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As a leading example of French Romanesque art and the oldest surviving one, 46 of the 76 cloister capitals at the Abbey Church in Moissac (1100) illustrate themes from the scriptures or the lives of saints, and the remained 30 display floral images, mainly acanthus – natural or conventionalized. Five capitals are to bear a Mozarabic acanthus style. Acanthus is a Mediterranean plant whose hidden meaning was immortality and pain/sin/punishment in Christianity. It decorated on Corinthian capitals as a supporting motif in ornamentation during the Middle Age, while it became the Islamic arabesque, symbolising “infinity” due to its never-ending feature. Mozarabiškąjį meną kūrė krikščionys Pirėnų pusiasalyje, kai jį 711 m. užkariavo musulmonai. Šis menas sieja dvi tradicijas – krikščioniškąjį turinį ir islamiškajam stiliui būdingus dekoratyvinius elementus bei formas. Dėl mozarabų emigracijos į šiaurę islamo įtaka architektūroje per Santjago de Kompostelos piligriminius kelius plito tolyn į Europą. Santjago de Kompostelos piligriminiai keliai turėjo didelę reikšmę religiniams ir kultūriniams mainams vėlyvaisiais viduramžiais. Akantas – Viduržemio jūros regiono augalas dygliuotais lapais. Jo stilizuotu atvaizdu korintiniai kapiteliai buvo dekoruojami nuo graikų-romėnų laikų. Nors pirmieji akanto atvaizdai graikų monumentaliajame mene, dažniausiai ant laidojimo urnų, įtvirtino akantą kaip mirties ir gedulo simbolį, bet jo ornamentinės savybės arabeskos forma ilgai išliko populiarios net ir islamo kultūroje. Romaninio stiliaus statiniuose ypač svarbios struktūrinės kolonos dėl iškaltų raižinių, kuriuos Bažnyčia naudojo ugdydama gausią, bet daugiausia neraštingą liaudį. Puikiausias to pavyzdys – Prancūzijoje, Muasake, netoli piligriminių kelių, esanti Šv. Petro abatijos bažnyčia. Šv. Petro abatijos bažnyčioje išlikę seniausi romaniniai kapiteliai (1100 m.). 46 iš 76 kapitelių atspindi biblinius ar šventųjų gyvenimo siužetus. Kiti 30 kapitelių dekoruoti gėlių motyvais. Penki mozarabiško stiliaus akantai panašūs į aptinkamus gretimose bažnyčiose. Kaip žinoma iš istorijos, Muasako skulptūros turėjo įtakos kitoms bažnyčioms, tai lėmė Prancūzijos ir Ispanijos meno glaudžius ryšius. Romaninių kapitelių kūrimą netiesiogiai veikė ir įvairūs kontaktai: vedybiniai ryšiai, vizitai, vertimai ir kt. Palyginus penkis mozarabiškus kapitelius Muasake su kapiteliais kituose statiniuose netoli piligriminių kelių, nustatyta, kad šie kapiteliai buvo sukurti kūrybingų vietinių skulptorių, kuriuos įkvėpė mozarabai ir islamiškosios arabeskos. Be to, akantas atlieka ne tik simbolinę, bet ir estetinę funkciją. Šie faktai rodo, kad vėlyvaisiais viduramžiais ties piligrimų keliais esančių šventyklų architektūrą veikė glaudūs religiniai ir kultūriniai kontaktai. Ši religijų bendrystė ir šiandienos konfliktuojančioje visuomenėje galėtų paskatinti dialogą tarp įvairių požiūrių ir įsitikinimų.
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Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip Lietuvoje XXI a. pradžioje egzistuojančios krikščioniškos kilmės netradicinės bendrijos supranta transfigūracijos procesą. Transfigūracijos esmė yra žemės perkeitimas, apie ką savo filosofijoje yra kalbėję A. Maceina ir P. Tillichas. Pristatoma pastarųjų autorių transfigūracijos samprata ir Kristaus perkeitimo koncepcija Naujajame Testamente. Transfigūracijos procesas, arba, kitaip sakant, perkeitimas, susideda iš pasaulio pabaigos, Paskutinio teismo, naujos žemės įsteigimo ir amžinybės. Visų transfigūracijos proceso dalių eiliškumas ir samprata įvairių krikščioniškos kilmės netradicinių bendrijų doktrinose skiriasi. Straipsnyje pristatoma adventistų, baptistų, branhamistų, Didesnės malonės atstovų, Išganymo armijos, Jehovos liudytojų, Kristaus Bažnyčios atstovų, laisvųjų krikščionių, metodistų, mormonų, sekmininkų bei Pilnos evangelijos judėjimo atstovų mokymai apie transfigūracijos procesą. Pateikiama netradicinių religinių bendrijų požiūrio į transfigūracijos procesą sisteminė analizė. A. Maceina states that all chronos time history consists of three events: 1) the creation of the world, 2) the redemption of the world and 3) the transformation of the world. The creation of the world is the beginning of its existence. The transformation of the world means the end of chronos time. The redemption of the world is a connecting link. The history of the world from its creation to the moment of its transformation systematically turns towards the transfiguration. Man’s creation comes through the culture and God’s intervention into the world order, or the transfiguration, is God’s final creation. A. Maceina and P. Tillich took a similar position in relation to the transfiguration. Both of them emphasized the present time between the Redemption of the world and its Resurrection. The Redemption of the world is directly linked to the Resurrection, Christ’s entry into kairos time and the transfiguration – with the second coming of Christ and the transformation of the world. There is a direct link between the transfiguration and kairos time. The conception of transfiguration in the consciousness of non-traditional Christian religiosity is quite different, although essential elements are common to many non-traditional religious communities. Some elements of the transfiguration are explicated by many non-traditional religious communities; however, other elements in some communities cannot find biblical support. The non-traditional Christian religious concept of transfiguration can be explicated into the following nine main elements. Predictions on the end of the world. Predictions on the end of the world can be treated as an introduction into the transfiguration process. The announcement of the end of the world presupposes the inevitability of the transfiguration process. Mentioned predictions are typical for Adventists, Branhamites and Jehovah’s Witnesses.
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Pliuralizmas šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje egzistuoja kaip universalus standartas, darantis įtaką politiniams sprendimams ir formuojamiems teisiniams konceptams. Šeimos institutas yra ta sritis, kurioje reiškiasi vertybių apsaugos problemos. Kas yra institutas (institucija)? Kokias funkcijas atlieka ir kaip sąveikauja su individualybe bei šeima? Būtina analizuoti šias temas siekiant kompetentingai vertinti šiuolaikinius šeimos instituto klausimus. An institution is an organized form created by the society and intended to satisfy human instincts and needs. The intelligence of the society manifests inside an institution and pursues to influence human instincts and needs. This article aims to reveal the positive interaction among institution, human individuality and family. An institution is a group of people united in a certain idea and having its own organizational structure. In order to survive an institution must develop into a responsible and independently of its creators operating organization with its position, rights and responsibilities in the society. The interiority of an institution consists of three features: privacy which means the environment of trust, authority which is a necessary criterion for the existence of an institution according to the requirements of social life, and objectivity which means a distinction, a degree of independence between an institution and an individual. An institution accomplishes the function of mediation between individuals and state within the framework of positive law, it also helps people finding an effective and active role in the society. This social mechanism differentiates and brings together its members, provides dimensions of strength and continuity for human experiences. Legal norms generally seek to limit individual actions. An institution aims to create and save values of actions, and by using this, an individual is able to transfer his personal rights and needs into the social level. Different institutions enable people to participate in the creation and continuity of the civilization in their own way. The institution of family is not only a union of emotional nature. It aims to uphold the function of value and institutional heritage not only inside a family, but the society as well.
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Atliktas tyrimas pristato Agluonos ir Vilniaus krašto religinės piligrimystės objektų sąlyčius. Tyrimo rezultatai pagrindė darbo pradžioje išsikeltą hipotezę, kad Agluonoje ir Vilniaus krašte (Trakuose) esantys religinės piligrimystės objektai (Dievo Motinos su Kūdikiu paveikslas, mažųjų kalvarijų Kryžiaus kelias, arba 14-os stočių Kryžiaus kelias, ir viena iš jo stočių – Trijų Kryžių monumentas (kalnas), taip pat šventieji šaltiniai, lankomi per Sekminių ir Švč. Mergelės Marijos ėmimo į dangų šventes) liudija pamaldumo praktikų sąsajas, pristato tarptautinį religinio turizmo dialogą. All three Baltic States are Christian, but only Lithuania and Latvia have their own Catholic culture. Their ethnic religious heritage consists of sacral objects and folk devotion practices. There are many unique sacral sites that are visited by pilgrims from all over the world, such as the Hill of Crosses near Šiauliai in Lithuania or Agluona shrine in Latvia. Long-standing personal practice has led to one of these phenomena becoming a research object – religious pilgrimage objects of Agluona and Vilnius region. The aim of the research is to reveal the relation of religious pilgrimage objects of Agluona and Vilnius region. Tasks of the research are: firstly, to present briefly aspects of historic origins of religious pilgrimage in Agluona and Vilnius region; secondly, to investigate reasons for relations between religious pilgrimage objects and devotional practices of Agluona and Vilnius region. Results of conducted research allow drawing these conclusions: firstly, historic origins of visiting sacral sites in Agluona and Vilnius region are identical, i.e. visiting of the painting Madonna with Child (both copy and original), completing little calvaries or 14-station Way of the Cross, visiting of springs that have healing and grace giving features, celebration of Triduum of Pentecost and the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Secondly, the origins of these relations lie in the culture of Dominican friars. Thirdly, reasons of the origins of sacred sites and their devotional practices in Agluona and Vilnius region are geopolitical. The conclusions validate the hypothesis and the proposition that religious pilgrimage objects in Agluona and Vilnius region (in Trakai) (painting Madonna with Child, the Way of the Cross of little calvaries or 14-station Way of the Cross and one of its stations – the monument of Three Crosses (the hill), also sacred springs attended during Pentecost or the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary) indicate relations of devotional practices and present the dialogue of international religious tourism. This research could help to reveal and present religious pilgrimage objects, encourage similar international and cross-border research of devotional practices.
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Straipsnyje, remiantis gausia archyvine medžiaga, nagrinėjami Lietuvos vokiečių ir lietuvių santykiai Evangelikų Liuteronų Bažnyčioje 1918–1940 m.: atskleidžiamas šių evangelikų grupių statistinis pasiskirstymas šalyje, abiejų religinių grupių požiūris į Lietuvos evangelikų liuteronų konsistoriją, siekiai įgyti didesnę įtaką evangelikų liuteronų bendruomenėje ar net jai net vadovauti. The relations between Lithuanian Germans and Lithuanian Evangelical Lutherans have not been thoroughly covered in historiography. The studies of German historian Arthur Hermann, who among other things gives a general overview of the activities of the Consistory of Lithuanian Evangelical Lutherans and German Evangelical Lutherans, their relations with Lithuanian Evangelical Lutherans and other similar issues, make an exception. The activities of the Faculty of Evangelical Theology in Kaunas in 1925–1936, the interior conflict in the Kaunas Evangelical Lutheran Church in 1918–1940 and Kaunas Evangelical Lutheran Parish in general in 1919–1953 have also captured the attention of historians. Whereas the studies accomplished to this day do not provide a comprehensive view of the relations between Lithuanian Germans and Lithuanian Evangelical Lutherans during the analyzed period, a decision was made to bring this publication to life in the attempt to fill the existing gaps in historiography. The aim of the article is to reveal the relations between Lithuanian Germans and Lithuanian Evangelical Lutherans from 1918 to 1940. Abundant archival data, which for the most part is kept in the Lithuanian State Central Archives (LSCA), helped to reveal the topic under discussion. The data stored at the fund of the State Security Department (f. 378) of the said archives (monthly reviews and reports prepared by the political police) on the activities of Germans residing in Lithuania is especially valuable. The documents kept at the fund of the Ministry of Interior (f. 377) and other funds of the archives, as well as periodical press of that time were also used. According to the Lithuanian census of 1923, the religious distribution of local Germans (excluding those from Klaipėda Region), whose population at that time amounted to 29,231, was as follows: Roman Catholics – 207, Jews – 1, Evangelical Lutherans – 28,671 (it accounted for as much as 98.08 % of the total Lithuanian German population), Orthodox – 26, Evangelical Reformers – 212, Baptists – 48, Evangelical Methodists – 43, Free Evangelicals – 18, non-believers – 1, Adventists – 4. This census revealed that the counties of Tauragė, Vilkaviškis, Šiauliai, Kaunas, Šakiai, Marijampolė, Biržai were the largest centres of Evangelical Reformers in Lithuania.
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Examined are the actual and insufficiently solved problems, connected with the equaling the woman - mother in her participation on the labor market, in the profession and in raising the children. In order to achieve harmonizing of the legislation in this area with this of the European Union, a critical analysis is made of the acting legal norms, as well as of project law for the equal opportunities of men and women. On this basis are made concrete suggestions for their improving. Focused is on the policies for the woman -mother from the point of view of the interests of the children. As priorities are defined the policies for her labor employment, in the area of the services for raising the children and stimulating the partnership in the family.
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On the basis of the IS - LM - BP model is interpreted the equilibrium of the transition economy in Bulgaria and the conditions influencing on its varieties are identified. Suggested is an approach in the macroeconomic policy, with the help of which the economic mechanism of the system is possible to become more market. Analyzed are the factors, influencing the forming of the curves IS, LM and BP. It is mentioned that an instrument for overcoming the non-equilibrium of the economy can be the mixed monetary-fiscal policy, recommended by the conception, known under the name of Mundel-Fleming model. The two, applied separately for curing the non-equilibrium economy, are not able to suggest a solution. But if they are applied combined, the weaknesses of the one can be neutralized by the other, because for the overcoming of the internal non-equilibrium will be used an expansive fiscal policy and for the overcoming of the external one - a restrictive monetary policy.
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Suggested are the results and analysis of the evaluations from the carried out by the author a purposeful study of the consumer market in Bulgaria on the matters of the serving the buyers. As a result of this study are specified the elements of the system of serving the buyers, revealed are their base dimensions, determined are the directions of evaluating the serving, structured are the opportunities for overcoming of the problems of the serving, evaluated is the significance of the different factors of serving. On the basis of these evaluation are outlined projective directions for development of the serving of the buyers on the consumer market in middle-term perspective.
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Reference to Бистра Боева. Корпоративно управление от помощните корпорации към икономиките в преход. С., "Princeps", 2001.
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Hungary, one of the leading in the reforms countries from South Europe, bravely privatizes the energy sector with foreign capital. While in West as a result of the liberalization reached was a plenty of electrical energy and strong decrease of the tariffs, in Hungary it led to surplus of powers, but there is a long way to go till reaching lower tariffs. Now the country faces the challenges to liberalize the energy market, meeting all the problems accompanying this process.
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65 YEARS "D. A. TSENOV" ACADEMY OF ECONOMICS - SVISHTOV
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"the Romanians found yet another scape goat for their problems" says the author "after the Hungarians, the Jews and the world financial chaos, it's now Vaclav Havel's turn." In this context, tha author talks about Romania's integration in the EU and NATO.
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Review of Andrei Codrescu's book "An Involuntary Genius in America's Shoes" (Black Sparrow Press Santa Rosa, 2001) and a few words about the author and his work.
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Reviews of the books: "Cocoşul decapitat" (Der geköpfte Hahn) by Eginald Schlattner, translated into Romanian by Nora Iuga, Editura Humanitas, 2001 and Andrzej Szczypiorski's book "Frumoasa doamnă Seidenmann" (Krásná paní Seidenmanová), Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2001.
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Reviews of the books "E vremea să porţi cercei" by Doina Ioanid - Editura Aula, 2001 and Simona Tache's book "Împărţit la doi" - Editura Crater, 2000.
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The author in a dispute with Alexandru George, regarding the totalitary era that "is in the process of being forgotten by some people" - says Gh. Grigurcu.
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