Kova dėl lietuvių kalbos teisių vilniaus religiniame gyvenime 1896-1901 m.

Author(s): Kęstutis Raškauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 48/2007

In the year 1895, a socially active group of Lithuanian intellectuals gathered together to found the informal Association of the Twelve Apostles of Vilnius. The group was dominated by moderate liberals who enjoyed a rather high social status. They set as their priority the advancement of Lithuanian national consciousness by legal means. Radical liberals and social democrats both participated in the activities of the group and supported strategies determined by the majority. The group's activities focused on the goal of shaping the national identity of Lithuanians from Vilnius, who at the time had a low social status. The most important immediate task was to bring Lithuanian language into religious and sacral practices, including efforts to secure the church of Saint Nicolas for worship. Beginning in 1896, various means were used to achieve these goals, for example, appeals to diocesan authorities, an attempt to gain the support of the government, which required considerable delicacy, efforts for obtain the support of St. Petersburg's archdiocese and its hierarchy, and finally, an appeal was made to the Vatican. At times wanton and unauthorized actions were undertaken in order to obtain St. Nicolas' church. All these demands were set by the secular intelligentsia, which treated the religious sphere instrumentally. This fact may explain why Bishop Stefan Zwierowicz was not eager to satisfy the group's demands. On the other hand, public opinion among Poles from Vilnius and most of the Polish clergy were rigorously against Lithuanian claims and the bishop was afraid of possible riots as well as intervention by the administration, regarded as inevitable in such cases. He strove to neutralize Lithuanians' claims for churches in Vilnius by assigning Lithuanian priests to them. The conflict came to an end in 1901 when the Archbishop of Mogilev intervened and the problem was solved on behalf of Lithuanians. The conflict between Vilnius' intellectuals and the episcopate presupposed the spread of anti-Polish attitudes; it also discredited the authority of the diocese among Lithuanians and strengthened the image of Vilnius as the capital of Lithuania.

Kronikos

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 48/2007

Lithuanian and Norwegian American studies: American studies or diaspora studies? „Mažųjų tautų" nacionalizmų ekspertas - VDU garbės daktaras. What does it mean to be a "samall nation"? Johanneso Bobrowskio kūrybos tyrinėjimai.

Dr. sc. Zlata Živaković-Kerže - bibliografi ja radova 1983.-2012.

Author(s): Milan Vrbanus,Tatjana Melnik / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

Bibliography of Croatian historian Zlata Živaković-Kerže.

Izvještaj o društvenim prilikama u Požeškoj kotlini iz 1698. godine

Author(s): Milan Vrbanus,Šime Demo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

The authors have edited the transcription of an offi cial report on the situation in the Požega Valley that was composed by the royal tricesimator Andrija Labos and the noble judge Franjo Pavić during the activities of the Caraffa commission in 1698. The report is preserved in the Finance and Court Chamber Archive in the fund of the Court Finance of Hungary in folder r. No. 388, fol. 1-108. The introductory text gives a brief description of the social conditions in which the report was created. Textual characteristics of the report and the methods used in the transcription are presented. The authors have drawn attention to certain errors in the report that have remained uncorrected for the sake of authenticity.

Prikaz i analiza borbi na bosanskoposavskom bojištu 1992.

Author(s): Mario Tomas,Ante Nazor / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

The demise of the socialist system and the establishment of a multi-party system in 1990 allowed the articulation of national policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They created a set of opposing political concepts which fi nally led to the beginning of a con- fl ict started by the JNA and Serbian Democratic Party. On the basis of available documents, literature and scholarly publications, the author analyzes the course of waging the war on the Bosnian Posavina battlefront in 1992. During that year some of the largest battles in the course of the entire Homeland War - engaging more than 70,000 troops on both sides - occured in the strategically most important area of northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bosnian Posavina region. These events are viewed within the context of combination of all the elements contributing to the situation on the battelfi eld. Some authors have argued that the Serb side owed their victory to a secret political agreement, disregarding the military aspect of the confl ict, but there is no direct evidence to support this theory. To abstract a war from the context in which it is fought and to study its course as a game means to ignore a dimension essential to the understanding not simply of the war itself, but of the societies which fought it. A complete and thorough analysis points to a more complex situation. The overwhelming superiority in manpower and in mechanized and armoured troops enabled to the Army of Republica Srpska to dictate fi ghting maneuvers in which the combined forces of the Croatian Army and Croatian Defence Council could not compete in a long term. This work aims not only at providing a military narrative, but also at analyzing the complex parallel processes that had an infl uence on the fi nal outcome of the confl ict.

O imenu Slavonija

Author(s): Robert Zett / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

Croatian translation: Robert Zett, “Über den Namen ‘Slavonien’”, Radovi Zavoda za slavensku fi lologiju 32 (1998), 215-219.

Mjere vlasti Nezavisne Države Hrvatske za pripremu i provedbu evakuacije Slavonije i Srijema (jesen 1944. - proljeće 1945.)

Author(s): Nikica Barić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

In this paper the author presents how the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) prepared and conducted the evacuation of Slavonia and parts of Srijem (Sirmium) during the last months of the World War II. During the autumn of 1944 Soviet Red Army and Tito’s Partisans captured Belgrade and eastern Srijem. With such turn of events northeastern borders of NDH came in the vicinity of the Eastern front. Because of such negative development representatives of German Reich decided to evacuate ethnic Germans from Srijem and Slavonia to Reich. Possible Soviet and Partisan invasion of northeastern parts of NDH forced its authorities to plan and partly conduct evacuation of these areas. Evacuation plans included the evacuation of civilian population as well as goods toward the central Croatia. But during late 1944 and early 1945 German army and Croatian Armed Forces managed to halt the further advance of Partisan forces and retained control of parts of Sirmium and Slavonia into the early 1945. Because of the withdrawal of German army in spring of 1945, accompanied by the offensive of Tito’s army, NDH authorities were fi nally forced to conduct complete evacuation of Srijem and Slavonia during the April of 1945, withdrawing toward west and the Croatian capital Zagreb. In early May of 1945 NDH authorities, armed forces and large number of Croatian civilians began the withdrawal toward the Western allies, abandoning Zagreb and moving through Slovenian lands toward present day Austria. The article also presents general guidelines of NDH authorities prepared during late 1944 that covered the problem of evacuation of its authorities, population and goods from the parts of its territory that were in danger of falling into the hands of Partisans and other enemies. Evacuation of Srijem and Slavonia in April of 1945 was partly conducted along these guidelines. NDH government also made plans for withdrawal of its leadership, army and parts of civilian population to German Reich, in case that Croatia had to be completely abandoned. But this was never carried out, because German Reich capitulated in May of 1945 and could no longer offer a safe heaven for representatives of NDH.

O djelu Jána Čaploviča

Author(s): Vendelín Jankovič / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

Croatian translations of parts of Jankovič, Vendelín: Čaplovič – život, osobnost’, dielo (Turčiansky Svätý Martin, 1945)

Presuda ministru u Vladi Nezavisne Države Hrvatske Živanu Kuveždiću 1949.

Author(s): Vladimir Geiger,Suzana Leček / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

In spite of the Second World War being one of the most explored topics of the 20th century, in historiography only recently has developed a critical approach to the investigation of court proceedings concerning persons convicted of war crimes. With no intention to relativise in a “revisionist way” or to reduce the liability of Nazism and fascism (indeed, the majority of sentences proved to be well justifi ed) historians have realized that the great differences in the way of conducting legal proceedings and of delivering verdicts can be explained only if they are considered as part of long-lasting political processes (such as pre-war confl icts). Furthermore, settling scores with fascism proved to be extremely ruthless in countries having experienced an anti-fascist war and a socialist revolution, as in Croatia/Yugoslavia. Here, collaboration with the occupier, too comprehensive in its defi nition, became an exceptional instrument for the elimination of class and ideological/political enemies. As data on court proceedings against “enemies of the people” are defi cient and as there is no thorough study of the legal principles and proceedings the courts-martial acted on, every new insight on how the new state passed sentence on the war guilt of those belonging to the government of the Independent State of Croatia is valuable. One of the defendants, sentenced and executed, was Živan Kuveždić, minister without portfolio in the NDH (Independent State of Croatia) government. A pre-war representative of the Croatian Peasant Party of Srijem, during the war he joined the Ustasha regime and suffered the consequences. There is no doubt that with his credibility as eminent representative of the leading Croatian party, he played a certain role, even getting certain duties (the latest one, being a minister); however, allowing for all this, it becomes clear that they were only formal. Hence, it appears to be an appropriate case for the comprehension of the complexity of motives and types of collaboration (even of resistance, since there are testimonies to his “anti-Ustasha” attitude during the war) as well as of post-war judicial practice, punishing according to collective rather than personal guilt. In this paper the most signifi cant documents of his court proceedings are published. These are the indictment of the public prosecutor’s offi ce of Zagreb against Živan Kuveždić (of March 21, 1949), the verdict of the District Court of Zagreb (of March 27, 1949) as well as the verdict of the Supreme Court of the People’s Republic of Croatia (of April 30, 1949).

Drava kao poveznica: mađarsko-hrvatske gospodarske veze u razdoblju 1868.-1918.

Author(s): János Majdán / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

This paper reviews economic activities in connection with the Drava River, particularly the milling industry and transportation, during the fi nal period of the existence of the Hungarian-Croatian union. Due to lack of knowledge of the Croatian literature on these issues, the author is mainly restricted to the Hungarian aspect of the topic. By analysing the transportation of goods on the Drava River by ferry boats, or over bridges, the following can be asserted: - compared to the former sporadic and low-volume shipments, traffi c increased rapidly from 1868 to 1918 ; - ships allowed to ply once again as well as the ferry boats and bridges over the Drava River created conditions for trade; - the absence of customs frontiers, as a result of political decisions, caused an increase of contacts between the Hungarian and Croatian sides (although for this reason only few data are available for present-day analysts!); - the Drava Valley functioned as a unique economic territory and the inhabitants of both sides of the river were in everyday contact. The fact that many places on the Hungarian banks were inhabited by Croatian native speakers facilitated the maintenance of economic and human contacts; - the Drava did not separate but rather connected peasants, families and villages of the two banks.

Restauracija franjevačke crkve i samostana u Šarengradu 1923.-1925. godine

Author(s): Dragan Damjanović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

The Šarengrad Franciscan church of St. Peter and Paul belongs to a group of most signifi cant preserved medieval monuments of Slavonia and Srijem. This single-nave triple-bay Gothic building with a polygonal apse was built during the fi rst decades of the 15th century. While rather much is known about the later Baroque treatment and about interventions done during the 19th century, episodes of interventions done from 1923 to 1925 are almost completely unknown. Iso Kršnjavi, the fi rst Croatian art historian, played a vital role during the restoration of the Šarengrad church in the 1920s, for it had been of particular interest to him as early as during his journey through Slavonia in 1881. Works on church and monastery were initiated by then-guardian Ivan Franković. Based on advice given by Bollé at the end of 1923, he fi rst completely removed one buttress from the church’s front façade while the other one was reduced by 2 meters. He also removed a chamber next to the sacristy and the tower as well as a part of the sacristy vaulting, weakening the structure of the tower. During 1924 he reconstructed the monastery building by transferring the hallway to the western wing; he built a new staircase and outbuildings. Realising that the monastery funds would not cover all the construction expenses, he attempted to levy a tax on the Roman Catholics of Šarengrad amounting to 116.000 dinars. Even though he had support from the local authorities of Vukovar, he did not succeed because the parishioners sent a letter of protest to the Đakovo bishop Antun Akšamović, who prohibited the levying of taxes. The attempt to prove that the Eltz family that had the parish in its gift and so owed it dues failed as well, and thus the reconstruction of the church and monastery came to a stop due to the impossibility of raising necessary funds. Although a canonical visitation of 1921 had claimed the church was in good condition and that only the roof was partly in need of reconstruction, nevertheless works were started on the main facade in 1923. It is thus clear that that the restoration of the Šarengrad church was mainly aesthetically motivated. It is a striking example of intervention still largely motivated by conceptions of Historicism – however, stylistic purifi cation had not taken place, as in the case of the nearby Franciscan church in Ilok a decade and a half earlier, most likely due to lack of fi nancial means. However, a partial “aestheticisation” of the given situation was performed – parts of the structure estimated to be aesthetically inadequate and evaluated as making the church appear ugly were removed regardless of their constructive role and age.

Ratni mortalitet Srba (bivše) Općine Vukovar tijekom 1991.

Author(s): Dražen Živić,Slaven Ružić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

Based on available data from the archival records of the Republic of Serb Krajina, stored and revised in the Croatian Memorial Documentation Centre of the Homeland War, the extent and the structure of war mortality of the Serbian population (members of the Serb Territorial Defence and civilians) of the former municipality of Vukovar are represented and interpreted as a contribution to knowledge of direct and total demographic war losses in the Vukovar area during 1991. According to the present (doubtlessly incomplete) records of the Centre, 350 persons of Serbian nationality who resided in the area of the pre-war municipality of Vukovar died during 1991, including the period of the battle of Vukovar. Of these, 203 persons or 58,0 % were members of the Serbian Territorial Defence of the area of Vukovar and the surrounding villages; 147 persons or 42 % were civilians. In addition to this, the archival records of the Republic of Serbian Krajina contain data on 57 missing persons. The fi nal losses on the “Serbian side” during 1991, particularly in the battle of Vukovar (soldiers of the Yugoslav People’s Army, members of the Vukovar Territorial Defence and Serbian voluntary paramilitary formations, civilians) are still to be scholarly ascertained on the basis of source documentation, in particular of archival records. Hence this paper, based only on currently available data from the archival records of the Republic of Serb Krajina, should be considered solely as a contribution to the research into this very complex and at the same time extremely signifi cant and scientifi cally relevant issue.

Milko Cepelić u svjetlu jednoga njegova nepoznatog rukopisa

Author(s): Branko Ostajmer / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

The Đakovo priest, historian and ethnographer Milko Cepelić (Vuka, 1853 – Đakovo, 1920) left an impressive trace in the past of Croatian policy, ethnography and historiography. His ethnographic work has to date been best elaborated by research; the political and journalist part of his many activities remains to this day insuffi ciently explored. In this paper Cepelić and his work are examined in the light of a manuscript privately owned by Cepelić’s distant relatives, so far unknown to the wider public. The manuscript originates in 1916 as an introductory part of the catalogue of Cepelić’s textile collection, since 1920 kept along with the catalogue in the Zagreb Ethnographic Museum. The text, containing valuable autobiographic data, signifi - cantly supplements the understanding of all activities, in particular the political activities, of this estimable Croat. The introductory study, along with notes supplementing the manuscript, offers an insight into a broader historical frame; particular attention is paid to Cepelić’s political profi le. The published manuscript presents Cepelić as a true patriot whose passion for the most part of his life was politics; he continually followed the political path of Josip Juraj Strossmayer whom he respected immensely. In that context it is no surprise that his political passivity in many respects coincided with the death of bishop Strossmayer, i.e. with fundamental changes shaking the Croatian political scene at the beginning of the century.

Milan Kerdić – prilog za biografiju

Author(s): Mato Artuković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

Milan Kerdić belongs to the group of young people who were the fi rst to reestablish the Party of Rights, which after the Rakovica catastrophe had practically ceased to exist. He fi nished primary school in his birthplace Svinjar (today’s Davor), junior high school classes in Požega, he graduated from high school in Osijek and fi - nished legal studies in Zagreb. During his studies there was a demonstration of young Party of Rights’ members against Italian language in the Croatian Theatre in Zagreb; Kerdić was a participant. While a student he worked as Zagreb correspondent for the Party of Rights newspaper Sloboda. After fi nishing his studies he went to Sušak and worked as main assistant, and later, while still young, he became editor-in-chief of the Party of Rights’ newspaper in November 1880. In crucial moments, when he had to react promptly in regard to very essential matters, Kerdić proved to be determined and enterprising. This case involved the future of the fi rm Primorska tiskara and the newspaper Sloboda. At the beginning of January 1881 he managed to buy the printing house as well as Sloboda with money collected from party members and the adherents of the Party of Rights and thereby prevented the great district prefect Ljudevit Reizner from destroying “that baneful newspaper” of Sušak. In February 1881 Ante Starčević moved to Sušak which was very helpful for the progress of Sloboda. During the period Milan Kerdić was chief editor, Sloboda was the most persecuted and most often seized Croatian opposition newspaper. Each seizure implied also a penalty as well as loss from the guarantee, however, Kerdić succeeded in maintaining the newspaper until the beginning of 1884 when it was transferred to Zagreb. A reliable witness, Dušan Lopašić, who at the beginning of 1881 joined the editorship of Sloboda, affi rmed the simplicity, devotion and modesty of Milan Kerdić, the longest-lasting chief editor of Sloboda. Lopašić confi rms: “He was one of the lucky ones who heard and listened to the Old Man; indeed, he was his student.” With every breath, heartbeat and every thought he was a Pravaš (member of the Party of Rights). Such people are hard to fi nd these days.” After the newspaper had been transferred to Zagreb, Fran Folnegović took over the editing, while Kerdić remained a member of the editorship. So far it remains unknown when Kerdić moved to Brod to become a solicitor’s clerk in Dr Ignjat Brlić’s lawyer’s offi ce, inherited by Vatroslav Brlić. Most certainly it was before or at the very beginning of 1891. In Brod he continued his collaboration with newspapers of the Party of Rights such as Hrvatska and Trn.

Odnos biskupa Josipa Jurja Strossmayera i Tadije Smičiklasa u Smičiklasovim pismima (1884.-1904.)

Author(s): Zoran Grijak,Andreja Ščapec / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

In this paper the circumstances of the collaboration between Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer and the eminent Croatian historian Tadija Smičiklas are analysed, based on their correspondence (Smičiklas’ letters addressed to Strossmayer), held in the Archive of the Croatian Academy of Science and Arts in Zagreb, covering the period from 1884 to 1904. Based on the content of this correspondence, regarding key issues of Croatian political and cultural history in the quoted period within a broader framework of evens in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Europe, its extraordinary value as a historical source is verifi ed. This correspondence shows that Bishop Strossmayer and Tadija Smičiklas were not only friends but also close associates during the great job of creating and subsequently maintaining Croatian cultural life as well as the vital academic and cultural institutions of the second half of the 19th century. The Zagreb canon and eminent historian Franjo Rački, the bishop’s right-hand man in these efforts, died in 1894 and Smičiklas found himself in an unenviable position by partly taking over his role as mediator between the bishop and the institutions he was sponsor of, particularly the Yugoslav (today: Croatian) Academy of Sciences and Arts (further: JAZU). However, never playing a role in political life as important as Rački’s, Smičiklas dedicated himself to what he was best at – to writing, teaching and organizing activities in cultural and other institutions, which were in constant disfavour in Ban Khuen Héderváry’s regime. Smičiklas, working and mediating between them and the bishop, requiring fi nancial support from the bishop for JAZU and Matica hrvatska, forwarded him petitions from the common people and students and particularly stood up for them as professor at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Zagreb. Living in the capital of Croatia and operating in cultural as well as political upper-class circles, Smičiklas was always well informed of current events, concerning which he would write to Bishop Strossmayer. A signifi cant topic of their correspondence was the nomination of the new archbishop in Zagreb during the sede vacante of the Zagreb archbishopric (1891-1894). Bishop Strossmayer’s and Smičiklas’ engagement was specially accentuated in their endeavours to reorganise the Institute of St. Jerome in Rome and their engagement during the so-called St. Jerome scandal in 1901/1902. This was caused by the demands of Montenegro, supported by French and Russian diplomacy, that the Serbian in addition to the Croatian version of the saint’s name should be included in the title of the institution. Eventually, in 1902, the Croatian name, given one year before, was cancelled and the Institute was given back its old Illyrian name. The Smičiklas-Strossmayer correspondence refers also to variousother significant moments of Croatian policy and cultural history during the period 1884-1904.

Razgovor s dr. sc. Zlatom Živaković Kerže u povodu 60. rođendana

Author(s): Branko Ostajmer,Dinko Župan,Suzana Leček,Robert Skenderović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2013

Interview with zlata Živaković Kerže

Политизација полних склоности и њене последице

Author(s): Petar M. Anđelković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 01+02/2011

In this paper the author investigates the modern phenomenon of LGBT activism as a social and political movement. The author points to the fallacy of arguments proposed by this movement and demonstrates its irrational, selective and anti-democratic nature. Concepts and differences in the fields of the public and private spheres are being considered in the context of their use by these activists. The author then demonstrates that their activism is a direct attack on the foundations of society itself and which methods are used for this kind of attack. This is followed by a description of how they make the concept of family relative and explanations of the significance of heterosexuality in society and partial significance of homosexuality. The author goes on to refute the argument about child adoption by homosexual couples and points to the concept of normality and the system of values and how they are manipulated in favor of LGBT activism. Abuse of the concept of minority and its relativity are further exposed. Manipulation and abuse of minority rights and undermining democratic principles were also mentioned. The author concludes the paper by describing the real ideological nature and motivation behind LGBT activism and its leftist origin.

Како хулиганизовати непријатеља: „квир“ универзализација против политике идентитета

Author(s): Dušan Maljković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 01+02/2011

This paper attempts to exam weather “queer“ can be perceived as yet another generalized, but still particular identity (that doesn’t really makes a difference in the context of standard division of homo/bi/heterosexuality and (so called) identity politics), and offer another option in the frame of politics of universalism - “identity without identity“ as a mode of transgressing “queer“ (Badiou). It will also investigate possibilities of transforming standard activist politics into “universalized politics“ by criticizing the lack of reflection on “class struggle“ - whether it is possible or not, examining if that sort of politics has been irrecoverably integrated into liberal capitalism; connect the notion of minority identities (including “gay identity“) with war in Bosnia (D’ Emilio) and point out it thus represents a dead-end to notion of “queer“; and shad light upon the vanishing social and “lifestyle“ difference between homosexuality and heterosexuality (Bech) and thus entering “post-queer“ social future where sexual identities are deteritorialised into particular sexual practices (Deleuze) and deconstructed to the level of no identity-divisional importance.

Осврти

Author(s): Radoš Ljušić,Dobrica Gajić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 01+02/2011

Radoš Ljušić - Degradation of Patriotism - 243 Dobrica Gajić - Tucović and the Albanian Question - 273

Светски оптимизам и политичка етика Светозара Стојановића (1931-2010)

Author(s): Bogdana Koljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 01+02/2011