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M.A.K. Halliday and Colin Yallop, Lexicology. A Short Introduction, Continuum, London and New York 2007
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M.A.K. Halliday and Colin Yallop, Lexicology. A Short Introduction, Continuum, London and New York 2007
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In this paper we present a series of evident and latent as well as direct and indirect influences of foreign languages on Croatian. We consider linguistic borrowing through the prisms of purism in contemporary European languages and of implicit and explicit purism in Croatian. We argue that Croatian linguistic purism is consonant with similar activities taking place in other European languages, addressing the same issues according to the same criteria, and that it has been a constant feature of the language, varying only in the degree of intensity. Croatian, as a traditionally purist language, has not accepted foreign language models passively, but has adapted loanwords according to its rules, at the same time activating its expressive potential by creating calques as substitutes for foreign language models.
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The focus of the present study is on the interdependence of language and regional identity set within the framework of language ideology and theory of practice. It is based on a quantitative investigation of the language attitudes of 1,154 secondary students from the multicultural region of Istria, which explores their perceptions of regional and national standard varieties, and relates those perceptions to the social conditions affording status and/or solidarity value at the regional linguistic market. By investigating linguistic categorization, self–making and “othering” within the region, as well as spatial orientations of the respondents, the present study analyzes ways used by speakers to define their sense of self and to contrast themselves with others in terms of the region and in terms of the different language varieties. The results demonstrate the correspondence among the observed evaluation patterns with the strong regional movement and multicultural orientation of Istria. The emerging regional identity is characterized linguistically by persistence of the regional codes due to their symbolic and solidarity value and by resistance against hegemony and symbolic domination of the standard language.
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Manfred Stede,Korpusgestützte Textanalyse, Grundzüge der Ebenen–orientierten Textlinguistik, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 2007
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Cet article se base sur une étude de la pratique langagière de trois familles indiennes installées dans trois pays d’Europe qui sont la France, la Norvège et la Finlande. La pratique langagière d’une famille migrante rejoint rarement la politique linguistique de son pays d’accueil. Avec la globalisation et un changement rapide et perpétuel du monde, le migrant, jadis simple main–d’oeuvre peu ou non qualifiée, était traité comme une commodité et n’avait que des droits restreints. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, on observe une évolution du statut des migrants qui ne sont plus seulement considérés comme une main–d’oeuvre mais comme une élite qualifiée qui a fait de longues études. Etant donné que c’est une étude de cas de trois familles, l’objectif n’est pas d’être représentatif mais d’observer consciencieusement les processus linguistiques prenant place au sein de la vie familiale des migrants en minorité en Europe, tout en rappelant que la communauté indienne est plurilingue de par sa formation et de la politique linguistique de son pays d’origine. Cette étude tente de dévoiler quelques caractéristiques de la politique linguistique familiale de la communauté indienne migrante peu étudiée dans le cas de ces trois pays.
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This paper gives an insight into the present sociolinguistic situation in Latvia – from a synopsis of the language–related legislature to the aspects of contact/conflict and interaction between various languages and language variants in Latvia. A brief chronological overview of the history of the Latvian language and of the linguistic situation in Latvia is also provided, highlighting the crucial events and elements that have gradually shaped the language attitudes and sociolinguistic climate of Latvia today.
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Stojan Bračić, Ulla Fix, Albrecht Greul, Textgrammatik – Textsemantik – Textstilistik. Ein textlinguistisches Repetitorium, Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani, Oddelek za germanistiko z nederlandistiko in skandinavistiko, 2007
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Aldina Quintana Rodríguez, Geografía Lingüística del Judeoespañol, Peter Lang, Bern, 2006
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During the last 15 years the Croatian linguistic journal Jezik has been organizing contests for the best words which had appeared in the previous year or has encouraged the readers to find replacements for unnecessary loan words or those native words which – because of some features – did not meet the requirements of the Croatian language system. Such contests or nominations very often bring about numerous comments and are frequently perceived from a rather negative position. Many people find them inappropriate because they link them exclusively with purist language attitudes and have the impression that such type of contest is specific just of this journal. Examples from a number of other languages, however, show that contests and nominations for the best, the most prominent, the most imaginative, the most (un)necessary or even the worst words is something that is quite common regardless of whether a language has a strong purist tradition or is, on the contrary, open to all possible foreign influences. The article brings an overview of various types of contests and similar activities in several countries, deals with criteria that are being set in these contests, and gives examples of words that were chosen as the best ones within certain categories. The aim of the contribution is to show to what extent the so called average speakers of a language can be perceived as active participants in the evaluation of the newly coined words, what their opinion about certain proposals is and can one expect that the reactions of the wider public will influence the use of new words. The article is primarily focused on the Croatian situation and the reaction of the media to the final results of the contest for new words published in Jezik in June 2007.
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Great Moravia is a controversial theme within Central European Medieval studies. Rather than being a standard subject of academic research it is a phenomenon that has been a constant in Central European modern political discourse. The idea that Great Moravia was the earliest state of Central European Slavs, which was a direct predecessor of the statehood of the Czech Přemyslids, the Polish Piasts and the Hungarian Arpads family, remains very much alive in the Central European region. The weak point of the earlier approaches consists in the fact that the state was taken to be an axiom, the existence of which was not questioned. The contemporary line of research examines Great Moravian statehood from a more critical point of view. Just as with modern European medieval studies it turns to ethnology as well as social and cultural anthropology, where it hopes to fi nd support for its interpretational models and new terminology.
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This is a contribution on the studies of the emergence of the state in the Czech Republic after 1990. The original model, supposing one will behind the establishment of the duchy of Bohemia and seeing in it a huge redistribution mechanism which went out of function in the 13th century, is currently undergoing a thorough review and critique. Contributions by specialists in archaeology, philology and numismatics shed new light on the results of historical studies. Present-day Czech research focuses on such topics as the character of the fi rst medieval populations of Bohemia, their integration into the networks of long-distance trade, development of Bohemian elites throughout the 7th–9th centuries, slow but steady progress towards statehood and events of the crucial 9th century. The nature and character of the inchoate Bohemian state of the 10th century, with interconnected questions of its elites and their social and spiritual standing, have also received attention of Czech scholars.
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The study surveys the evolution of the medieval area of Transylvania from a territory divided between Slavic, Romanian and then also Magyar political structures to a peculiar province under the authority of the Hungarian crown. The study further investigates the religious and confessional transformation occurred throughout the centuries under analysis in the area between the Carpathian mountains (from the Christianization of the local — «new and old» — populations to their shift towards Byzantium, in the last century of the First Bulgarian Tsarate, to the changes brought by the expansion of the Latin rite Kingdom of Hungary after the year 1000). The paper equally discusses several controversial matters such as the «question of Romanian continuity» vs. «the immigration theory» or the composite ethnic structure of Transylvania both prior and after it became an institutional part of the Hungarian realm. Special attention is paid to the local political and administrative developments, which preserved (and adapted) Transylvania as a voivodate within the Hungarian kingdom.
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The present article aims to question the dominant paradigm of Wallachian state making in Romanian scholarship on a specifi c point: the claim that the state was the result of an exclusively internal evolution that stands out as a distinctive case of state formation in late medieval Central and Eastern Europe. This exceptionality thesis was founded more on historians’ preconceptions than on a close analysis of the primary sources. The fi rst section of the article comprises an analysis of the analogies proposed by previous scholars, while the second part is a brief epilogue, where I suggest some new approaches on the topic. The analogies that scholars have proposed for the Wallachian case are extremely few, implicitly reinforcing the thesis of medieval Wallachia as the outcome of local political development. In addition, the comparisons were generally used to close arguments, not to initiate debates and any external infl uence was minimized, as early Wallachia was viewed as an original, articulate polity, able to absorb such infl uences without modifying its core identity. In the second part of the article I suggest some new approaches on the topic, from a more meaningful comparative viewpoint. In this regard, I consider the next three premises worth reconsidering: 1) state building loses ground during periods of confl ict; 2) the evolution of state power is linear, although it alternates periods of ascends, with phases of descends or stagnation; 3) late medieval and early modern success of the sovereign state over competing polities was inevitable. Wallachian state formation was not a 13th – early 14th century process, but a phenomenon that began in the 14th century and continued until the mid-sixteenth century, when it entered a different phase.
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This article examines two important aspects of state formation, viz. the rise of a ruling dynasty and the formation of a hereditary nobility. One of the most important conditions for the functioning of early monarchies was the existence of the concept of a ruling dynasty (stirps regia) which clearly defi ned the circle of people enjoying the right to supreme power or a share in such power. As the great state formed dynastic rule was not the only thing to prosper. Noblemen who acknowledged the monarch’s supreme authority were able to preserve their infl uence and develop it further within the ruler’s environment. The nobility developed from being a local elite to become the ruler’s lords as at the same time the internal structure of such families changed. The rise of the ruling dynasty and the formation of noble power enabled Lithuanian ethno-genesis (the formation of a political nation) and determined the development of an integrated Lithuanian state in the 13th and 14th centuries.
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The article deals with the stereotypes sustainable reproduced in Russian academic historical and archaeological literature connected with the place and role of Staraja Ladoga in the history of Early Russia and with the place and role of Staraja Ladoga archaeological complex in the context of early Medieval archaeological monuments of North West Russia. The connections between academic and popular discourse and between social demand for sensations are also under consideration.
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This article acquaints readers with encyclical letter of holy Naucratius about the death of holy Theodorus of Studion, the founder of Studion monkhood (760–826). St. Naucratius was economus of Studion monastery and one of the closest disciples of St. Theodor of Studion. In 815, during f the Second Iconoclasm St. Naucratius together with his teacher tolerated expulsion, tortures, but he remained faithful to the Orthodoxy. He was the witness of the last days of St. Theodorus Studites and he described the circumstances of his death. His letter gives unique information both about St. Theodorus Studites and the Orthodox monastic movement of time of the Second Iconoclasm. The commented text of his epistle is offered to Russian readers for the first time.
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In this article are published messages from Tsar Vasily III to Grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Albrecht of Brandenburg, dated from 1515 and formerly housed in Konigsberg secret archives collection.
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The paper contains the author’s translation of the final report of the Livonian ambassadors aimed Livonian Landsherrs to Moscow in late 1557 to resolve the question of the «tribute of Jur’ev».
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The article is about one of the last monograph of the famous Slovakian historian and researcher, prof. Martin Homza about «The Hungarian-Polish Chronicle» of 13th. Author means, that the narrative appeared in Scepusia, at the curia of Ruthenorum rex Colomanus. Prof. Homza means, that the more of information of Chronicle was about medieval Slovakia. But the information about Rus’ and Galithia was also very important for the newest historiography. This Chronicle added more of new communication to the sources of 13th.
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