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We analyze R&D and output behavior of oligopolistic firms under R&D spillover when they possess conjectural variations in R&D. By use of the conjectural variations approach, the preceding researches on R&D are extended to more general analysis and the behavior of actual firms in a lot of industries are more elucidated. This paper shows that the results on the R&D and output behavior are totally reversed by whether firms act in an aggressive or a passive way in the R&D decision. It is demonstrated that the conventional results hold under a range of competition or collusion as well. CVs in R&D play a crucial role in determining the level of technological improvement.
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The paper presents directions to investigate distributive justice preferences in Romania, at national and regional level. Based on previous findings, it was hypothesized that belonging to one of the six major cultural– historical Romanian regions (Moldavia, Transylvania, Wallachia, Banat, Dobruja, Oltenia) may affect the preference for a fairness principle. The expectation is that people from Western Romania will prefer to a greater extent an equity-based allocation model, while people from Southern and Eastern parts of the country will prefer a distribution pattern with equality as a stronger predictor. A factorial survey design to investigate distributive justice in Romania is presented and discussed.
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The economic revolution that took place in the world through globalization and through the industrial revolution made a deep and lasting impression that continues to haunt current visions on the future, leaving aside the importance of understanding demographic dynamics. The tendency towards a purely economic “reading” of contemporary reality pays scant regard to the demographic conditions of its production. Put simply, if we are to understand the contemporary crisis and if we desire for our current system to survive we should focus on a reconciliation of demography within the analysis of the actual functioning society.
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The growing interest contemporary society shows toward senior citizens, especially from the demographic and socio-medical points of view, has led to intense debate globally. This debate has materialized in ways of raising awareness of, and rising sensitivity to the phenomenon, such as declaring the year 2012 “The year of active aging and solidarity among generations”. The present work focuses on an aspect that hasn’t been tackled by literature very often, but which needs to be the subject of a complex research: the senior citizens’ identity. Retirement, the dissolution of the social network, the essential rearrangement of the “marriage nest” are the causing factors of the change or loss of identity during the third age, which can lead to the perception of senior citizens’ lives in a way that is totally different from what is considered to be normal from a social point of view.
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This paper presents a qualitative research which aims at analyzing supervision in the social services provided by NGOs in Bihor County. We used the method of sociological investigation by means of interview and data collection was accomplished through the technique of individual semi-structured interview. The obtained responses demonstrate that individual supervision was mostly used and in most cases the professional supervisor was from outside the organization. The respondents considered that supervision reduces professional stress. The main problems encountered in the implementation of supervision are the lack of financial resources and the association of supervision with bureaucratic control.
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Rapidly emerging technologies, such as nanotechnologies, constitute significant challenges to EU regulatory framework due to the uncertainties of development trajectories, product properties and potential risk problems. This article analyses the emerging regulatory activities in relation to nanomedicine, in the context of an increased awareness about particular regulatory questions and problems that have emerged over the last few years, in exploring the particularities of EU medical technology regulatory framework. The main conclusion of this article is that all the deficiencies that could be identified in the EU nanomedicine regulation framework led to the lack of legal certainty, a principle that has high priority in EU medical regulation policy.
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Social discrimination stands for one of the phenomena that social policies attempt to counteract by legislation, with a view to impeding its effects. Nevertheless, at institutional level, the decisions perpetuate and encourage discrimination, being practically a norm in an abnormal situation. Abnormality is represented by a series of deficiencies falling within the scope of perverse effects. Having analyzed institutional policies in the field of child health, we have identified a series of issues that fall under social discrimination. The paper submits the reasons for institutional discrimination in paediatric hospitals. The purpose of the research is to identify the discriminated persons and to report the repercussions of institutional discrimination at social level.
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This paper presents the changes in the legal framework regarding succession issue. These changes have been examined in light of three hypotheses arising from the former Civil Code. The distinction between judiciary debarring and lawful debarring introduced by the New Civil Code from 2009 is also presented. The conditions for cancelling the effects of debarring from succession stipulated by the New Civil Code are explained. Finally, several legal circumstances for declaring a person unworthy of succession are comparatively presented.
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For the citizen, one of the first issues to address, in case of a litigation, is that of knowing the public authority where the request is to be submitted. In civil process law, by competence, one should understand the skill, the ability of a court of law to solve certain requests or litigations. The aim of this article is that to present the most important modifications brought by the NEW CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE in material competence of the courts of law.
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Sustainable development means meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. By adopting the strategy of sustainable development as a major element of its field of action - that is the concern for nature and resource inheritance of future generations, environmental policy is permanently connected to global environmental trends. This article sets as a goal to bring into discussion the most important aspects of the phenomenon of sustainable development and environmental policy evolution and the changes recorded over time.
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The resolution, the termination and the reduction of labour conscription are regulated by articles 1549-1554 in the new Civil Code, which represents the common law in this matter. We appreciate that the new regulation does not conclusively clarify the issue related to whether the existence of liability in order to call upon the resolution is necessary or not, because the existence of this condition has been inferred under the previous regulation from the fact that the absence of liability shifts the inexecution issue on the domain of fortuitous impossibility of execution, situation in which the resolution of the contract is not in question, but that of the risk it implies.
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Administrative or constabulary detention is the first measure involving deprivation of liberty that the police officers applies in extenso when initiating criminal investigations. Following the amendment of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights a more rigorous regulation of the circumstances and situations in which such a measure becomes effective is required.
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The present article deals with the institution of judicial interdiction having in view the perspective of the New Civil Code, which is considered a protection measure ruled regarding the people without enough discernment as to mind their own interests because of alienation or mental debility, measure which can also be taken in relation to the minors with a restricted capacity of decision.In the beginning of the paper, I have analyzed this institution with reference to the notion and the conditions whose fulfillment is required by the legislator with a view to take the measure of placing under judicial interdiction. Subsequently, I dealt with the effects of placing under judicial interdiction, respectively the person’s deprivation of capacity of decision, as well as appointing a guardian. The last question dealt with is the one of lifting the judicial interdiction, the law court being entitled to pronounce on this matter.
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The essay is composed by two surveys carried out almost twenty years apart about the Roma (i) communities living in Milan and its hinterland. The essay is divided into two parts: the first one presents the Italian situation and the historical context. It offers an analytical study of the origins of the Roma communities living in the country and the path to the current situation; the second part deals with questions such as identity and integration.
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The valid contract is fully effective between the parties, respectively the contract is enforceable by the parties, this being the goal and the effect of its signature. At the same time, absolutely exceptionally, the contract is effective against the third parties, respectively against parties who did not sign it. These effects of the contract are stipulated by the law and they are known in the doctrine and in the jurisprudence as being the principle of the enforceability of the contractual effects and respectively, the relativity principle of the contractual effects, but we do not intend to talk about this principle in this paper.
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The paper proposes an analysis of the content of gender stereotypes on the natural - social continuum. Starting with some lexical definitions we reveal the fact that inequalities beetwen men and women are prescribed in a cultural framework beyond any biological differences. Regarding gender as a social construction we elaborated a synoptic of biological differences between men and women that are rebuilt within a culturally discriminatory framework for women.
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By law, good faith is presumed, the rebuttable presumption in this regard must be overturned by contrary proof by the party claiming adverse party bad faith. In the absence of contrary evidence, the rebuttable presumption of the existence of good faith produces legal effects often controversial in the current judicial practice. One of these effects is the crippling of legal actions of a claim by the buyer in good faith, to the detriment of the true owner who loses ownership in this manner.
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Tax evasion is the circumvention, by any means, from the enforcement or payment of taxes, contributions or any amounts owed to the state budget, the local budget, the state social insurance budget and the budgets for special funds by Romanian or foreign natural persons or companies, commonly referred to as tax payers in the text of the law. It is currently present under various methods and represents a direct and dangerous threat for society’s stability.
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