuary are determined not only by the provisions of acts, rules of social coexistence, but also by the provisions of the agreement for subjecting land to perpetual usufruct. In addition, the temporary nature of the law and the rules of payment, including the possibility of updating the annual fee for perpetual usufruct, meant that for many years legislative activities were undertaken in the scope of enfranchising perpetual usufruct users. The Act of 20th July 2018 on the transformation of the right of perpetual usufruct of land developed for housing purposes into the ownership right to this land performed normative enfranchisement of perpetual usufruct users. The procedure of confirming enfranchisement is made by the public administration authority in the form of a certificate. The requirement to issue a certificate sometimes demands that the authority conduct a multi-faceted analysis in terms of meeting the conditions for such enfranchisement. Both the material scope of the act, the content of the issued certificate and the paid character of the enfranchisement to which the provisions on state aid apply in practice generate many obligations on the part of the authority issuing the certificate. Due to the universal character of the enfranchisement process and some of its specific features, the legal solutions proposed by the legislator in this area require a more in-depth analysis.

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Pozasądowe prawne modele kompensacji szkód medycznych – analiza prawno-porównawcza

Author(s): Karolina Świątek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article addresses the topic of alternative legal models for pursuing out-of-court claims for medical damages, taking as its starting thesis the inefficiency of the Polish model stemming from its faulty legal construction. The purpose of the article is to conduct a legal analysis of the Polish alternative model of medical damage compensation, with particular attention to de lege ferenda postulates presented in the legal doctrine. In addition, in order to show the possible directions of legislative changes, the article presents the characteristics of selected foreign alternative models of medical damage compensation, including the model operating in New Zealand, which is an example of a model that can be classified as ‘no-fault’, the German model and the French model. The article culminates with an analysis of the draft of the Law on Quality in Health Care and Patient Safety to the extent that the draft provides for a new legal regulation of the alternative model for the out-of-court settlement of medical damage claims. The purpose of this analysis was to see whether the legislator has recognized the demands for change articulated in the legal doctrine, and whether the draft law on quality in health care and patient safety is inspired by solutions adopted in foreign legislation in terms of the legal construction of the alternative model of compensation for medical damages. The analysis here confirms the initial thesis of the work and leads to the conclusion that the draft law on quality in health care and patient safety takes into account many proposals constructed in the legal doctrine in connection with regulating an alternative model for the compensation of medical damages. It is also clear that the proposed model is inspired by some solutions that have been successful in other countries. Nevertheless, the article distinguishes proposed regulations that may still raise doubts and reservations.

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Obowiązki dokumentacyjne dysponentów zabytków nieruchomych zagospodarowanych na cele użytkowe a praktyka stosowania art. 25 ust. 1 ustawy o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami

Author(s): Agata Lizak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Article 25 of the Act on the Protection and Care of Historical Monuments (hereinafter: u.o.z.o.z.) imposes some obligations on owners or property holders of listed immovable historic monuments that have been adapted for utility functions. These obligations include holding conservator’s documentation and having a programme of the preservation works and program of the development of the monument and its surroundings (both programmes shall receive the consent of the voivodeship historic preservation officer). This provision is the only one in the Act that strictly concerns the adaptation of historic monuments. Despite this fact, it is not fully applied in practice. The first reason for this is that there is no sanction if somebody does not hold the required documentation. Secondly, regulations are insufficiently precise, for example, the procedure for reaching an agreement with preservation officer is not specified. The article is based on empirical research carried out in selected voivodeship historic preservation offices. The text focuses on the problem of how article 25 of u.o.z.o.z. is applied in practice. It transpires that some voivodeship historic preservation officers do not apply this provision at all, while in other voivodeships agreements are rare or are not reached as an autonomous activity but within the framework of other procedures (e.g. connected with allowances for performing some work). The analysis of documents prepared on the basis of article 25 u.o.z.o.z. leads to the conclusion that such documents are often incomplete or mistaken for other similar documents that are also obligatory, but on a different legal basis. What is more, the practice in the terms of the form and procedure of agreements is uneven – ordinarily, it takes the form of a letter, although there are also cases when a formal decision or opinion is issued. The results of empirical research served as a basis for de lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates.

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Sąd jako gwarant ochrony praw stron postępowania dotyczącego naruszenia prawa konkurencji – obserwacje na tle wybranych postępowań w toku

Author(s): Marcin Trepka,Elżbieta Buczkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie stale kształtującej się roli SOKiK w postępowaniu odwoławczym od decyzji Prezesa Urzędu oraz wyzwań, które stoją przed SOKiK w związku z dynamicznym roz- wojem prawa konkurencji Unii Europejskiej oraz w konsekwencji – prawa krajowego. Autorzy do- konują tego przedstawienia na tle niedawno wydanych jednej decyzji Prezesa Urzędu oraz dwóch rozstrzygnięć sądowych. W przywołanej decyzji Prezesa Urzędu koncepcja single economic unit wy- korzystana została po raz pierwszy jako narzędzie egzekwowania przestrzegania prawa konkurencji. Pierwsze ze wspomnianych postępowań dotyczy wyznaczenia granicy, do której przeprowadzenie przez SOKiK pełnego postępowania dowodowego winno prowadzić do uchylenia decyzji Prezesa Urzędu, nie zaś wydania rozstrzygnięcia o charakterze reformatoryjnym. Drugie z nich dotyczy na- tomiast dopuszczalności wstąpienia do postępowania odwoławczego od decyzji Prezesa Urzędu przez podmiot, który nosi się z zamiarem wszczęcia postępowania prywatnoprawnego dotyczącego tego samego naruszenia prawa konkurencji, co naruszenie ustalone w spornej decyzji ww. orga- nu. Opierając się na przedstawionych rozstrzygnięciach autorzy uzasadniają tezę o rosnącej roli SOKiK w zapewnieniu spójności stosowania prawa konkurencji, rosnących oczekiwaniach wobec SOKiK oraz znaczeniu uważnego i wyważonego podejścia SOKiK do przedstawionych zagadnień prawnych dla ochrony interesów stron postępowania dotyczącego naruszenia prawa konkurencji.

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Ugoda w sprawie odwołania do Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów – zagadnienia wybrane

Author(s): Rafał R. Wasilewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

Od ponad dwóch lat w prawie polskim obowiązuje szczególny instrument prawny – ugoda w spra- wie odwołania do SOKiK, jednak dotychczas zawarto zaledwie jedną taką ugodę. Chociaż nie jest to ugoda w tradycyjnym ujęciu, należy uznać ją jako nową formę ugodowego (negocjacyjnego) stosowania prawa antymonopolowego i prawa ochrony konsumentów. Przedmiotem owej ugody są losy odwołania strony od decyzji Prezesa UOKiK, a jej warunki pozwalają na urozmaicone spo- soby nie tylko zakończenia postępowania odwoławczego, lecz także ostatecznego zakończenia sprawy antymonopolowej. Samo zawarcie ugody nie jest wystarczające (ugoda musi podlegać zatwierdzeniu przez SOKiK). Przy ocenie ugody sąd musi uwzględnić określone przepisami kryteria, które mogą powodować konieczność odmowy zatwierdzenia ugody. Dlatego problematyczne jest, w jakim zakresie SOKiK powinien wykazać się poszanowaniem woli stron co do zawarcia ugody (w szczególności woli organu antymonopolowego w zakresie sprawowania polityki konkurencji i konsumenckiej), a na ile ugodę konfrontować z ochroną interesu publicznego i oddziaływaniem na sytuację prawną osób trzecich.

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Błędy proceduralne organu w postępowaniu antymonopolowym w sprawach praktyk ograniczających konkurencję a kompetencje Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów

Author(s): Antoni Bolecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie czytelnikowi zagadnienia dotyczącego możliwości uchylenia przez SOKiK decyzji Prezesa UOKiK z powodu błędów proceduralnych popełnionych w toku postępowania antymonopolowego. Autor, opierając się na orzecznictwie oraz poglądach przedstawicieli doktryny, podejmuje próbę wyróżnienia otwartego katalogu błędów procedural- nych, które uzasadniają uchylenie decyzji Prezesa UOKiK oraz takich, które nie stanowią do tego wystarczającej podstawy.

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Problem uwzględniania pozaekonomicznych czynników oceny koncentracji przez Prezesa UOKiK na przykładzie pluralizmu mediów

Author(s): Michał Konrad Derdak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

Na początku 2021 roku Prezes UOKIK wydał w odstępie kilku tygodni dwie decyzje w sprawie zamierzonych koncentracji na rynkach medialnych, które wywołały ożywioną dyskusję nie tylko wśród specjalistów prawa konkurencji, lecz także w szerszym środowisku prawniczym, a na- wet w dyskursie publicznym. Paliwa tej debacie dodało wydanie w połowie 2022 roku wyroków sądowych, z których jeden uchylił decyzję Prezesa UOKiK w sprawie planowanego przejęcia Eurozet sp. z o.o. przez Agora SA, a drugi utrzymał w mocy przejęcie Polska Press sp. z o.o. przez Polski Koncern Naftowy ORLEN SA. Jednym z kluczowych aspektów przedmiotowej dyskusji jest próba umiejscowienia kategorii pluralizmu mediów w procesie kontroli koncentra- cji oraz odpowiedzi na pytania, czy i na ile Prezes UOKIK powinien brać tę wartość pod uwagę w swoich postępowaniach. Pierwszym celem niniejszego artykułu jest rozważenie i krytyka po- tencjalnych modeli ujęcia pluralizm mediów w ramach kontroli koncentracji. Drugim – jest pró- ba konceptualizacji analizy koncentracji pod kątem ochrony pluralizmu mediów, a w jej wyniku próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy można rozsądnie oczekiwać, że ocena wpływu koncentracji na pluralizm mediów mogłaby przynieść istotnie odmienne rozstrzygnięcia, aniżeli tradycyjna analiza ekonomiczna dokonana na podstawie testu istotnego ograniczenia konkurencji na rynku właściwym.

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Oznaczanie geograficznego pochodzenia produktu w czasach „konsumenckiego patriotyzmu”

Author(s): Zuzanna Ochońska-Borowska,Anna Pietrzyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2022

Pochodzenie nabywanego produktu należy do istotnych kryteriów podejmowanej przez konsu- mentów decyzji zakupowej. W ostatnim czasie istotnie wzrosło zainteresowanie produktami rodzi- mymi, które zostały wytworzone w Polsce z polskich materiałów. Trend ten bywa wykorzystywany przez nieuczciwych przedsiębiorców, którzy w komunikacji kierowanej do konsumentów wpro- wadzają w błąd odnośnie do tej okoliczności. Zdarzają się jednak sytuacje oznaczenia produktu, które potencjalnie mogłoby zostać uznane za nierzetelne na gruncie przepisów konsumenckich, opiera się jednak na przepisach odrębnych, mających administracyjno-celny charakter. W takim wypadku przedsiębiorca wpada niejako w pułapkę regulacji prawnych, chociaż nie wprost sprzecznych, to mogących się nie pokrywać, a tym samym naraża się na konsekwencje prawne niezastosowania się do którejś z nich. W artykule poruszono ten problem, wskazując które z po- wszechnie obowiązujących regulacji potencjalnie mogą stanowić wyzwanie w praktyce obrotu konsumenckiego. Omówiono także dotychczasową praktykę orzeczniczą Prezesa UOKiK w tym zakresie i zaprezentowano postulaty co do stosowania obecnych regulacji oraz ewentualnych zmian w prawie.

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Ograniczenia zastosowań trybu partnerstwa innowacyjnego prawa zamówień publicznych

Author(s): Jarosław Czaja / Language(s): Polish Issue: 334/2022

The innovative partnership mode, like any tool supporting the development and purchase of innovative supplies, services or works, may motivate the public and private sectors to cooperate. However, analysis shows that there are many difficulties in applying this procedure due to the need to meet many legal and factual requirements by both parties to the public procurement. The ordering party is obliged to obtain information about the possibilities of order fulfilment in addition to the currently available offer. Contractors cannot ensure the expected level of innovation each time due to the scope of the risk and the degree of complexity of the procedure itself. Therefore, the aim of this article is an attempt to identify the limitations of the application of the innovative partnership mode, because the issue of combining the forces of both these spheres is not necessarily subject to growing interest.

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Realizacja funkcji zarządu mieniem publicznym w prawie zamówień publicznych

Author(s): Maciej Guziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 334/2022

When ordering in the form of a contract for consideration by public entities things, works, services used to perform public tasks, the provisions of the Public Procurement Law introduce a specific procedure regime, bearing in mind the public good (protection of public property). At the same time, these rules concern the assessment and correction of the behavior of entities managing public property. This indicates that the analyzed provisions of the law, which in certain cases are a kind of procedure for spending public funds, serve to perform the function of managing public property.

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Systemowe ujęcie kontroli w nowym prawie zamówień publicznych

Author(s): Henryk Nowicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 334/2022

The article presents a new approach to public procurement control in the light of the Public Procurement Law. The analysis is conducted in terms of the adopted legal solutions, which to a large extent correspond to the postulates of legal scholars. The research is based on the adoption of a procurement control system based on the control authorities included in the Public Procurement Law. The influence of the views of legal science on the conditions of the proper construction of the control system and the conditions of the proper functioning of the control system was presented. Considerations regarding control procedures as well as statutory rights and obligations of the controlled and controlling entities are important in determining the legal situation of the controlled entities. Comments were presented regarding the Committee for Control in Public Procurement, a newly established body, and its role in the systemic functioning of procurement control.

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Wsparcie gospodarstw domowych w związku ze zmianą standardu nadawania naziemnej telewizji cyfrowej – próba oceny przyjętych rozwiązań normatywnych

Author(s): Maciej Borski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Ustawa o wsparciu gospodarstw domowych w ponoszeniu kosztów związanych ze zmianąstandardu nadawania naziemnej telewizji cyfrowej została uchwalona przez Sejm 24 lutego 2022 r., a już miesiąc później, 23 marca 2022 r., została znowelizowana, bowiem konieczne stało się doprecyzowanie absolutnie fundamentalnej z punktu widzenia tej ustawy kwestii kręgu osób uprawnionych do uzyskania wsparcia ze strony państwa. Treścią artykułu będzie ustalenie treści kompletu normatywnego, poprzez dokonanie takiej wykładni przepisów wskazanej ustawy, która uwzględnia wszystkie powiązania funkcjonalne badanych norm i jest oparta na wszystkich dostępnych źródłach informacji. Jednocześnie podczas analizy regulacji ustawowych autor dokona refleksji pod kątem ich zgodności z wyinterpretowaną przez Trybunał Konstytucyjny z konstytucyjnej zasady demokratycznego państwa prawnego zasadą określoności prawa.

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