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The issue of transitions to democracy and the studies on it has had their rise in the last decade of the last century, but entered in the oblivion with the new millennium. Today, the new examples of transitions, especially in the Arab world, made that this issue was transformed back into a topic of interest. This article attempts to analyze political developments in Romania and Poland in the late XXth century, a very important period for them in our opinion. It is the end of the eighties when the two countries emerge from non-democratic regimes and took the road towards democracy and the rule of law. We have chosen to analyze this decade because we believe that the transition process and the processes that have occurred in early years of democratic consolidation are the most important for the future destiny of Romania and Poland, and that the developments that occurred in this period have effects until today.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the implications of the economic crisis in social policy for elderly, determinate the effect of aging population on pension system, and ascertain the new paradigm in social policies for the elderly. Social tension unleashed in 2012 was due to some controversial political measures. Reforming the pension system by law 263/2010 was first step in mitigating the effects of the aging population. By studying the political and economical background of social policies for the elderly during the financial crisis, the purpose of this paper is to answer the following questions: What are the implications of the economic crisis at the level of elderly population and social policies in Romania? How to understand a system so damaged? May be observed a new paradigm in social policies for the elderly? Research hypotheses were tested by qualitative research, using as main method systematic observation from the outside. Survey findings indicated a high-level of dissatisfaction in terms of accessibility to services and facilities for the elderly; also the economic crisis and the lack of pension funds are sources of insecurity and conflict at the same time. Social policies for the elderly failed because of many needs that modern civil society have. This article confirms that a new paradigm begins to emerge in social policies for the elderly. Aging population has accelerated the dissemination of ideas for reforming the pension system, while the political and economic crisis has forced elite to adopt measures that have sparked discontent and conflict in society. Thus, reform based on new paradigm of social policies for the elderly can be considered a new model to ensure elderly welfare.
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Since the middle of the XX century, the electoral behaviour has been analyzed from the point of view of political economy, political sociology, and political psychology. The electoral geography, taken from the perspective of spatiality of voting and not as an academic discipline, completes this electoral frame and its intention is not to replace the standard methods with new ones, but rather to complement, in the sense that space represents an important factor in order to comprehend the voting behaviours. The present paper presents three distinct parts. Firstly, we make a short presentation of the nowadays electoral studies; secondly we introduce the concept of electoral geography and the subfields included in it, so that in the last part to examine the evolution of electoral geography studies in Romania, asserting its weak points, those branches of electoral geography less or even at all developed in the electoral geography.
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We have tried to show so far all the reasons which determined the Aromanians to answer the summons of the Romanian authorities and settle in Southern Dobrogea. There existed, moreover, logistic imperatives which did not allow the Aromanians to live in the Balkans any longer. Population density in the two counties of Southern Dobogea, namely Durostor and Caliacra, was the lowest in Romania at the time. Besides, the authorities were aware that the Aromanian groups, forming as they did a community of Romanian culture, could be urged to settle in the Cadrilater and thus acculturate the local Turk, Tatar and Bulgarian populations.
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The paper discusses combinations of words which, due to their ambivalent grammatical status, are suspended on the borderline between lexis and syntax. The considerations aim to expose the ineffectiveness of the identification procedures of lexical units in the process of unambiguous interpretation of such objects as ktoś jest pod presją czasu ‘someone is under time pressure’ or rozebrać na czynniki pierwsze ‘to thoroughly disassemble’. In the course of the discussion, a set of phrases selected from lexicographic works is first contrasted with the formal characteristics that are ascribed in the definitions to indivisible units (p. 2.1.), and then with semantic features (p. 2.2.). The essential goal of these operations is to demonstrate the practical difficulties that arise when one attempts to assign the analyzed strings to the appropriate set.
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The article discusses the influence of ecclesiastical language on standard Polish. It first presents the the faults of this variety, and then some examples of the ecclesiastical vocabulary. The author examines in particular one verb that is typical of contemporary ecclesiastical language, ubogacać (się) / ubogacić (się) ‘to enrich (oneself)’. She analyses its historical and present day meaning, its history and the contexts in which it is used, and observes that it has spread out onto standard Polish.
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The author assumes that etymological analyses are “ethnolinguistically relevant” because by reconstructing the motivation of names, etymology allows one to reach the methods of linguistic conceptualization of phenomena and objects. He discusses the words świat ‘world’, kwiat ‘flower’, and gwiazda ‘star’ (endorsing Brückner’s and Sławski’s thesis that they all belong to a single etymological nest), and adduces examples of proverbs, riddles, and folk songs where the semantics of ‘world’, ‘flower’, and ‘star’ are joined, to demonstrate the benefits of directing etymological analyses to historically documented texts. Apart from phonetic arguments, the common element is the connotation of ‘brightness’, i.e. what makes it possible to look and to see.
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The paper presents some considerations on the lexical development of Polish. It concentrates on the issues of word-formative enlargement of vocabulary. Against the background of analogy, compensation, and extra- and intralinguistic borrowing, it discusses the possible continuants of feminine names (adjectives and diminutives), and of masculine names of professions that were traditionally reserved for women (e.g. kosmetyczka ‘beautician’, niania ‘nanny’). The paper does not only identify the extralinguistic factors, such as the rise of new naming needs or the phenomenon of linguistic fashion (e.g. structures with the prefix para-), but it also investigates the processes of erosion of morphotactic constraints, and of customary limitations.
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The paper argues with W. Cockiewicz’s article Jak uporządkować terminologiczny chaos w glottodydaktyce i po co? (2013; ‘How to put order into the terminological chaos in language pedagogy and what should one want to do this for?’). The author begins with a critical overview of Cockiewicz’s treatment of the terms język rodzimy and język ojczysty (‘native’ and ‘foreign language’), and then appeals to French dictionaries of linguistic terminology and French language pedagogy (DdL, LDdL, DdD) to show how they define the terms langue maternelle, langue étrangère, and bilinguisme. The paper argues that what Cockiewicz considers to be “terminological chaos” in language pedagogy should be rather viewed as a quest, connected with the evolution of this branch of science, for terms that would be univocal and could replace the ambiguous and laden with connotations term język ojczysty ‘native language’.
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The paper discusses the individuality of the phrases niemniej, niemniej jednak, niemniej przeto, and tym niemniej (‘nonetheless’ &c.). It is suggested that niemniej jednak and niemniej przeto are compounds, because the elements niemniej, jednak, and przeto represent in them different groups of inference particles. The phrases niemniej and tym niemniej are considered to be semantically close but, against the lexicographic tradition, not identical. The range of use of the latter is significantly narrower. It is not found, for example, in the so-called confirmative contexts where niemniej occurs naturally; see *Ukazuje on światu Jezusa już nie jako fikcyjną postać z mitu ani jako abstrakcyjną formułę tradycyjnego katolicyzmu, ale jako genialnego człowieka, tym niemniej tylko człowieka ‘He shows Jesus to the world, not as a fictional, mythical character or as the abstract formula of traditional Catholicism, but as a brilliant man, yet only a man’.
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So far, emblems have been considered a consistent and speech-independent gesture code. This paper attempts to track the function that they play in a natural dialogue. The footage we used to study emblematic gestures, contained such TV programmes where participants can be observed in the situation of unrehearsed dialogue, as it is then that the function of their emblematic gestures is enriched with additional elements such as a mental rapprochement of the interlocutors, and modifications of the syntactic flow of utterances. During the dialogue, speakers might also create new gestural illustrators which can become the seeds of new emblems. The paper also signals a new category of gestures, emotion icons, that were not recognized in previous classifications. Unlike the already known emotion indicators, they do not so much indicate the emotional state of the speaker, as mimic it in a gesture, and are an iconic expression that can even transform into an emblem of the given emotion.
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Adverbial participles are often mentioned as one of the defining features of the Polish Biblical style. This is certainly an accurate view with regard to the older translations of the Bible, but it requires to be verified with regard to modern attempts. The paper analyses the frequency and the typical use of adverbial participles in seven modern Polish translations of the Bible, and tests whether they differ from the use in texts that were originally written in Polish. It is not possible to give a clear answer to the question whether adverbial participles are or are not one of the indicators of the modern Polish Biblical style. On one hand, adverbial constructions occur with higher frequency in most of the analysed translations than they do in the originally Polish texts, but on the other hand, in some of the translations, their use is being purposefully limited. This prompts the conclusion that the occurrence of adverbial participles, in the synchronic aspect, is a feature of individual translations rather than a prototypical indicator of the modern Polish Biblical style, understood as a model.
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The article discusses several methodological problems contained in Saussure’s works. General linguistics, a new discipline postulated by the author, was to be founded on linguistic details and at the same time focus on the fundamental and universal mechanisms of speech. Saussure did not consider general linguistics a part of natural sciences or of historical studies; he indicated logic as the discipline that can provide the appropriate tools for an adequate description of language. According to him, the subject of research in linguistics is not given in advance; instead, it depends entirely on the chosen point of view. Internal divisions of the discipline, especially the distinction between the linguistics of “langue” and the linguistics of “parole”, follows, firstly, from the dual nature of language, and secondly, from Saussure’s teaching about the legitimate points of view.
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Habilitation and doctorates in linguistics at the Faculty of Polish Studies, Jagiellonian University in the academic year 2012/2013
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The subject of this cultural-linguistic overview are more than ten epitaph plaques preserved till this day on the walls of Cracow churches. Erected far from the actual burial place, so-called groby dusz ‘soul graves’ were primarily meant to assist the soul of the deceased on its way to salvation. The set of monuments discussed in the paper is distinguished by the strictly defined construction scheme of their inscriptions, whose essential illocutive purpose was to ask the passers-by for an intercessory prayer. Here, we attempt to discover and describe the culturally and pragmatically defined characteristic features of this act of request. We are particularly interested in the linguistic strategies that the supplicants employed to increase the persuasive force of the utterance, and to efficiently obtain the receiver’s grace.
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Nicholas Marr and his theory, mostly called the Japhetic theory or just Marrism, are not popular and well-known to modern students of linguistics. The aim of the present study is, then, to offer a concise presentation including both data about the Marrism and this author’s own interpretation of some common (albeit to a considerable extent incorrect) statements.
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The article investigates the relationship between two directions in modern linguistics, the structural and the functional. The author critically appreciates the commonly held opinion about the opposition of these linguistic paradigms, and shows that structuralism largely bases on a functional analysis. Structuralism was a continuation of the functional approach, which diffused across the humanities in the 19th century, and it is from this perspective that the present paper discusses structuralist studies in the fields of lexicology, morphology, and syntax. Particular attention is paid to the functional aspects of distributional analysis, and to integrative approaches in structural linguistics.
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More than two million people emigrated from Poland after the accession to the European Union. Most of them were young, and future parents. In the coming years, Polish diaspora will grow by several thousand children born outside of their parents’ homeland. These children will, and already do, face the necessity of reconciling the awareness of their Polish roots with the need to find their place inside the community of the country they live in. Language is the key both to their inherited culture, and to the culture of the host community. Polish, and the language of the dominant society. A generation of diaspora is now growing, that was immersed from birth in two languages and two cultures. It is the task of the parents, of the teachers, and of the Polish state, to make bilingualism the wealth of these children, and of both of their homelands. Well-planned work with parents is necessary, but most of all, an accurate identification of the mechanisms of linguistic interference in the conditions of life in two languages should be thoroughly investigated.
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