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At a certain stage in the development of a given ethnic community a specific mechanism of inheriting historical memory forms within the frames of the folklore culture, a diffused information net evolves, which is capable of accumulating and conveying in the course of time the cultural and historical characteristic features of the ethnos. The folk epic tradition is considered here as a memory of the ethnos, a peculiar variety of the historical memory. By means of this approach the author analyses some “milestones” in the history of the ethnos, which are embedded in the system of epic imagery. He reveals the function of the legends about traces left by Marko as a system of signs of ethnic differentiation. In this respect the heroic epic tradition is studied as an information process which includes, besides the key concept of “memory”, selection as well, the latter in its function of restricting the variety of information. On the basis of data from folk rituals, folk plastic arts, folktales and the heroic epos an attempt is made to trace the process of incorporation of one mythological symbol into the various folklore genres and to show its gradual filling with contents bearing ethnic differentiation.
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This article gives a brief overview of multilevel modelling. Multilevel analysis is an extension of linear and generalized linear regression analysis. The article describes situations of clustered data and specifies different terms to denote multilevel methods in different sciences. Since clustered data yield an underestimation of standard errors, multilevel statistical methods should be applied if individual level observations can be assigned to higher level contexts, and if characteristics of these contexts have an impact on the outcome of interest. Moreover, it will be argued that multilevel analysis provides options of statistical model-building which go far beyond just correcting the nuisance of incorrect standard errors. In most theories and many empirical studies in the social sciences, individual actors are embedded in social contexts like regions, schools or households and context-characteristics systematically affect individual behaviour and decision making. Using an example from migration research, it will be shown how spatial context-characteristics like “distance from the border” affect internal East-West migration of labour in Germany. Finally, recent developments in multilevel modelling, like the combination with event history or network analysis,will be outlined briefly.
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Progressive child welfare advocates attempted to reform the lives of children living in American cities. Believing that the chaos of urban conditions hindered children's development and deprived them of their "right to childhood," they sought to bring order to the lives of children and youth by establishing institutions and organizations dedicated to education, health, criminal justice, and recreation. They also sought to educate policy makers and parents about proper nutrition and childrearing methods through publications and exhibits. Progress-era reformers did not solve these problems and many of their attitudes about the negative effects of urban life on children and youth are shared by Americans in the early 21st century.
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Studia Censualia Transsilvanica; 12 Statistics Volumes from and about Transylvania - Presentation - Studia Censualia Transsilvanica is the name of a series of censual publications, conceived and created by a group of sociologists and statisticians from the Faculty of Sociology of the Babes-Bolyai University from Cluj- Napoca, under the direction of Professor Traian Rotariu, Ph.D. This series’ first issue was published in 1997 at the Staff Publishing House of Bucharest, and has reached 12 statistic data volumes once it printed the second volume of the 1910 Census; the series’ coordinator ensures us that two other volumes, currently under press, will soon follow.
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Lupşan, Simion, Onofreiu, Adrian (eds.), (2007), Documentary contributions on economically situation of the villages nearly Năsăud in the second half of the 19th Century, Bistriţa, Mesagerul, 492 pp., ISBN 978-973-7848-326
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Zamfir, Daniela (2007), Geodemografia oraşelor mici din România [Geodemography of Small Towns in Romania], Editura Universitară, Bucureşti, 222 p. ISBN 978-973-749-9
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(Reading notes on some recent works in the French historiography) Coum, D. (ed.), (2006) La famille change-t-elle ?, Ramonville Saint-Agne, Erès, 136 pp; Dortier, J.-Fr. (ed.), (2002.), Familles. Permanence et métamorphoses, Auxerre, Edition. Sciences Humaines, 303 pp.; Fize, M., (2005) La Famille, Paris, Le Cavalier Bleu, 124 page; Kaufmann, J. Cl. (2003), La sociologie du couple, Paris, PUF, 127 pp.
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The present paper is an attempt at assessing the importance of dotal documents in the reconstruction of matrimonial practices. Nuptial contracts proper were not used in old-regime Romanian society. The reforms and modernising programs of the 19th Century did not introduce the use of nuptial contracts, but expanded the format of dowry documents. Initially a simple, basic inventory, the dowry paper expands into a number of ‘rubrics’ meant to strengthen its legal value in court hearings, but also to clarify a series of other aspects such as the price of items and lands, the confirmation of the son-in-law, the agreement of the parents, the authentication by a juridical instance, etc. - additional features which were meant to protect a woman’s wealth.
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Bucur, Maria (2005), Eugenie şi modernizare în România interbelică [Eugeny and Modernization in the Interbelic Romania], Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 376 pp. ISBN 973-681-806-3
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In this article, we investigate partner selection in The Netherlands, in the period 1840-1939, with particular attention to local homogamy. Our multivariate models show that local homogamy is closely related to the size of the local marriage market. Also, illiteracy, low social status, high age at marriage and widowhood increase homogamy. Communities that were isolated by water or by the national border tended to be more homogamous. On the other hand, in-migrant men were very likely to marry a woman in another municipality. The presence of a railroad broke down the isolation of marriage markets. Finally, local homogamy declined in the late 19th and early 20th Century, which can probably be related to the increase of education, travel and communication.
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In Transylvania, the period between the 1848 Revolution and World War I was one of transition and of profound political, economic and social change. As for the Transylvanian Saxons, an autonomous nation since colonization times, they became an ethnic minority. The Saxon nation also changed demographically: the urban population increased at a faster pace (61.75%) than the rural one (8.46%), with transatlantic migration as one way of taking part in the modernization process. Throughout six decades, the Saxon population increased by 18 percent, from 174,606 individuals in 1850 to over 205,000 at the end of this period. However, this increase in absolute numbers hides considerable differences in demographic dynamics between the various regions. This paper deals primarily with the population of the Northern Group (the Bistriţa-Reghin area), whose evolution does not follow the general pattern of the Transylvanian Saxons. The concerning decrease of population in these communities reflects the tendency towards a voluntary limitation of the number of children born in a family.
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The topic of the parallel applicability of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law has created a lively debate. The present article does not deal with the question of whether these two bodies of law apply at the same time. It rather takes this dominant position as granted and, instead, focuses on the humanitarian impact of their concurrent application, based on the weaknesses of these two legal regimes. However, even when they co-apply, some potential lacunas still remain which impede the protection of all human beings. Consequently it becomes fairly clear that humanitarian and human rights law should evolve in order to address these problems and the last part of this article suggests some possible means in this regard.
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Konstrüktivist yaklaşımların Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininde yaklaşık son yirmi yıldır yükselişi ile Soğuk Savaş sonrası dünya düzeninin ABD liderliğinde sağ-lanmasına ilişkin çabalar aynı tarih dilimine rastlamaktadır. Öte yandan, ortaya çıktığı günlerden beri üzerinde bulunan ‘Amerikan’ etiketinden bir türlü kurtula-mayan disiplin içinde konstrüktivizmin yükselişi ile ABD liderliğindeki tek kutuplu dünya düzeni arasında aynı tarihsel kesitte bulunmaktan kaynaklanabilecek bağlar çok fazla tartışma konusu edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, tek kutuplu uluslararası dü-zen ile konstrüktivist iddialar arasında birbirini destekleyen paralellikler belirlen-meye çalışılacak ve yaklaşımın bugünün dünya politikasında önemli işlevlere sahip olduğu iddia edilecektir.
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Uluslararası ticaret ve yatırım antlaşmalarının temel ilkelerinden biri “En Çok Gözetilen Ulus Kaydı”’dır. En çok gözetilen ulus kaydı, önemli birçok çok taraflı antlaşmada ve ikili yatırım antlaşmasında kullanılmaktadır. Bu kayıt ile ilgili devlete ya da yatırımcısına diğer devletlere veya yatırımcılara gösterilen muamelenin en elverişlisi sağlanacağı için hükmün kapsamını belirlemek çok önemlidir. Özellikle yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözümü konusunda uluslararası tahkim başvurularında artış olduğu günümüzde bu konunun son derece dikkatli incelenerek değerlen-dirilmesi gerekmektedir. Uygulamada en çok gözetilen ulus kaydının usul kurallarına özelikle de uyuşmazlık çözüm yollarına ilişkin düzenlemelere uygulanıp uygu-lanmayacağı sorunu tartışılmış ve hakem mahkemelerinde bu konuda farklı kararlar verilmiştir. Çalışmada bu konudaki gelişmeleri yansıtabilmek için ICSID davalarından örnekler verilerek en çok gözetilen ulus kaydının uygulanması tartışılmakta ve aynı zamanda yol gösterici olması açısından “Model İkili Yatırım Antlaşmalarının” ilgili düzenlemelerine değinilmektedir.
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Dr. Radovan Karadzic, the Bosnian Serb leader that the world considers responsible for the massacre of Srebrenica, is on trial before the ICTY facing charges of genocide. The so-called ‘crime of crimes’, nevertheless, consists of un-clearly defined Elements; in particular, this article deals with the questions of whether a plan organized at the central State level should be included in the defi-nition of the crime. ICTY’s case-law is self-contradictory in this respect and directly contravenes the jurisprudence of ICJ and ICC. Such approach could trivialize the crime of genocide and make it applicable to cases that clearly do not provoke the highest level of moral disapproval. Based on these premises, the Article concludes with an application of its conclusions to the Armenian case, although it highlights that the ongoing discussion is merely political, rather than legal
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