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The aim of this article is to address the question: how is Russia using the quasi-states in its Foreign Policy? Generally, country’s foreign policy is focused to achieve four main goals 1) to increase its security; 2) to increase its international position and prestige; 3) to enhance its strength; and 4) to optimize the rules in the international environment. Russia helps to survive such quasi-states as Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria and (through Armenia) also the Nagorno-Karabakh because thanks to them Russia controls its sphere of influence in the post-Soviet area. Since 2014 in Donetsk and Lugansk (Ukraine) Russia is creating another quasi-states, what confirms the effectiveness of the quasi-states as an instrument in the Russia’s foreign policy.
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The notion of Kurdish cinema emerged in the 2000s during when directors like Bahman Ghobadi and Hineer Salem have been occupying a significant space at international film festivals; and since then it has been arousing a significant interest with the rising number of Kurdish directors and consequently Kurdish fiction and documentary films. In this article Kurdish cinema produced in Turkey is thoroughly analysed, and taking Yılmaz Güney as the milestone for the formation of Kurdish cinema it is argued that Kurdish cinema can be defined as a cinema of imprisonment. In this respect through evaluating the current Kurdish directors, and their films the characteristics of the cinema of imprisonment definition is scrutinized.
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The review of: Die Bewáltigung dér Mifie. Ernst Manheim: Soziologe und Anthropologe by Elisabeth Welzig; Wien-Köln-Weimar: Böhlau Verlag 1997, 292 pp.
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The aim of the following work is to analysis the results of survey concerning the structures and conditioning of students’ political attitudes. The factors which create appreciation to two political parties, Palikot’s Movement (presently Your Movement) and Poland Comes First and their leaders, were shown. The assessment of sympathy towards the parties was made in orderto find out if it is not related with the political organizations from which the leaders come (Civic Platform and Law and Justice). The issue of emotions was also analysed since they are important elements of the attitudes, as well as they form them. The studies associated with the political attitudes improve that emotions towards the candidates have an impact on the voting process. Electors often have preconception feelings towards the candidates when they don’t know anything about their platforms. The survey shows, that Janusz Palikot is much more recognizable as the politician than Paweł Kowal. The attitudes towards his party are very emphatic and they are related with the antipathy to Law and Justice and Jarosław Kaczyński and with the sympathy to Donald Tusk, the prime minister. The analysis also suggest that the supporters of Poland Comes First create their views through the traditional socializing agendas like the social background, whereas the supporters of Janusz Palikot’s party form their views on the basis of contact with their partners, at the same time rejecting the traditional socializing institution as the church.
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In the present article the vision of upbringing developed by one of the most outstanding German thinkers Robert Spaemann is discussed. First and foremost, the im-portance of courage has been noted; the courage with which the educators of young people display through their mission. This aspect of the problem has been discussed in the context of the so-called cultural revolutions in Germany, the time of the restoration of this country, emancipation, and the new threats to the process of education (born from ideologies, the scepticism of educators, mass media, subjectivity, hedonism, the tendency to treat life as a science, the reduction of the human being from the subject in education to the role of a machine, making the education process too rationalised) that have arisen contemporarily. The paper also contains valuable and interesting thoughts and pieces of advice by Spaemann on the subject of education, its aim, the way it is carried out, and the means of conquering destructive tendencies (threats).
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Every academic discipline in the social sciences and humanities has a set of concepts and ideas which constitute and characterize it. They create a terminology database, which can build theories and concepts within the discipline. Postmodern (social) science allows and encourages the transfer of concepts between disciplines which makes research and concepts wider and having deeper meaning. The Dutch scholar Mieke Bal 2 presented in her work an interesting analysis of the phenomenon of interdisciplinarity. Bal shows how the concepts “travel” between disciplines, individual scholars, between historical periods, as well as geographically situated academic communities. As a result, concepts and scientific terms are never unambiguous and canonically understood, but their meaning is always liquid and unstable. Using them in unusual and not obvious methodology allows the discovering of the important and interesting statements. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the reception of one of the main concepts of pedagogy – “upbringing” in the relatively new academic discipline of social work. I would like to look at how this term is defined in academic journals e.g. “Praca Socjalna”.
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The present paper addresses the issue of the preservation of traditions of persons of Ukrainian descent residing in Canada. The author emphasises the role of the family in preserving the culture and traditions of the home country. Mothers are very important in this context. They are presented as being the guardians of the hearth and as persons responsible for nurturing the children’s love for Ukrainian national values. The meaningfulness of the home is also underlined. The home is the first school and it has significant influence on the values that children shall embrace in their lives. The author discusses positive and negative traits of persons of Ukrainian descent while noting that residing for a prolonged period of time in a different country and a failure to take sufficient care to nurture one’s national identity leads to the weakening of positive traits and to the highlighting and intensifying of negative ones.
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The prominent position of the media in society plays a big role in creating the image of reality, which significantly affects the perception of the audience to discussed phenomena and events. Spaniards take part in shaping the information society, and are active consumers of media communication. Journals of the Iberian Peninsula dynamically present and discuss political, economic and social issues of the nation and of Europe and the world. One of the key topics often discussed in the Spanish press is the family in the context of different phenomena. The intention of the author is to present a picture of the family in the Spanish media on the basis of the analysis of the most widely read articles in the mass-market Spanish newspapers “El País”, “ABC” and “El Mundo”. The paper will also discuss the serious problem of domestic violence and the protection of the rights of the family in Spain. An important objective of this study is to show how the issues and comments on the issue of family are presented in the press, how media coverage of the family is portrayed, and whether the image is consistent in terms of content. An overview of items will approximate the situation of the family against the relevant processes of economic, social and cultural rights, including the economic crisis, changing demographics, migration, intercultural communication and globalization. Applying the findings will enable an attempt to provide answers to the question of how to create the role of family members, to promote certain attitudes and consequently determine the significance of the values and traditions of the family in the era of modernity and the third industrial revolution.
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The ability of creating couples is greatly important for the whole future life of two people, and the satisfaction and happiness felt by the partners in a relationship guarantees its durability. In the present article, I analyze the evolution of the close interpersonal relations between the two sides (of the partnership – through marriage – and after in the family). The marital bond is the basis and a special kind of a family bond. The bond formation process begins at the moment of creating the family. Both spouses bring to the relationship factors such as: mutual love, character traits, a system of values and material conditions. Living together leads to the development of further elements of the bond which can include: mutual understanding, tolerance, trust, shared goals, interests, and having children. Thanks to the existence of a sense of family ties, an individualis able to meet all their needs, ranging from biological, social to the psychological ones, and reaching to achieve the specified values.
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Over the last few years cyberspace has become a significant element of the surrounding social reality. For many people who currently perform the role of parents new contemporary media, which enabled cyberspace development, are something that occurred in their lives only during their adulthood or while entering adulthood. Thus, their use of the media does not always belong to activities that proceed intuitively and naturally.This problem looks completely different from the perspective of a child who was born surrounded by the media, is being brought up constantly dealing with them and remaining under their significant influence. Thus, it is often the child, who is better able to move in cyberspace than his parents and who becomes their guide in the digital world. In this context, it seems to be important to analyse the phenomenon of entering in to a specific relationship with the media and equating them with reality. This phenomenon has been observed and demonstrated in a series of experiments by B. Reeves and C. Nass 2. Thus, in the current layout of family relationships we can observe a significant new element – the new media. To what extent is this new relationship important? How much does it affect the quality of family functioning? These questions have not been answered, yet. It appears that, so far, no method that would allow carrying out research examining the problems signalled above has been created. The author of the present study suggests applying the theory of the transactional analysis and using the terminology and research tools provided by it. This theory may enable the analysis of family relationships, taking into account the presence of the new media and cyberspace in the environment that is being studied.
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This study presents some basic theoretical achievements and key concepts of the „new economic sociology“, which pretends to explore not peripheral economic phenomena, but fundamental economic processes. The theoretical programme of the new economic sociology is conceptualised in contrast with the assumptions of the neoclassical economics. The contributions of Bulgarian scholars to the analysis of important issues in the field of economic sociology are also highlighted. The study suggests hypotheses to explain the symptoms of recent slowdown in the development of economic sociology and possible perspectives for new theoretical breakthroughs. They are discussed in the context of contemporary societal challenges and conflicts, which seek their economic-sociological interpretation.
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The issue of values in the education of children is still valid in pedagogy. Therefore, the theoretical part focuses on different explanations of the concept of values and their classifications. Attention was also paid to the multi dimensionality of the concept of the quality of life and presented some results of studies related to the quality of life and theirs compounded with an education in values. In the article are shown the results of their research on the interdependence between the sense of quality of life and the preferences of today’s parents to values. In particular are shown the preferences to the values of parents with low and high sense of the quality of life their classifications. Attention was also paid to the multidimensionality of the concept of the quality of life and presented some results of studies related to the quality of life and theirs compounded with an education in values. In the article are shown the results of their research on the interdependence between the sense of quality of life and the preferences of today’s parents to values. In particular are shown the preferences to the values of parents with low and high sense of the quality of life.
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As a result of on going social, economic, and cultural changes the role of the father in his child’s upbringing is becoming more and more significant. Therefore a growing interest in the characteristics of the father’s role in the family and his educational competences can be observed. J. Witczak believes that father’s involvement in the upbringing process is not only crucial but practically irreplaceable. The father provides his child with the stimuli and models necessary for social and moral development and it is either impossible for the mother to provide these stimuli and models or she is able to do it only in a limited scope. Having analyzed the fathers’ involvement in the child’s development process, the difference between maternal and paternal love should be emphasised. K. Pospiszyl states that although mothers and fathers love their children in a different way, both types of love are essential. According to T. Sosnowski mood lability is typical of mothers. Fathers tend to be better-balanced in their feelings and more consistent in their behaviour, which is of high significance when it comes to the effectiveness of influencing the child’s behaviour. Consistency is absolutely fundamental for providing the child with emotional stability. Paternal love constitutes a strong encouragement to further development and provides directions concerning the child’s behaviour. E. Fromm claims that it is the mother's role to provide children with the feeling of life security, and the father’s role is to teach children and to direct them in a way that enables them to adjust to the community they live in. It is the father who poses requirements and shapes the child’s personality traits so that it is able to overcome life’s difficulties. Paternal love provides inspiration and encouragement for the child to furtherwork on self-improvement.
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Social capital is a resource desired and perceived as a prerequisite for the economic development of the state and as the basis of civil society. Poland’s social capital is low and in the future this may impede Poland’s development. Family and school are the main spaces where social capital, which manifests itself in the attitude which fosters cooperation and communication, is created. Social capital does not refer to individuals, but to social networks – communities that these individuals are able to create. However, it may be used by individuals to achieve individual goals and change their own situation. In the family, which is among the primary groups, social capital is created by cultural mechanisms (based on norms, beliefs, trust etc.). The school generates social capital by integrating groups, teaching cooperation and democratic values that build trust. Social capital is expressed in the relationships among members of the community. The nature of particular relationships is dependent on the scope of duties and rights, the distribution of authority and power. The size of the capital may change depending on the shape of the relationship among people and the number of their roles in society. Children, who have a special position in the family (educational function of the family), do not live in two separate areas: family and education, they are members of both of these communities and are subjects of their interactions. The article is an attempt to investigate what happens at point of contact between these two spaces and to assess what are the possibilities and limitations of utilizing the social capital of a family in the context of the new role of school, which is understood as “public good”.
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In recent years the educational system in Poland has been subject to numerous reforms, heated discussions and more or less credible examinations and reports. Apart from politicians, scientists, teachers and psychologists, parents also contributed. Unfortunately their arguments aren’t often taken into consideration, and protests are meeting exclusively with the criticism. They don’t have the needed know-how or experience after all. Research conducted by me has shown that, in fact, parents had the greatest cognitive impact on the development of children before they began to learn at school. It is their active or passive attitude that essentially shapes the level of school readiness in the sphere still considered by many to be the most significant in the school and life career of man. Apart from the fact that, most importantly – these are parents having legal responsibility for their children, they should have the final word on the question of bringing up and educating them.
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Theoretical constructs fundamental to this paper – individual resiliency, family resilience, and school adjustment – are presented. Individual resilience has been operationalized with the use of three indicators: positive self-concept, social and emotional competence, and self-control/self-regulation. Family resilience was measured witha one-dimensional scale describing integration and educational functionality of a family. School adjustment was measured with the use of three indicators: school-related stress, success at school, and assertiveness at school. 130 students aged 17–18 constituted the sample. Path analysis proved that family resiliency can influence school adjustment directly as well as through individual resilience.
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According to developmental psychology childhood is the time when the child develops, both the personality as well as the whole body. All the factors influencing the child from the very begining have a fundamental meaning for the shaping of the young human. All the deficiencies that a child experiences during early childhood have great repercussions in the later stages of development of their life. Emotional deficiencies cause disorders in this field. Excessive care can also bring serious consequences. The most important role in this process is played by the child’s parents (caregivers), closely and distantly related family environment, peers, educational institutions supporting parents in upbringing along with teachers. The way in which education is achieved decides the whole existence of the young human. The participation of children in the process of education is extremely important. Parents should strive to create such learning situations in which pupils may be active in gaining information about the surrounding natural and social world. Their cognitive awareness should be addressed by situations attractive to them. Children in the family should feel unselfish joy of meeting new people, things and phenomena. In this way the first social contacts connected with learning trigger positive attitudes to the social world. It will encourage the child to research new information. It will naturally shape their subjective attitude to themselves, other people and the culture in which they she lives.
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