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The article describes the normative assumptions and practical ways to implement social rights in the paradigm of active welfare state. The theoretical framework of analysis is the concept of citizenship proposed by Thomas H. Marshall. Referring to this concept, the author argues that the current system of social policy changes the perception of rights, particularly in the area of social rights. This is a consequence of the adoption as the dominant paradigm of active welfare state that promotes resilience. The author appraises the implementation of the idea of resilience in the practice of the social assistance institutions in Poland. In this context article points out the obstacles on the macro level (negative demographic trends), meso (deficits in resources of social assistance), micro (transformation of the family).
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The article describes the problems and barriers for small and medium-sized companies in Poland, which are on their way, developing innovative businesses. It also describes the factors which affect these situations. It shows the definitionof “innovation” by EU standards. The level of innovation in these companies was evaluated, which made it possible to identify the main reasons for the low, in this context, level of innovation and key factors influencing the development ofinnovation. It was identified that the significant impact on shaping these factors and creating favorable conditions for the development of companies, is dependent on appropriate government policy. Recommendations were formulated for promotinginnovation of Polish SMEs.
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The paper presents two complementary views on the social philosophy of Leszek Nowak – one of the most prominent, original and versatile Polish philosophers: historical and systematic. As regards the historical perspective, some brief remarks on the history of Polish analytical philosophy have been made. Two points have been underscored: First, the continuity of this history – from its creator Kazimierz Twardowski to Leszek Nowak, and his disciples. And second: the plurality of philosophical worldviews (Christian, liberal, Marxist...) which were analytically elaborated by Polish philosophers. As regards the systematic perspective, two elements are to be mentioned. Firstly, a number of arguments have been formulated to support author’s conviction that non-Marxian historical materialism is one of the most important social philosophies. Secondly, some critical remarks on this philosophy have been made.
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У сучасних соціологічних працях досить часто зустрічається термін “користувач інтернету”, хоча наукового соціологічного визначення цього поняття досі немає. Інтуїтивно ми розуміємо, що користувач інтернету - це особа, що використовує інтернет. Але тут виникає, принаймні, два питання: що значить “використовує” та що таке інтернет?
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Ci, którzy uznają, że skłonności do populizmu są właściwe niektórym narodom, ulegają złudzeniu, które usiłują stworzyć sami populiści – że populistyczne rządy mają charakter monolityczny oraz szerokie oparcie w narodzie.
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Sociography, analyzing the national communities that dropped out from the European development, is an important part of the documentary literature. It is a typically Central and Eastern European genre.The Hungarian Sociography’s generative period can be put between 1936 and 1938. In the beginning of the 1970’s appeared a new wave in this field, which resulted in the restart of the Discovery of Hungary, but it also quickened the widening of genre-typology too. Henceforth the author is drawing the Sociography’s main stages by presenting and making reference to István Horváth’s (1909–1977), András Sütő’s (1927–2006) and György Beke’s (1927–2007) works. By the end of the 1990’s this genre, the investigative journalism, gets into the journalist-education’s schedule at the Faculty of Political Science. From that point theoretical interest intensified with such a magnitude that it became one of the basic disciplines of graduate studies in media sciences. Beside the theoretical inquiry a specific gap can be observed in the genre’s history, namely the changes and the lack of changes after 1989 have not been recorded in Sociographyc studies. It is well known that the cultivation of Sociography requires time and financial resources, and after the millennium “time seeded up” narrowing the opportunities to investigate and understand the deeper structures of the phenomenon’s taking place in the macro and micro word surrounding us. Perhaps this is why Sociography with its large history is fading in the background nowadays.
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The conceptual view on the unity of productive forces and industrial relations in modern social structures of production expressing the active relation of people to the accumulation of material goods as an indicator of the spiritual development of the social structure has been presented in the work. It is proved that the technological basis of society is a state priority of structural changes in the economy, which determines the rates of economic growth regardless of the level of development. The new paradigm, which was called "technological method of production" as a dynamic system of not only production forces, but also of technological production relations, due to the optimization of internal production processes transformed into a system of technological relations, the nature of which is determined by the nature of the operation or transition in the technological process, has been conceptually substantiated.
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Demilitarization and neutralization are among the specific restrictions that apply to the exercise of territorial sovereignty. Although frequently employed in international practice, no generally accepted definitions are available for either of these concepts. The void has given rise to a host of interpretations, which vary particularly widely in the case of demilitarization.The Aland Islands are a classic example of an area that has been both militarized and neutralized. Owing to its strategic location, it has repeatedly become the focal point of political clashes between European powers over the last two centuries. The Islands were seen as a key to pursuing Baltic Sea policies and balancing the strengths of European powers.The conflicts that swept through the region in the 19th century led to the gradual improvement of methods to demilitarize and subsequently neutralize the archipelago. Its status was ultimately settled in 1921 by an international convention and recognized after the end of World War II. The international legal status granted to the archipelago at that time has persisted to this day and continues to serve as a model of effective demilitarization and neutralization.
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The aim of the paper is to analyze the formal and informal dimensions of regional security in Central Asia. The text indicates and empirically documents the discrepancy between the officially declared and actually implemented functions of regional integration structures, i.e. the CIS, CSTO and SCO. The text critically considers the following problems. First, the processes of the institutionalization of regional integration in Central Asia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Second, the dimensions of the formal and informal cooperation of the countries in the region. Third, the phenomenon of non-bureaucratic management of the regional integration. Fourth, the reactions of the CIS, CSTO and SCO to the threats of terrorism, extremism and international organized crime.
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The aim of the present study was to find a relationship between the family quality of life and the quality of life of young adults with intellectual disability. 27 individuals with a mild intellectual disability were examined: 14 men and 13 women. Their average age was M = 18.89 (SD = 1.25). The family quality of life was assessed by the subjects’ mothers. In the study were also used the Family Quality of Life Survey – general version (FQoLS-2006) and the Quality of Life Profile. The research results demonstrated that two general indicators of the family quality of life reached values slightly below average: general assessment and general satisfaction. The domains of family quality of life which were rated best included: Family relationships, Health of the family, and Spiritual and cultural beliefs, while the lowest rates were attributed to Support from other people, Support from disability-related services, and Financial well-being. Young adults with mild intellectual disability have evaluated the quality of their lives as high. The positive associations were found between the family quality of life and the quality of life of young adults with mild intellectual disability.
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The strategy of the Warta river's development aims at strengthening the urban-river network in Poznań, the return of the river to the city, which treats the river as a troublesome addition to space. The social image is accompanied by literary images; the Warta river is now mentioned in a criminal convention, sombre, one which co-creates a half-dead being of the river. This monster-like presence of the Warta river in contemporary literature clashes with the inter-war images, after the war the literature went silent, as if the river became a taboo, to return as late as after half a century. The reasons for this changing status of the Warta river are becoming visible thanks to the analysis of literary works and the history of the river. The purpose of the article is to make a diagnosis, based on history and literature, of the current cultural standing of the Warta river and to determine the options for the development of the river's narrative.
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This article describes the emergence and specific characteristics of the largest social archive in Poland, the KARTA Center Archive of the KARTA Center Foundation [Archiwum Ośrodka KARTA; https://karta.org.pl/archiwa], a Polish non-governmental public benefit organization. The archive contains important source material relating to recent Polish history, including documentation of the fate of Polish citizens under Soviet occupation and in the USSR, and the history of the activities of independent groups in the Polish People’s Republic. In the course of its 37 years of operation, over a dozen thousand people have donated their own collections to the KARTA Center. Such gifts have included the personal collections of such significant figures of the anti-regime opposition as Jerzy Jedlicki, Stefan Kisielewski, Jacek Kuroń, Jan Józef Lipski, Zdzisław Najder, and many others. The archive also contains the “Twenty-One Demands—Birth of the Solidarity Trade Union” collection, which has documentation from the years 1980–1981 and was entered in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2003. The KARTA Center Library, which currently contains the largest collection of independent Polish publications from the 1970s and 1980s, has been granted the status of an academic library.
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This paper tests the impact of different types of management within family businesses on digital innovation related to Industry 4.0 investments, from a geographical perspective. The data set consists of 3,000 Italian manufacturing small- and medium–sized enterprises. Using probit models, the results show that while in the more advanced area (center-north) external management affects the propensity for innovation significantly, in the less developed area (Southern Italy) external management requires an additional and simultaneous investment in R&D to drive a firm’s innovation. This suggests that innovation policy should define incentives that also help enhance new management business models and take into account behavioral features of different firms in relation to the level of the development of the geographical areas in which they operate.
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This study investigated Bank-characteristic and Macro-Economic factors affecting commercialbanks’ profitability in Sub Saharan Africa for the period of 2008-2017 usingpanel data of 56 listed banks drawn from the Sub-Region. Secondary data extracted fromthe listed Commercial Banks' financial statements were analyzed. The explanatory variableswere represented by Credit Risk, Liquidity Risk, Leverage Ratio and Exchange Ratewhile profitability was represented by Return on Assets (ROA). The study explored a correlationalresearch design to examine the effect of Bank-characteristic and Macro-Economicfactors on commercial banks’ profitability. VCE Robust Regressions were employedfor the combined banks and country-specific banks’ analysis based on the HausmanTest Specification (fixed and random effects model). Although the Hausman specificationtest suggested that a fixed effect model is appropriate for the integrated banks’data analysis, the study used VCE Robust Regression to underpin the outcome of theHausman specification. The study found that Bank-characteristic and macro-economicfactors had significantly affected the commercial banks' profitability over the study periodfor the aggregate model of all the banks while only internal factors mainly influencedbanks’ profitability for the country-specific banks’ profitability. The Credit Risk had apositive and significant relationship with banks’ profitability while Exchange Rate had anegative and significant relationship with bank profitability during the study period. Incontrolling foreign exchange rate volatility, Sub-Sahara Africa Clearing Union (SACU)is recommended for Central Banks of member countries to enable them to settle paymentsfor transactions within the Sub-region on the basis of multilateral pacts. This will, in turn,reduce the negative effect of an exchange rate increase in the sub-region and subsequentlyenhance banks’ profitability.
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In today's world, social activity is an extremely important element in the process of buildinga civil society and social capital. Moreover, apart from activities for the commongood, this aspect is a key element of personal development, allowing even to gain highlyvaluedexperience in the labor market. Considering the age, lifestyle and educationalcapital of university students. it can be assumed that this group may be characterized bya high level of activity in the social field. However, numerous analyzes carried out byresearch institutions indicate a low level of this activity among the university students.The article is an attempt to verify the above thesis based on studies carried out amongstudents of the Marie Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. In the assumption, the article points to: diagnosis of the tendency of students to undertake social activities; assessmentof the values that determine pro-social and "pro-civil" attitudes, which constitute abarrier to the development of this field; and draws attention to the activities that prevail,and which become marginalized.
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The paper deals with specific links between presidential and parliamentary elections in contemporary France. The main goal is to demonstrate that the timing of the two types of political events is a significant factor preserving the configuration of a pro-presidential majority fact as one of the possible variants of French semi-presidentialism. This raises the question of the role of both elections as instruments for controlling the process of setting up a space of political rivalry that could be perceived as optimal from the viewpoint of ruling camps. The author analyses possibilities to provide the convergence of presidential and parliamentary elections under the conditions of a seven-year presidential term as well as after its shortening to five years in 2000. Hence, of particular importance is the impact of some mechanisms used in this field on the institutional logic of the French political system. Specific application of constitutional tools and some normative changes introduced in previous years cause the extent of the aforementioned control to be now much greater than in the first decades of the Fifth Republic. Looking at the convergence of both types of elections from the perspective of the evolution of the existing political system, the author argues that it is legitimate to divide the whole period of the Fifth Republic into three sub-periods: 1. the absence of electoral convergence (1958–1981); 2. partial electoral convergence (1981– –2002); full electoral convergence (since 2002). Due to the acceptance of the pro-presidential paradigm, the latter formula is now definitely preferred and supported by legal regulations, which affects the flexibility of French semi-presidentialism (significantly reduced, but not fully eliminated, probability of cohabitation).
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Sociology could bean interdisciplinary intellectual place where the meeting and communication of other disciplines is possible, since sociology itself is a built-in tissue of all social sciences. This provides a possibility to make sociology vivid, what in turn gives an opportunity to it to regain old glory and to get new influence.
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Mykola Golovan believes that Ukraine is changing and becoming even more beautiful. It is being built anew, just as he has been rebuilding his house. It only needs to get rid of some wrongful ideologies and open itself more to the world.
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Stereotypes have always existed in Ukrainian society. The main reason for their occurrence as a rule, was the differences in the historical development of certain regions. With the influence of time, some stereotypes disappeared, but others appeared in their place. The war in the Donbass, has led to the emergence of new stereotypes, which began to firmly take root in the minds of people. Basically, these stereotypes relate to Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) from the Donbass and have a negative connotation. The main disseminators of stereotypes are public figures, community activists and the media. The purpose of the article is to analyze the most widespread stereotypes in some regions of Ukraine not covered by the conflict and to find out the reasons for their occurrence.
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