Istoria economiei regionale: diagnoza şi metodologia cercetării

Author(s): Ioan Lumperdean / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2015

The study aims to analyze main concepts related to regional economic history in terms of conceptual, methodological and analytical. The author explains how has been shaped and defined over time a number of concepts such as region, regionalism, regionalist, regionalization and its connected semantic groups: administrative region, economic area, industrial area, agricultural area, urban area, development region, the developed region, underdeveloped region, tourist region, ethnographic region, regional economy, regional geography etc. The second part of the study relates to the concept of regional economic history; the author’s conclusion is that the history of the regional economy is an economic territorial reality, as well as, a component of historical and economic sciences, which reconstructs this spatial reality, natural or anthropogenic constituted. In terms of research methodology of regional economy, the author proposes an analytical structure which in his view, should include at least the following: regional geographical and economic configuration; reconstruction of the economic potential of the region, in a period or other; identifying natural resources, human and material; estimation of demographic potential of the region; focusing research on sectorial economic history; continuity versus discontinuity regional economic; capturing regional aspects of everyday life; the connection between economic power and regional realities; relationship between rural and urban economy at regional level.

To Subordinate or to Assist? French Experts and Early Approaches to International Investment in the Ottoman Empire (1856–1867)

Author(s): Ştefania Costache / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2016

The paper analyzes the politics of European business ventures in the Ottoman Empire between 1850 and 1880, a time of risky enterprises that attracted the attention of governments and business milieux alike with the promise of producing social progress and high financial profits. By exploring how such ventures compelled both the European and Ottoman partners to readjust their strategies and expectations, the project brings into question the conventional assessments about the European origin of development and about Ottoman backwardness. As an alternative, it investigates how such businesses stimulated political elites in Europe and the Ottoman Empire to reconsider their states’ power, and the new ventures’ impact on the domestic and international political order. To analyze such transformations of vision, the project examines how networks of British, French and Ottoman businessmen and politicians who pursued railway ventures in the Ottoman Empire lobbied for these popular 19th century enterprises and dealt with competitors, scandals and failures.

Пронија у држави српских деспота

Author(s): Miloš Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 53/2016

The pronoia as type of land holding through Byzantium began to live in medieval Serbia. The aim of this paper is to study characteristics and diffusion of this kind of estate in the state under the rule of Serbian despots. I will make comparison with the functioning of the system of pronoia in Byzantium during the 15 century. It should be noted that this topic has already attracted the attention of researchers whose findings will be reconsidering.

Dyskusja nad koncepcją prawa gospodarczego w nauce radzieckiej w latach 1956–1958

Author(s): Witold Małecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Formulating the concept of economic law as one of the branches of law became possible as a result of a resumption of scholar discussion on the system of Soviet law after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in February 1956. Argumentation in favor of the separation of economic law within the system of law, which was presented by V.S. Tadevosyan, V.P. Efimochkin and I.V. Pavlov, concerned mainly the areas of theory of law and functional aspects of research on economic law. In the field of theory of law the argumentation focused on objective separateness of social relations constituting the matter of economic law. Functional reasons corresponded to the need for deepening scholar reflection on the provisions regarding state economy, due to its dynamic growth and modifications. The concept of economic law as a separate branch of law was, however, met with criticism concerning the theoretical inadequacy of separating the matter of economic law and contradiction with the views of V.I. Lenin.

BUSINESS SECTION

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1972

LIETUVOS PIRMŲJŲ GELEŽINKELIŲ TIESYBA IR INŽINIERIAUS S. KERBEDŽIO INDĖLIS, VYKDANT PIRMĄSIAS STATYBAS

Author(s): Danguolė Plungytė,Ričardas Plungė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2017

In the second half of the nineteenth century, first railroads in Lithuania were layed during Russian occupation. It was decided to build the St. Petersburg-Warsaw railway, which was in Russias strategic interest, and the task was to connect the St. Petersburg-Warsaw railway with Liepaja and Riga ports, and the Prussian railway. In the archives G. Kasakovskis has discovered and published five S. Kerbedis suggested variants of railway net in Baltics. Engineer suggested to change a heading of St.Petersburg -Warsaw railway. These variants of railway latter became basis for other railway projects. In 1854, a team of engineers led by S.Kerbedis arrived in Lithuania, He explored possible directions of communication and offered railroad options. After exploring territory of Lithuania and after leveling works, it was decided to build two railway tunnels in Kaunas and Paneriai.By the order of Russian government, railway width was different than the Prussian railway. Distance between both axis was 1435 mm and in Russia it was 1520 mm.Kaunas tunnel ground works started on may 9-th, 1859, construction started at five different sections of the tunnel. Shafts divided tunnel into 3 different bars. Shaft axis were 9,5 m away from tunnels axis and 5-th axis was the same as tunnels axis. Shaft positioning made sure that construction site was safe. 6 people dug 0,5-0,7 m. during their shift. After finishing tunnels construction shafts were filled. Major part of the tunnel has walls with thickness equal to three bricks. Side walls are made of granite lumps. Construction materials were transported by a specially layed railway. Tunnels construction has finished in september 1861, and first train rode on november 20-th.Vilnius (Paneriai) tunnel ground works started on january 28-th 1859. Main gallery was built under extreme caution, workers have been working behind special wooden shield. Tunnels cut in trapezoid, has half width of 8,7m and height of 5,5m, wall thickness in equal to three bricks.S. Kerbedis became famous as a bridge specialist in Russia and Europe, after building a first railroad, permanent bridge thru Neva.During construction of St. Petersburg -Warsaw railway, favorable condition and strategic needs were met to build a net that would connect Russia and Its western borders. S. Kerbedis scheme variants were first signs of Lithuanian railway net.Kaunas and Paneriai tunnel construction has helped to accumulate a digging work experience, to improve known tunnel construction, theoretical and wall thickness estimation methods.

Ръководено стопанство и икономическо планиране – теоретични анализи и дебати сред българските икономисти през 30-те години на ХХ век

Author(s): Pencho D. Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

During the 1930s and early 1940s the problems of the economic dirigiste and its theoretical analysis attracted the attention of the Bulgarian economists. To some extent it was a compensation for the fact that they missed the socialist calculation debate of the interwar period. Their analyzes were based mainly on the framework of the neoclassical meta-theory in combination with various other theoretical approaches. They managed to identify a number of problems associated with long-term functioning of the regulated (corporatist) economy – the impossibility to master and control the spontaneous market forces by means of the governmental regulation, inherent administrative constraints for the government and public officials to introduce and control the strict and conscientious implementation of all the laws and normative acts of the system of economic dirigisme etc. A new theory of international trade was developed, whose author was seeking to break away from the rejected labor theory of value. The main content of his concept lies in the claim that protectionism in certain cases may have positive consequences. The Bulgarian economists convincingly proved the incompatibility of capitalism with planning.

BUDŽETSKI PROBLEMI KRALJEVINE SRBA, HRVATA I SLOVENACA 1918–1928.

Author(s): Boris Kršev / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 09/2015

The paper analyzes the budgets of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from its creation to the so-called. “January dictatorship” when it comes to the suspension of the legal Constitution, the abolition of political parties and the dissolution of parliament. The budget, as the highest financial law, was the subject of constant political conflict, not so much because of the its adoption, much the way how to charge and how to spend the funds. It is to natural whereby for the airline was, to a multiethnic community as it was the Kingdom of SCS, whose people were not equal in anything, are starting to put more strain on financial issues - how many who entered into it, what for it gives and what the end of it gets . Basically, the financial problems are increasingly burdened the already unstable political life of the new state, and it turned out were essential for its survival.

Економічний вимір міжнародних відносин Канада-Європейський Союз наприкінці ХХ – на початку ХХІ ст.

Author(s): Anatoliy Goncharenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 04/2018

The article studies economic dimension of Canada-EU international relations at the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries. The causes of interdependence of two international participants of multi-directional economic cooperation are characterized. The article clarifies the influence of the EU on the international economic position of Canada. Special attention is paid to the introduction of new forms of Canada-Europe economic cooperation.

„Aby Polska rosła w siłę…” Koncepcja unowocześnienia polskiej motoryzacji 1971–1972

Author(s): Krzysztof Lesiakowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The first half of the seventies of the 20th century was the time of great changes in Poland. The new leadership of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party, headed by First Secretary Edward Gierek, reformulated the party policy, trying to improve the living conditions of the society and at the same time, to modernize the Polish industry, to enhance residential construction, and to boost international trade. The Polish automotive industry also required radical changes in the vehicles of both, private use and collective transport. Hence, at the beginning of 1971, a politically-motivated decision was made to buy a license for a small-engine car and for a modern bus from the western countries. The trade negotiations with Fiat, Citroën, Renault (passenger car) as well as Berliet, Fiat, Hino (Japan), Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz (bus) did not last long. Already in October 1971, a contract was signed with the Italian Fiat, under the terms of which the Fiat 126p car production was to be launched in Poland, and in August 1972 with the French Berliet, which undertook the production of a modern bus. In practice, Fiat 126p took the national automotive industry to a totally new level, becoming a highly popular car. The Berliet bus, in contrast, proved not to be an effective solution to the problems of the Polish public transport. It can be concluded that the concept of modernizing the Polish automotive industry by launching the licensed production of Western vehicles, which was formulated at the beginning of the seventies of the 20th century, turned out to be only partially successful. // Polska pierwszej połowy dekady lat siedemdziesiątych XX w. to czas wielkich przemian. Nowe kierownictwo z I sekretarzem Komitetu Centralnego Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej Edwardem Gierkiem na czele radykalnie zmieniło dotychczasową politykę, usiłując poprawić materialne warunki życia społeczeństwa i jednocześnie unowocześnić polski przemysł, rozwijać budownictwo mieszkaniowe, ożywiać wymianę handlową z zagranicą. Radykalnych zmian wymagała też polska motoryzacja – tak pojazdy wykorzystywane do użytku prywatnego, jak i do komunikacji zbiorowej. Stąd już na początku 1971 r. podjęto polityczną decyzję o zakupie w krajach zachodnich licencji na małolitrażowy samochód osobowy i nowoczesny autobus. Negocjacje handlowe z firmami Fiat, Citroen, Renault (samochód osobowy) oraz Berliet, Fiat, Hino (Japonia), Kloeckner-Humblod-Deutz (autobus) nie trwały długo. Już w październiku 1971 r. zawarto umowę z włoskim Fiatem, który zobowiązał się do uruchomienia w Polsce produkcji samochodu fiat 126p i w sierpniu 1972 r. z francuskim Berlietem, który zadeklarował rozpoczęcie wytwarzania nowoczesnego autobusu. W praktyce fiat 126p wprowadził krajową motoryzację na nieznany dotąd poziom i stał się bardzo popularnym autem. Natomiast autobus berliet nie był udanym pomysłem na rozwiązanie problemów polskiej komunikacji zbiorowej. Z tego wynika, że stworzona na początku dekady lat siedemdziesiątych XX w. koncepcja modernizacji polskiej motoryzacji, w drodze uruchomienia licencyjnej produkcji zachodnich pojazdów, zaowocowała ograniczonym powodzeniem.

The Byzantines in the service of the Bulgarian rulers in the first half of the 9th century

Author(s): Mirosław J. Leszka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Anna Kozłowska-Ryś, Krzysztof Drozdowski, Świat odosobniony. Bydgoskasłużba penitencjarna w latach 1920–1939, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych Wydziału Filologiczno-Historycznego Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego

Author(s): Przemysław Waingertner / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

От периферия към полупериферия. Наум Долински (1890-1968 г.) в историята на българската икономическа мисъл

Author(s): Pencho D. Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

In the study there is made a summary reconstruction of key elements of Prof. Dolinski's scientific work. In this way there is highlighted his place in the history of Bulgarian economic thought. There are also revealed the details of the process of Bulgaria's passing from the intellectual periphery into the semi-periphery with respect to economic research. The academic publications of Naum Dolinski are the ones to be principally credited for the gradual coming out of Bulgarian economic science of the state of being in the periphery and that of imitation. On the other hand they illustrate the fact that during the period after the end of the First World War till the end of the Second World War it has at its disposal the human as well as the scientific potential to begin the process of exiting the intellectual periphery. Due to the political changes in the country in the mid-1940s this process is interrupted and remains unfinished.

Wokół przedsiębiorczości katolickiej. Reminiscencje z odczytania „Rerum Novarum" Leona XIII na nowo

Author(s): Damian Bębnowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The text is an attempt to read the Leo XIII’s encyclical “Rerum Novarum” (1891) in the context of Catholic entrepreneurship. The author proposes three theses in the article. Firstly, Max Weber’s view that Protestant ethics promotes the development of entrepreneurship better than the Catholic one was popularized in the literature. Secondly, the doctrine of the Catholic Church provides a lot of inspirations for carrying out an effective social and economic activity. Thirdly, the encyclical “Rerum Novarum”was the reference point for the Catholic entrepreneurship already at the end of the 19th century. The considerations are supplemented by some references to the history of social and economic thoughtand German economic history in the 20th century.

Measuring the Performance of Labor Market Indicators on Pakistan’s Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence from 1975-2016

Author(s): Alia Rani,Khalid Zaman / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2018

The objective of the study is to analyze different labor market indicators including sectoral employment, literacy rate, labor force participation rate, unemployment and educational factors, which resulting impact on Pakistan’s economic growth, for a period of 1975 to 2016. The study extended neo endogenous growth theory by utilizing labor market indicators to analyze human capital reforms in a country. The study used conventional econometrics techniques, including unit root test, cointegration test and robust least squares test. The study further used impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis for inter-temporal relationship between the variables for the next ten years time period. The estimates of robust least squares regression confirmed that employment in agriculture and services sector substantially increases Pakistan’s economic growth by 1.11% and 2.10% respectively. Primary and secondary school enrolment further increases country’s economic growth with the elasticity estimates of 0.477% and 0.322% respectively. Economic growth influenced by high unemployment rate and low labor force participation rate, which confirmed the structural flaws in the labor market. The impact of government education expenditure on economic growth is positive, which implies that high public spending on education is imperative for economic development of a country. The policy implications could be deduce by impulse response function, which shows that labor market indicators substantially influenced Pakistan’s economics growth for the next year’s time period, while variance decomposition analysis confirmed that secondary school enrolment and labor force participation rate both will largely influenced per capita income for a next year’s time period. The study gives new insights of the relationships that need re-corrective measures to reduce labor market rigidities with sound economic policies of a country.

Wybrane instytucje włączające w Drugiej Rzeczpospolitej do 1926 roku

Author(s): Damian Bębnowski,Rafał Matera / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 03/2018

The aim of the article is to put the economy of the Second Republic of Poland between 1918 and 1926 in the perspective of Acemoglu and Robinson’s concept of inclusive and extractive institutions as part of the theory of the new institutional economics. The authors analyzed the inclusive nature of such institutions as: political rights, currency, taxes and property rights. This allowed for a positive verification of the hypothesis that in Poland in 1918-1926 there were inclusive political and economic institutions, which created conditions for economic growth in 1926-1929. The research was based on a critical analysis of sources (especially laws, decrees and regulations, as well as statistical data) and selected literature.

ANA BOLDUREANU, EUGEN NICOLAE (COORD.) MONEDA IN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA, BIBLIOTECA ŞTIINŢIFICĂ CENTRALĂ „ANDREI LUPAN” (INSTITUT), CHIŞINĂU, 2015, 504 P

Author(s): Sergiu Matveev / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2016

Challenges for the Workforce in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Author(s): Anişoara-Ionela Diaconu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

There was a dilemma that accompanied the three previous industrial revolutions, and it came back strongly to the beginning of the fourth: in the new economy, will people be replaced by the machinery or not? It is an issue that we intend to approach in terms of qualitative analysis of previous episodes and assumptions outlined for the fourth industrial revolution. The economic evolutions of the last two centuries have called for a steady increase in the workforce, both numerically and qualitatively. Soon, automatic and robotic learning will change almost all sectors of employment. Starting from these premises, the article aims to respond to the following questions: Will billions of people be laid off in a decade or two?, Is automation, on the long term, going to generate new jobs and prosperity for all? Considering that the volatility of the labor market and individual careers would increase, are people able to cope with them? Fears regarding automation, as this would lead to massive unemployment are present since the XIXth century, and so far have not materialized because for every job lost in favor to machinery it was created at least one new job and in the same time the standard of living has increased. The challenge launched by the 21st century is undoubtedly much greater than the challenge launched in the past by steam engines, railways or electricity. No one can know for sure how the impact of automation on different professions will be in the future, and it is also extremely difficult to estimate the order of transformations because it sometimes depends not only on the political factor but also on the technological developments. Therefore, creating new jobs and the professional reconversion of people to their employment will not be a singular effort.

Dersaadet Birinci Osmanlı Numune-i Terakki-i Ziraat Anonim Şirketi ve Faaliyetleri

Author(s): Ergin Çağman / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

Established in Istanbul in 1912, the “Dersaadet Birinci Osmanlı Numune-i Terakki-i Ziraat” is one of the joint-stock companies operating during the final years of the Ottoman Empire. The main objectives of the company were to operate in the agriculture and animal husbandry by utilizing the scientific methods of the period, to deliver practical training in these industries, to adopt and convey domestic and international developments, to strengthen the social awareness of nationalization efforts, and to contribute to the economy and development of the country. In order to realize its projects, the company planned to establish a model farm and chose the Baltacı Farm in Yalova as the ideal location. Under the agreement signed with the Ministry of Finance, the company was granted a seven-year lease for the farm with an option in place to extend the lease up to 50 years. However, certain disputes arose between the inhabitants of surrounding villages and the Dagestan refugees, who were settled around the farm and leased small plots of land for cultivation. The government responded sensitively to the issue, adding further stipulations to the agreement to safeguard the rights of these inhabitants and refugees. Drawing upon the Ottoman archival documents, the present study examines the founding principles and objectives of the least-studied Dersaadet Birinci Osmanlı Numune-i Terakki-i Ziraat Joint-Stock Company as well as the lease and management process of the Baltaci Farm. Although the activities planned by the company never came to fruition, contextualizing the purpose, goals, and economic approach of a domestic agricultural company conducting business in the agriculture and animal husbandry industries in the early 20th century offers valuable information to scholarship. To this end, the study aims to contribute to our understanding of the corporatization efforts undertaken in the late Ottoman Empire.

Ontologies as a Method for Displaying Domains of the World Cultural and Historical Heritage

Author(s): Desislava Baeva / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The digitization within all cultural areas imposes its requirements on the collection, preservation and visualization of cultural and historical heritage data. It offers new forms of analysis, and increased levels of access for academics and ordinary users. Beyond standard search-oriented interfaces, modern technologies provide visual access to cultural collections represented as complex and comprehensive information spaces through interactive visualizations. This article reviews the types of technology used to visualize and socialize the cultural and historical heritage. It offers various models in which semantic network visualization software can be used for this purpose. The main features and qualities of semantic networks are highlighted as a resource for storing information, and systematizing data from different application areas.